[526] "La Pœcilogonie," Bull. Sci. France et Belgique, xxxix., pp. 153-87, 1905.
[527] Un problème de l'évolution. La loi biogénétique fondamentale, Paris and Montpellier, 1908.
[528] Vergleichung des Entwickelungsgrades der Organe zu verschiedenen Entwickelungszeiten bei Wirbeltieren, Jena, 1891.
[529] Quoted by Keibel, Ergebn. Anat. Entwick., vii., p. 741.
[530] "Studien zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Schweines," Schwalbe's Morphol. Arbeiten, iii., 1893, and v., 1895.
Normentafeln zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Schweines, Jena, 1897.
"Das biogenetische Grundgesetz und die Cenogenese," Ergebn. Anat. Entw., vii., pp. 722-92, 1897.
"U. d. Entwickelungsgrad der Organe," Handb. vergl. exper. Entwick. der Wirbelthiere, iii., 3, pp. 131-48, 1906.
[531] "Beiträge zur Embryologie der Wiederkäuer," Arch. Anat. Entw., 1889.
[532] "Die individ. Variation d. Wirbeltierembryo," Morph. Arbeit., v., 1895.
[533] "U. Variabilität u. Wachstum d. embryonalen Körpers," Morph. Jahrb., xxiv., 1896.
[534] "Gastrulation u. Keimblätterbildung der Emys lutaria taurica," Morph. Arbeit., i., 1891. "Kainogenese," Morph. Arbeit., vii., pp. 1-156, 1897, and also separately. Biomechanik, erschlossen aus dem Prinzipe der Organogenese, Jena, 1898.
[535] This law was foreshadowed by Reichert in 1837, when he wrote:—"We notice in our investigation of embryos of different animal forms that it is those organs, those systems, which in the fully developed individual are peculiarly perfect, that in their earliest rudiments and also throughout the whole course of their development appear with the most striking distinctness" (Müller's Archiv, p. 135, 1837). See also his Entwick. Kopf. nackt. Amphib., p. 198, 1838. So, too, Rathke notes how the elongated shape of the snake appears even in very early embryonic stages (Entwick. Natter., p. 111, 1839).
[536] Quoted by Keibel (p. 790, 1897) from the Biomechanik.
[537] Die Zelle und die Gewebe, Jena, 1898, and the subsequent editions of this text-book, published under the title of Allgemeine Biologie. Die Entwickelung der Biologie im neunzehnten Jahrhundert, Jena, 1900, 2nd ed., 1908. "Ueber die Stellung der vergl. Entwickelungslehre zur vergl. Anatomie, zur Systematik und Descendenztheorie," Handb. vergl. exper. Entwickelungslehre der Wirbeltiere, iii., 3, pp. 149-80, Jena, 1906. (1906, b). Also in Pt. I. of Vol. I. (1906, a).
[538] An Essay on Classification, London, 1859.
[539] Unsere Körperform, Leipzig, 1874.
[540] Q.J.M.S., xxxvi., pp. 35-52, 1894.
[541] Quoted by Hertwig. See also K. Goebel, "Die Grundprobleme der heutigen Pflanzenmorphologie," Biol. Centrbl., xxv., pp. 65-83, 1905.
[542] This is also emphasised by Fleischmann in his critical study of evolutionary morphology entitled Die Descendenztheorie, Leipzig, 1901.
[543] The same remark applies to the bulk of speculation as to the factors of evolution, with the exception of the contributions made to evolution theory by the palæontologists by profession, such as Cope.
[544] Les Transformations du Monde animal, Paris, 1907.
[545] "Malacology versus Palæoconchology," Proc. Malacological Soc., viii., pp. 66-83, 1908.
[546] Particularly by E. Perrier, "La Tachygenèse," Ann. Sci. nat. (Zool.) (8), xvi., 1903.
[547] Monatsber. k. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, pp. 474-504, 1866.
[548] Geognost. u. Palæont. Beiträge, ii., Heft 2, pp. 181-256, 1869.
[549] Abhand. k.k. Geol. Reichsanstalt, vii., Wien, 1875.
[550] The case for polyphyletism is very strongly put by G. Steinmann in his book, Die geologischen Grundlagen der Abstammungslehre, Leipzig, 1908.
[551] The steps in this chronological variation were termed by Waagen "mutations."
[552] The Age of Mammals in Europe, Asia, and North America, New York, 1910.
[553] Origin of Species, 6th ed., Chap. IV.
