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Four Phases of Morals: Socrates, Aristotle, Christianity, Utilitarianism

By John Stuart Blackie
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About This Book

A series of four historically grounded lectures surveys moral thought as embodied in Socratic inquiry, Aristotelian virtue, Christian moral teaching, and utilitarian calculation. Each phase is sketched in its intellectual setting, with attention to its aims, methods, and conceptions of duty, character, and the good. The author contrasts their assumptions—personal conscience and piety, cultivated habits and practical reason, religious obligation and charity, and consequence-based assessment—and discusses how cultural context shapes moral emphasis. Overall the work offers comparative analysis and critique, aiming to clarify continuities and tensions among differing ethical approaches.

About the Author

Blackie, John Stuart portrait

John Stuart Blackie

John Stuart Blackie was a Scottish scholar, poet, and philologist known for his contributions to classical studies and moral philosophy. He served as a professor of Greek at the University of Edinburgh, where he influenced many students with his engaging teaching style and deep understanding of the Greek language. Blackie's notable works include "Four Phases of Morals: Socrates, Aristotle, Christianity, Utilitarianism," which explores the evolution of moral thought through history. His "Greek Primer, Colloquial and Constructive" serves as an essential resource for learners of the Greek language, while his lectures on history reflect his belief in the importance of historical context in understanding human behavior.

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