INDEX
- Actinozoan Theory of Vertebrate Descent, 299-300
- Adaptation as Conservative Principle—
- Adaptation, Ecological—
- Adaptation, Ecological, and Classification—
- Bronn, 203
- Adaptation of Parts. See "Correlation, Functional," and "Conditions of Existence"
- Adaptive Radiation (Osborn), 362-4
- Agassiz, A., 288 f.n., 295
- On Cœlom, 296
- Agassiz, L.—
- Albertus Magnus, 17
- Alcmæon, 1
- Aldrovandus, 18
- Allman, 209
- Analogy. _See also_ Homology.
- Anaxagoras, 14
- Anaximander, 14
- Anaximenes, 1
- Animal and Vegetative Lives—
- Annelid Theory of Vertebrate Descent, 274-85, 301
- Archetype, Anatomical, 246, 302-3
- Archetype, Anatomical, as Ancestral—
- Archetype, Embryological, 168, 246, 302-3
- Archetype, Embryological, as Ancestral—
- Arendt, 162
- Aristotle, 2-16, 17, 345, 364
- _Historia Animalium_, 2
- _De Partibus Animalium_, 2, 9
- Knowledge of Animals, 3, 4
- Comparative Embryology, 4
- Classification of Animals, 4-6
- Unity of Plan, 6-7, 10
- Homology and Analogy, 7-10
- Teleology and Correlation, 10-12
- Law of Compensation, 11
- Division of Labour, 12
- Degrees of Composition--homogeneous and heterogeneous parts, 12-14, 169
- Law of Development (Von Baer), 14
- Scale of Beings, 14-16
- Functional attitude, 15-16, 197
- Animal and Vegetative Lives, 16, 32
- Ascidian Theory of Vertebrate Descent, 269-73, 304
- Atomists, 16
- Atomists, "Biological," 192-4
- Audouin, V.—
- Autenrieth, 90, 96
- Avicenna, 17
- Babák, E., 333
- Baer, K. E. von, 113-32, 133, 251, 304, 345, 356
- Founder of Embryology, 113
- Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere, 114
- Regulation of Development, 114, 350
- Development as Differentiation, 115, 128
- Germ-Layer Theory, 115-6, 118-119, 208-9, 296
- Morphological Differentiation, 116-7
- Histological Differentiation, 117-8
- Tissues and Germ-Layers, 118
- Double symmetrical Development, 118, 279
- Criticism of Meckel-Serres Law, 120-3, 304
- Theory of Types, 123-4, 289, 291
- Law of Development, 124-6
- Embryological Criterion, 126-8, 132, 138
- Embryological Archetype, 126, 132
- Types of Development, 127-8
- Von Baer and Cuvier, 128-30
- Functional attitude, 129
- Relation to Transcendentalists, 129, 131
- Criticism of Scale of Beings, 130
- Vertebral Theory of Skull, 131, 142
- Serial Homology, 131-2
- Gill-slits, Gill-arches and Aortic arches, 135-6, 146
- Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 162-3
- Degrees of Composition, 172
- Ova of Mammals, 175-6
- Segmentation of Ovum, 186
- Criticism of Evolution Theory, 229, 242
- Influence on Darwin, 236, 238
- Criticism of Darwinism, 242
- Teleology and Correlation, 242
- On Ascidians, 271
- Baer's Law. See "Development, Von Baer's Law"
- Bagge, 187
- Balanoglossus Theory of Vertebrate Descent, 285-7
- Balbiani, 330
- Balfour, F. M., 247, 299
- Barfurth, D., 330
- Barry, M., 186, 188
- Bateson, W.—
- Beard, J., 285
- Belon, 18
- Beneden van, and Julin, 271, 285, 346
- Bensley, A. B., 311 f.n.
- Bergmann, 187
- Bergson, H., 26 f.n., 341, 345
- Bernard, Claude, 195, 314
- Bert, P., 315
- Bichat, X., 27-30, 118, 132, 169, 178, 263
- Biogenetic Law. See "Development, Haeckel's Law"
- Bischoff, 138
- Blainville, de, 96, 128, 141, 199 f.n.
- Bojanus, 96, 97
- Bonnet, C.—
- Bonnet, R., 350
- Bonnier, G., on Albertus Magnus, 17
- Born, G., 330
- Boveri, T., 270 f.n., 333
- Braem, 347 f.n.
- Braun, A., 355
- Breschet, 138, 173
- Bronn, H. G., 200-3, 248
- Brown, R., 171
- Bruch, C., 203 f.n.
- Büchner, 194, 248
- Buffon, 24-7, 336
- Burckhardt, R., 3 f.n., 268 f.n.
- Burdin, 96
- Burmeister, 249 f.n.
- Butler, S., 226 f.n., 313, 335-42
- Cabanis, 215
- Camper, P., 45, 46
- Carter, 293 f.n.
- Carus, J. V..—
- Carus, K. G.—
- Causal Morphology, 312-3, 315-34
- Cell-Theory—
- Cell-Theory and Germ-Layer Theory—
- Remak, 209-12
- Cell-Theory as Disintegrative—
- Cell-Theory, Influence on Morphology, 190
- Cenogenesis, 258-9, 323
- Chabry, 331
- Child, C. M., 333
- Chun, C, 317, 332
- Classification of Animals—
- Classification and Ecological Adaptation (Bronn), 203
- Classification as Genealogical—
- Classification, Phylogenetic—
- Haeckel's, 289-94
- Claus, 259
- Co-adaptation, 326 f.n.
- Cœlom—
- Cœlom, Theory of, 295-301
- Cohen, 189
- Coiter, 18
- Colucci, 346
- Compensation, Law of—
- Condillac, 215
- Conditions of Existence, Principle of—
- Conklin, 333
- Connections, Principle of—
- Convergence—
- Convergence, Rejected by Evolutionary Morphologists, 305, 312
- Hubrecht, 305-6
- Cope, E. D., 342, 357 f.n., 361, 362
- Correlation, Functional—
- Coste, 138, 176, 187
- Crampton, 332
- Cunningham, J. T., 284
- Cuvier, 26, 31-44, 89, 196, 197, 199 f.n., 278, 345, 361
- Functional attitude, 31-6, 65, 75-8, 200, 305
- Animal and Vegetative Lives, 32
- Degrees of Composition, 32-3
- Teleology, 33-5
- Functional Adaptedness, 33-5, 324
- Principle of Conditions of Existence, 34, 75-6, 239
- Correlation, 35-8, 239, 241
- Metabolism, 38
- Adaptation as Conservative Principle, 39, 76
- Classification, 39-41
- Principle of Subordination of Characters, 40
- Criticism of Scale of Beings, 39-40, 130
- Type Theory, 41, 124, 289, 291
- Criticism of Evolution-Theory, 41-4, 129, 304
- Variation, Limits of, 42
- Palæontological Succession, 43
- Polemic with Geoffroy, 64-5, 74-8
- Criticism of Vertebral Theory of Skull, 97-8
- Influence on J. F. Meckel, 101
- Criticism of Meckel-Serres Law, 129-30, 304
- As Embryologist, 130
- Criticism of Lamarck, 228
- Cytology, 346
- Cytoplasm of Egg, Organ-forming Stuffs, 332-3
- Dall, 361
- D'Alton, 113
- Dareste, C., 315
- Darwin, Charles, 78, 230-41, 271, 304, 307, 336, 362
- Systematist and Field Naturalist, 230, 231
- Palæontological Succession, 231
- Ecological Adaptation, 231-2, 235, 239
- Species Problem, 231
- Functional Adaptation, Disregard for, 232, 238-41
- Classification as genealogical, 233, 234, 247
- Unity of Plan due to Community of Descent, 233, 234-5, 239, 247
- Embryological Archetype as ancestral, 233, 236-7
- Rejects Meckel-Serres Law, 233, 236
- Interpretation of Vestigial Organs, 233, 237
- Organism as Historical Being, 233, 308
- Rejects Scale of Beings, 234
- Homology, 234-5, 247
- Principle of Connections, 234-5
- Anatomical Archetype as ancestral, 235, 247
- Von Baer's Law interpreted phylogenetically, 236-7
- Modifications inherited at corresponding age, 237
- Monophyletism and Polyphyletism, 238
- Causes of Success, 238, 241
- Darwin, Erasmus, 214, 226 f.n., 229, 336
- Darwin, Sir Francis, 344
- Daubenton, 26
- Degrees of Composition—
- Delage, 333
- Delage and Hérouard, 273 f.n.
- Delpino, 345
- Demaillet, 44
- Democritus, 16
- Depéret, C., 357
- Development, Von Baer's Law—
- Development, Biogenetic Law (Haeckel)—
- Haeckel, 251, 253-9, 291-4
- F. Müller, 252-3, 254, 257
- Gegenbaur, 262
- Roux, 319
- Butler, 339-40
- Orr, 342
- Criticism of—
- Relation to Laws of Meckel-Serres and Von Baer, 254, 256, 257, 303, 309
- Relation to Heredity and Development, 312-3
- Influence of Causal Morphology, 347-8
- Palæontological Evidence for, 359
- Development, Meckel-Serres Law—
- Development, Meckel-Serres Law, Theory of Three-fold Parallelism—
- Development, The two periods of—
- Diogenes of Apollonia, 1
- Disintegration. See "Materialistic Attitude"
- Division of Labour, Principle of—
- Dohrn, A., 269, 274-8
- Döllinger, I., 113, 157
- Dollo, 311
- Donné, 173
- D'Orbigny, 43
- Driesch, H., 242, 331, 332, 333, 334, 345, 346-7
- Dugès, A., 86-8, 100, 134, 142, 146
- Dujardin, 169, 188
- Dumas. See Prévost and Dumas
- Duméril, 96
- Dumortier, 173
- Dutrochet, 99 f.n., 130, 134
- Duverney, 19
- Ear-Ossicles, Homology of—
- Échelle des êtres. See "Scale of Beings."
- Ehlers, 284
- Eisig, H., 284, 285
- Embryology, Comparative, Early Workers—
- Embryology, Experimental, 317, 318, 330-3
- Embryological Archetype. See "Archetype, Embryological"
- Embryological Criterion of Homology, 133-168, 347
- Empedocles, 1, 15
- Engramm (Semon), 343
- Entwicklungsgesetz. See "Evolution, Intrinsic Laws of"
- Entwicklungsmechanik, 315
- Erasistratus, 17
- Evolution Theory—
- Lucretius, 16
- Buffon, 24-5, 214
- Cuvier's criticism, 41-4, 129, 304
- E. Geoffroy, 66-9, 73, 228
- J. F. Meckel, 92-3, 215, 228
- Leibniz, 213
- Kant, 213-4
- Erasmus Darwin, 214, 229
- C. Bonnet, Oken, Robinet, Treviranus, 215
- Tiedemann, 215, 255 f.n.
- Lamarck, 215-29
- Von Baer, 229, 242
- I. Geoffroy St Hilaire, J. V.. Carus, 230
- Charles Darwin, 230-41
- Von Hartmann, 240-1, 244, 356
- Kölliker, 243
- Owen, 244
- Milne-Edwards, 244-5
- Haeckel, 250-9
- Gegenbaur, 265
- The Organism as an Historical Being, 308-13
- C. Darwin, 233, 308
- Haeckel, 252, 257
- Sedgwick, 308
- Roux, 313, 322-4
- Butler, 313, 336-41
- Evolution-Theory, Influence on Morphology, 302-13
- Evolution, Intrinsic Laws of, 241
- Fabricius, 18, 113
- Fallopius, 18
- Fischel, 346, 350
- Fischer, 328
- Fleischmann, 357 f.n.
- Flourens, 46, 315
- Fontana, 172
- Forbes, E., 196
- Formal Attitude, 246, 305
- Francé, R., 345
- Friedmann, 306 f.n.
- Fuld, 333
- Functional Adaptation, 316-7, 318, 320-9, 333, 344, 351
- Functional Attitude—
- Aristotle, 15-6, 197
- Bichat, 27-9
- Cuvier, 31-6, 65, 75-8, 200, 305
- Goethe, 49-50
- J. F. Meckel, 101
- Owen, 109, 110, 111
- Von Baer, 129
- Milne-Edwards, 195, 197-200
- J. Müller, Reichert, 200
- Bronn, 201-3
- Lamarck, 222-6, 307, 335
- Gegenbaur, 260, 263-4
- Dohrn, 277-8, 307
- Roux, 320-9, 335
- Houssay, 333
- Butler, 336-41
- G. Wolff, 346
- Driesch, 346-7
- Giard, 347
- E. Schulz, 347 f.n.
- Keibel, 349-50
- Mehnert, 350-1
- American Palæontologists, 361, 362
- Rütimeyer, 361
- V. O. Kowalevsky, 361-2
- Osborn, 362-4
- Function-Change, Principle of—
- Fürbringer, M., 282 f.n., 284, 323 f.n.
- Galen, 17
- Gastræa Theory, 269, 288-95, 298, 299-301, 303
- Gastrula, Discovery of, 288
- Gaupp, E., 310 f.n.
- Gegenbaur, C., 247, 260-7, 271, 285, 286, 288 f.n.
- Division of Egg-nucleus, 188
- Functional Attitude, 260, 263-4
- Formal Attitude, 261, 263
- Principle of Connections, 261
- Embryology and Comparative Anatomy, 261-2, 263
- Biogenetic and Meckel-Serres Laws, 262
- Homology, 261, 263, 265, 266-7
- Adaptation and Correlation, 263-4
- Archetype as ancestral, 263 f.n, 265
- On Phylogenetic Speculation, 265-6
- Embryological Archetype, 266
- Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 309, 310
- Gemmill, J. F., 285 f.n., 312 f.n.
- Geoffroy, Etienne, St Hilaire, 40, 52-78, 141
- Unity of Plan, 52-65, 70 ff., as conservative, 75, 78
- Principle of Connections, 53-4, 62-3, 71, 74, 261
- Unity of Composition, 54, 70-1, 75-6, 200, 305
- Archetype, 54, 67
- Metastasis, 55-6, 59, 74
- Opercular Bones, 56
- Unity of Composition of Sternum, 57-60
- Classification, 60
- Vertebrates and Articulates, 60-4, 274, 278-9, 303
- Formal Attitude, 62-3, 65, 71, 75-8, 305
- Cephalopods and Vertebrates, 64-5
- Scale of Beings, 64
- Polemic with Cuvier, 64-5, 74-8
- Evolution, 66-9, 73, 228
- Biogenetic Law, 69
- Teratology, 69, 315
- Meckel-Serres Law, 70, 72
- Criteria of Homology, 71, 72, 110
- Law of Compensation, 72-3
- Criticism of his Principles, 74
- Relation to German Transcendentalists, 89, 100-1
- Vertebral Theory of Skull, 96, 97
- Influence on Darwin, 234-5, 238
- Geoffroy, Isidore, St Hilaire, 65 f.n., 199 f.n., 230
- Geometry of the Organism, 33
- Germinal Vesicle (Egg-nucleus), 175-7, 188, 291 f.n.
- Germ-Layer Theory—
- Germ-Layers and Gastræa Theory—
- Germ-Layer Theory, Influence of Causal Morphology on, 347
- Gesner, 18
- Giard, A.—
- Glisson, F., 19
- Gluge, 173
- Goebel, K., 356 f.n.
- Goethe, 45-51, 65, 89, 250
- Unity of Plan, 45-7, 51
- Homology, 47
- Principle of Connections, 47
- Formal and Functional Attitudes, 48-50
- Teleology, 48
- Metamorphosis of Plants, 48
- Repetition of parts, 48-9
- Vertebral Theory of Skull, 49, 96, 97
- Law of Compensation, 49
- Embryological Criterion, 49
- Organisms as Nature's Works of Art, 50
- Goette, 259
- Graaf, von, 175
- Grew, N., 169
- Gruber, 330
- Haeckel, Ernst, 247-60, 271, 314, 342, 353, 357
- His sources, 248-50
- Materialism, 248, 250
- On Teleology, Heredity and Adaptation, 248, 263
- Correlation, Disregard for, 248, 264
- Geometry of the Organism (Promorphology), 249
- Repetition of Parts (Tectology), 249-50
- Classification as Genealogical, 250-1, 254
- Archetype as ancestral, 251
- Homology and Analogy, 251
- Biogenetic Law, 251, 253-9, 291-4
- Three-fold parallelism, 254-5
- Scale of Beings, 255, 256-7
- Organism as an Historical Being, 257
- Prussianism, 257
- Palingenesis, 258
- Cenogenesis, 258-9
- Heterotopy, Heterochrony, 259
- Gastræa Theory, 269, 288-95
- Phylogenetic Classification, 289-94
- Criticism of Theory of Types, Monophyletism, 289, 291
- Gastræa Theory and Biogenetic Law, 291-4
- Primary stages of Ontogeny and Phylogeny, 291-3
- Cœlom, 291, 295, 296
- Experimental Embryology, 317
- Haller, 113
- Harting, 284 f.n.
- Hartmann, E. von—
- Hartog, M., 344
- Harvey, 18, 113
- Hatschek, 270 f.n., 299
- Helmholtz, H. von, 195
- Henle, 172
- Hensen, V., 209 f.n.
- Herbst, C., 333
- Herder, 46
- Heredity and Memory, 336-44
- Hering, E., 341-2
- "Heritage" Characters, 309, 322
- Herlitzka, 332
- Herophilus, 17
- Hertwig, O., 163, 330, 331, 346
- On C. F. Wolff, 119
- Fertilisation, 291 f.n.
- Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 309-10
- Biogenetic Law, 352, 354-5
- Von Baer's Law, 354
- Intrinsic Laws of Evolution, 354-5, 356-7
- Homology not necessarily Homogeny, 355-7
- Unity of Plan not necessarily due to Community of Descent, 355-7
- On Phylogenetic Speculation, 356
- Hertwig, O. and R.—
- Heterochrony, 259, 348, 349-52
- Heterogeneous Generation (Kölliker), 243
- Heterotopy, 259
- Hilgendorf, 359
- Hill, 311
- Hippocratic Treatises, 2
- His, W., 206 f.n., 209 f.n.
- Histological Differentiation (von Baer), 117-8
- Histology. See also "Cell-Theory"
- Hofer, B., 330
- Hofmeister, 185
- Homogeny, 267, 303, 355
- Homology, 168, 303, 355-7. See also "Connections, Principle of," and "Embryological Criterion"
- Homology, Genetic Definition of—
- Homoplasy, 267
- Hooke, R., 20, 169
- Houssay, F., 19 f.n., 333
- Hubrecht, A. A. W., 284, 295 f.n., 301, 305-6
- Hunter, J., 22, 315
- Huschke, 134-5, 136, 141, 146
- Huxley, T. H., 157, 238, 247
- On Rathke, 154 f.n.
- Embryological Criterion, 158-9, 166
- Embryological Archetype, 159-61
- Criticism of Vertebral Theory of Skull, 161-2
- Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 166-7
- On Archetype, 204
- Germ-Layer Theory, 208, 289
- Criticism of Three-fold Parallelism, 230 f.n.
- Cœlom, 297
- Ancestry of Marsupials, 311
- Hyatt, A., 359, 361
- Instinct and Morphogenesis, Analogy of, vi., 307, 312
- Jacobson , 164
- Jäger, G., 249 f.n.
- Jardin des Plantes, Paris, 19
- Jenkinson, J. W., 347 f.n.
- On His, 316
- Jones, Wharton, 138, 176
- Julin, C., 271, 285
- Jussieu, de, 40
- Kant, I.—
- Keibel, F., 348, 349-50
- Kerkring, 131
- Kielmeyer, 89, 90, 96
- Kieser, 90
- Kleinenberg, N., 277
- Kohlbrugge, J., 44 f.n., 65 f.n.
- Kölliker, A.—
- Kowalevsky, A., 269-71, 284, 285, 299, 300
- Kowalevsky, V. O., 361-2
- Krause, 176
- Kupffer, 271
- Lacaze-Duthiers, H. de, 203 f.n., 315-6
- Lamarck, 44, 66, 78, 215-29
- Relation to Buffon, 215
- Scale of Beings, 215-8, 220-1, 227-8
- As Evolutionary, 218, 220
- Classification, 216-7, 227, 228
- Species Problem, 216, 227
- Materialism, 218-9, 222-3, 225-6
- Psychological Vitalism, 219, 220-6, 307, 335
- Sentiment intérieur, 219-20, 222-3, 225
- Ecological Adaptation, 221, 222, 223, 224, 227
- Laws of Evolution, 221-5
- Transmission of Acquired Characters, 221-2, 224
- Subtle Fluids, 222
- Use and Disuse, 223-4
- Independence of Current Thought, 226-7
- Homology and Analogy, 227
- Reception of his Theory, 228-9
- Lamarck and Butler, 335-7
- Lang, A., 301
- Lankester, Sir E. Ray, 247
- Latreille, 86, 100
- Laurencet, 64
- Lavocat, 203 f.n.
- Leeuenhoek, 20, 21, 169
- Leibniz, 23, 213, 343
- Lereboullet—
- Leucippus, 16
- Leuckart, 193 f.n., 194, 297
- Levy, O., 333
- Leydig, 187, 188, 275 f.n., 285
- Linnæus, 22
- Loeb, J., 333, 347
- Loi de Balancement. See "Compensation, Law of"
- Lovén, 186, 196
- Lucretius, 16
- On the Soul, 222 f.n.
- Ludwig, 193, 194, 314
- Lyell, Sir C., 228 f.n.
- Lyonnet, 22
- Macbride, E. W., 287 f.n.
- M'Kendrick, J.—
- On Fontana, 172
- Mackenzie, W., 345
- Malpighi, M., 20-1, 113, 169
- Marine Zoology, Rise of, 195-6
- Materialistic Attitude, 246-7, 345, 364
- Meckel, D. A., 95
- Meckel, J. F., 113
- Meckel's Cartilage, 141, 145
- Meckel-Serres Law. See "Development, Meckel-Serres Law"
- Mehnert, E., 348, 350-2
- Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 162-7, 309-10
- Memory and Heredity, 336-44
- Mendelism, 346
- Mesenchyme, 298
- Mesoderm, 209-11, 296, 297, 298
- Metabolism—
- Metamerism, 94, 95, 100, 109, 131-2, 266-7, 274-5, 279, 282, 286, 299, 301
- Metamorphosis of Plants, 48, 235
- Metastasis, Principle of—
- Metschnikoff, E., 278 f.n., 285, 288
- Meyen, 170, 185
- Meyer, E., 284
- Meyranx, 64
- Microscope, Invention of, 19
- Milne-Edwards, H., 12, 86, 238
- Mirbel, 170, 171
- Mivart, St G., 277
- Mohl, von, 170, 185
- Moldenhawer, 170
- Moleschott, 194
- Moquin-Tandon, A., 87
- Morgan, T. H., 317 f.n., 332, 333, 347 f.n.
- Mosaic Theory of Development, 330-3
- Müller, F., Biogenetic Law, 252-3, 254, 257
- Müller, H., 166
- Müller, J., 136, 209 f.n., 260, 285, 309, 345
- Mutations (Waagen), 361 f.n.
- Naegeli, 185, 243 f.n., 356
- Naturphilosophie. See "Philosophy of Nature"
- Nesbitt, R., 162
- Neumayr, 357, 360
- Nussbaum, M., 330
- Oken, L., 89, 113, 131, 134, 149
- Ollier, 315
- Oppel, A., 318 f.n., 324 f.n., 327, 348-9
- Orr, H. F., 342
- Osborn, H. F., 214 f.n., 361
- Owen, R., 97, 102-12,
204
- Eclecticism, 102
- Vertebral Theory of Skeleton, 103-7
- Archetype of Vertebrate Skeleton, 104-7, 110
- Vertebral Theory of Skull, 104-6
- Metastasis, 106
- Principle of Connections, 107-8
- Anatomy and Embryology, 108
- Homology and Analogy, 108
- Classes of Homology, 108-9, 266
- Functional Attitude, 109, 110, 111
- Embryological Criterion, 110, 167
- Homological and Teleological Compoundedness, 110-1
- Vegetative Repetition of Parts, 111, 286
- Unity of Plan as Conservative Principle, 112
- Influence on Darwin, 234, 235, 238
- Evolution, 244
- Packard, 361
- Palæontological Record, 357-61
- Palæontological Succession—
- Paley, W., 341
- Palingenesis (Haeckel), 258, 323
- Pander, 113, 119-20, 133, 208, 209
- Parallelism, Theory of. See "Development, Meckel-Serres
Law"
- Three-fold. See "Development, Meckel-Serres Law"
- Paris Museum of Natural History, 19, 89, 101
- Paul, 360
- Pauly, A., 345
- Perrault, C., 19
- Perrier, E., 88, 359 f.n.
- Pflüger, E., 317, 330
- Philipeaux, 315
- "Philosophy of Nature," 89, 94, 98, 203, 248
- Phyletic Series, 359-61
- Physiology, Separation from Morphology, 194, 247, 260, 314
- Physiology of Development, 315
- Planula Theory (Lankester), 295
- Plato, 15
- Pockels, 138
- Pœcilogeny (Giard), 347-8
- Poli, 175
- Polyphyletism—
- Polyzoic Conception of Organism—
- Prévost and Dumas, 125 f.n., 134, 175, 186
- Promorphology (Haeckel), 249
- Protoplasm, 169, 188-9
- Purkinje, 172, 173, 175, 176, 189
- Quatrefages, A. de, 172, 195-6
- Rádl, E., on Goethe, 48
- Rathke, H., 133, 136-7, 174, 194, 269, 351 f.n.
- Discovery of Gill-slits in Pig and Chick, 134
- Discovery of Gill-slits in Man, 135
- Germ-Layer Theory, 136, 208
- Embryological Criterion, 138, 140-1
- Homologies of Gill-arches, 139-41, 146, 150
- Development of Skull, 141, 150-4
- Vertebral Theory of Skull, 141, 154-6
- Embryological Archetype, 151, 153
- Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 163, 166
- Rauber, A., 330
- Réaumur, 22, 315
- Recapitulation Theory. See "Development, Biogenetic Law"
- Regeneration, 315, 318, 333, 346
- Regulatory Processes in Development, 114, 319, 333, 346-7, 350
- Reichert, C. B., Embryological Criterion, 138-9, 144-7, 163 Archetype, 139, 147, 149
- Remak, R., 118, 288 f.n.
- Repetition of Parts within the Organism, Theory of. See also "Vertebral Theory of Skull"
- Reymond, E. du Bois, 194, 314
- Rignano, E., 343-4
- Robinet, 23, 215
- Rondeletius, 18
- Rosenhof, Rösel von, 22
- Roux, W., 313, 315-29, 344, 351
- Entwicklungsmechanik, 315, 317-8
- Materialistic Attitude, 315, 317, 318-9, 329
- Functional Adaptation, 316-7, 318, 320-9, 333
- Experimental Embryology, 317, 318, 330-1
- Simple and Complex Components, 318-20
- Functional Definition of Life, 320
- Functional Attitude, 320-9, 335
- The Two Periods of Development, 320-4, 325, 327, 335
- Mosaic Theory of Development, 323, 330-1
- Metabolism, 324, 329
- Structure, Functional and Non-functional, 324-6
- Functional Unity of Organism, 326
- Functional Adaptation of Blood-vessels, 326-9
- Form as manifestation of Activity, 329
- Ruini, C., 18
- Rusconi, 133-4, 186
- Rütimeyer, L., 361
- Ryder, 361
- Sachs, J. von, 170
- St Ange, M., 146
- Salensky, 259
- Saltatory Variation—
- Sarcode, 169
- Sars, M., 186, 196
- Savigny, J. C., 83-5, 100, 137, 271
- Scale of Beings, 89, 206, 214-5
- Schepelmann, 333
- Schleiden, 170-2
- Schmieden, 328
- Schults, C. H., 173
- Schultze, Max, 189
- Schultze, O., 331
- Schulz, E., 347 f.n.
- Schwann, Theodor, 169, 173-86, 248
- Sedgwick, A., 347 f.n.
- Segmentation of Ovum, 186-8
- Seiler, 138
- Selection, Natural and Artificial, 307 f.n.
- Self-Differentiation (Roux), 319, 320-1, 322, 323, 324, 327
- Self-Regulation (Roux), 319
- Semon, R., 342-3
- Semper, C., 259, 269, 278-82, 284, 286
- Sentiment intérieur (Lamarck), 219-20, 222-3, 225
- Serial Homology. See "Metamerism"
- Serres, E., 79-83, 91, 100, 205-6, 257 f.n.
- Severino, 18
- Sharpey, 162, 176
- Siebold, von, 186
- Skull, Development of, 139-62. See also "Vertebral Theory"
- Spallanzani, 315
- Species-Problem—
- Spencer, H., 326 f.n.
- Spengel, 285, 287
- Spinoza, 343
- Spix, 96, 97, 100, 141
- Stannius, 165
- Steenstrup, 309
- Steinmann, G., 357, 360 f.n.
- Stensen (Steno), 21
- Swammerdam, 20, 21-2
- Tachygenesis, 359
- Technique, Microscopical, 209 f.n., 268
- Tectology (Haeckel), 249
- Teleology—
- Teratology, 69, 83, 91, 93, 315
- Thienemann, 23 f.n.
- Thompson, D'Arcy W., 2 f.n.
- Thomson, A., 176
- Thomson, J. Arthur, 215 f.n.
- Tiedemann, 91, 113, 215, 255 f.n.
- Tissues and Germ-Layers, 118, 209-12
- Transcendental Anatomy, Relation to Evolutionary Morphology, 302-8, 312
- Transcendentalism, French and German Schools, 89, 100
- Trembley, 22, 315
- Treviranus, 141, 170, 215, 225 f.n.
- Turpin, 173
- Types, Theory of (Cuvier and Von Baer)—
- Type-Theory and Evolution, 304
- Unger, 185
- Unity of Composition, Principle of, Geoffroy, 54, 70-2, 75-6, 200, 305
- Unity of Plan, 88, 241, 278-9, 303, 312. See also
"Archetype"
- Aristotle, 6-7, 10
- Belon, Severino, 18
- Perrault, 19
- Robinet, 23
- Buffon, 24
- Cuvier, 41
- Goethe, 45-7, 51
- Vicq D'Azyr, 45
- Camper, 45, 46
- Herder, 46
- Kant, 46, 213-4
- E. Geoffroy, 52-65, 70 ff.
- Serres, 83, 205, 206
- Savigny, 83
- Audouin, 85-6
- Latreille, 86
- Dugès, 86-7
- J. F. Meckel, 101
- Milne-Edwards, 197
- Semper, 279
- Haeckel, 289, 291
- Lankester, 291
- Unity of Plan as due to Community of Descent—
- Unity of Plan as Conservative Principle—
- Valentin, 138, 173, 176
- Variation, Limits of, Cuvier, 42
- Vegetative Repetition of Parts—
- Velpeau, 138
- Vertebral Theory of Skull, 49, 96-9, 104-6, 131, 141-4, 147-9, 154-7, 161-2, 165, 203, 235, 310 f.n.
- Vertebrate Descent, 269-87, 299-301, 304
- Verworn, M., 330
- Vesalius, 18
- Vestigial Organs, 233, 237, 309, 312
- Vialleton, L., 306 f.n., 348
- Vicq d'Azyr, 45, 95
- Virchow, R., 188, 191
- Vitalism, Psychological—
- Vogt, C.—
- Waagen, 359, 361 f.n.
- Wagner, A., 345
- Wagner, R., 176
- Ward, J., 343
- Weber, 138
- Weismann, A., 240, 323, 326 f.n., 330-1, 343
- Werneck, 173
- Whitman, C. O., 346
- Wigand, A., 242 f.n., 356
- Willey, A., 273 f.n., 306 f.n.
- Williamson, 309
- Willis, 19
- Wilson, E. B., 331, 332-3, 346 f.n., 347 f.n.
- Wolff, C. F., 113
- Wolff, G., 346-7
- Woodward, B. B., 358
- Wotton, E., 17
- Zeleny, 333
- Zittel, K. von, 357, 358
- Zoja, 331