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From Peking to Mandalay / A Journey from North China to Burma through Tibetan Ssuch'uan and Yunnan cover

From Peking to Mandalay / A Journey from North China to Burma through Tibetan Ssuch'uan and Yunnan

Chapter 21: APPENDIX A: VOCABULARIES
By Sir Reginald Fleming Johnston
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About This Book

The narrative recounts an extensive overland and riverine journey across northern and southwestern China into Burma, following a route through major waypoints including the Yangtse gorges, Mount Omei, Tachienlu, the Yalung valley, Muli, Yung-ning, Li-chiang, Tali-fu, Bhamo, and onward to Mandalay. It combines travel description, vivid mountain and river scenery, and observations on local customs, religious sites, and material culture, with an ethnological chapter surveying the peoples of the Chinese far west. The author intersperses practical details—routes, itineraries, and vocabularies—with sketches of caravan life, monasteries, and markets. Appendices provide vocabularies and a day-by-day itinerary to support readers curious about logistics.

APPENDIX A: VOCABULARIES

English.Yung-ning Li-so.Yung-ning Moso.Muli (Njong). Pa-U Rong
Hsi-Fan.		Pa-U Rong Lolo.Tibetan.Remarks.
Onet‘ichihti tatachig. Compare Wa: te; Karen: ta; British Li-so (Leesaw): hti.
Twonyinyinö nyininyi. Compare Cantonese: yi; Karen: nö; British Li-so: nyi.
Threesasoson zisonsum. Compare Chinese (Mand.): san; (Cantonese): sam; Siamese and Lao, sam.
Fourliruzhi, or zha rizhizhi. 
Fivenganga or uango nganganga. Compare Cantonese: ng; Shan, Siamese and Lao: Ha.
Sixch‘uk‘uo or k‘ot‘ru trudrud‘rug. 
Sevenshihshihhnö, hnyi dundundün. 
Eighthi or heihoshüeh djizheigye. 
Nineguguyö, or yi gugugu.Compare Cantonese: kao.
Tent‘zŭts‘e or t‘zŭka-te ka-dentchichu. 
Elevent‘zŭ t‘it‘zŭ chihka-ti ......chug chig. 
Twelvet‘zŭ nyit‘zŭ nyika-nö ......chu nyi. 
Thirteent‘zŭ sat‘zŭ soka-son ......chug sum. 
Fourteent‘zŭ lit‘zŭ ruka-zhi ......chug zhi. 
Fifteent‘zŭ ngat‘zŭ ngaka-ngo ......chug nga. 
Sixteent‘zŭ ch‘ut‘zŭ k‘oka-t‘ru ......chug d‘rug. 
Seventeent‘zŭ shiht‘zŭ shihka-hnö ......chug dün. 
Eighteent‘zŭ hit‘zŭ hoka-shüeh. ......chug gye. 
Nineteent‘zŭ gut‘zŭ guka-yö ......chug gu. 
Twentynyi-t‘zŭnyi-t‘zŭna-ha nya ka...nyi shu. 
Twenty-onenyi-t‘zŭ-tinyi-t‘zŭ-chihna-ha-ti ......nyi shu chig. 
Thirtysa-t‘zŭso-t‘zŭso ha zi ka...sum chu. 
Fortyli-t‘zŭru t‘zŭra ha ra ka...zhib chu. 
Fiftynga-t‘zŭnga t‘zŭngo ha nga ka...ngab chu. 
Sixtych‘u-t‘zŭk‘o t‘zŭt‘ru ha tru ha...dr‘ug chu. 
Seventyshih-t‘zŭshih t‘zŭhnö ha nya ha...dün chu. 
Eightyhi t‘zŭho t‘zŭsho ha sho ha...gye chu. 
Ninetygu t‘zŭgu t‘zŭyö ha gu ha...gub chu. 
One hundredt‘i hya...shi ta ra...gya. 
Yesterdaya nyia nyipu-she ......k‘a sa. 
To-dayni-nyinyipu-ne ......d‘e ring, 
To-morrowna hasu nyishim-pu zha dizhom bisang. 
Day after to-morrow......ko-se-nö ......nang (-nyi). 
Three days hence......ko-de-nö ......zhe (-nyin ga). 
Springsa nga hanyi so-lecha pei ...djang-uchi-ka. Moso so-le means a period of three months.
Summersha hadje so-lemi-ni-bü ...mêng-iyar-ka. 
Autumnho li mich‘u so-ledrou-pa ...mo dzontön-ka. 
Wintermu ts‘uch‘ih so-legu-pa ......gün-ka. 
I, mengo, nganyaa ......nga.Cantonese: ngo.
Old......mi gi ......nying-ba. 
Young......djen ......lo zhön-ba. 
Large...chihshe-mö dja...ch‘en-po. 
Small...djik‘o dze mö ka-ta...ch‘ung. 
Comelö hayi zeyu ...ba-luyong-wa; leb-pa. 
Godja hahü, or hsü zeshon ......p‘eb, dro.

English.Yung-ning Li-so.Yung-ning Moso.Muli (Njong). Pa-U Rong
Hsi-Fan.		Pa-U Rong Lolo.Tibetan.Remarks.
Eatdza dza...dzu ......za-wa. 
Sleepyi djalei zhik‘o zhi abi...nyal-wa. 
Beatdiladzu ......dung-wa; zhu-wa. 
Killsik‘one se ......sö pa; se pa. 
Man...hyi (strong aspirate)me nyimimi. 
Year...du k‘ugu go...lo. 
Monthha po ti male, or hle mezhi yi...da wa. 
Moonha pole, or hle mehli hli nyicha pada wa. 
Dayt‘i nyit‘i nyinyi nyi...nyin; nyi ma. 
Sunmi minyi menyi ru raru ranyi-ma. 
Star......dru ...me drükar-ma. 
Cloud......hlieh wei ......trin-pa. 
Rain......kwi ......ch‘ar-pa. 
Snow......p‘u za tri-bu...k‘a wa; g‘ang. 
Wind......mo-ho ri-ru...lung-po; lhag-pa. 
Skymumume nyi ngi ru-runi ru-runam. 
Firea-tu kohle djima tre na tsa-tsamame. 
Wateryi tadjidjö djidjich‘u. 
Hill...dji na medon o...ri. 
Stonemu ti...yom-pa ......do. 
Earth (soil)ne hödjĭdja ...drasa. 
Woodssŭssŭhsieh hsieh...shing. 
Silverp‘üngunyou ngei...ser. 
Ironhushishe dja-hashe hangül. 
Copper......ni ra-ha...chag. 
Bonehao-toshang-öra-ka ro...rü-pa. 
Grass......zhon rongrongtsa. 
Rice......tch‘e bre...dre. 
Tobacco......ye ......t‘a ma. 
Barley......mi-dji ......ne; tsam-pa. 
Silk......go-ch‘en ......g‘o-ch‘en. 
Tea......dje ...hlaj‘a; sö j‘a.Chinese: ch‘a.
Yak, cow...yeroa dzo zhu...b‘a mo; dri; dzo. 
Water-buffalo...dji ye... ......... 
Doga-nak‘uka-dra ma hla mi...k‘yi. 
Goata-ch‘iht‘zŭla kü-na...ra. 
Pig......dzö dja...p‘ag-pa. 
Fowl...aro ...ra-maj‘a 
Hare......... na hra...ri b‘ong; yö. 
Sheep......... rong...lug. 
Fatherpa-paa-daa-so-an ...ko-tronp‘a; yab. 
Motherma-maa-mema-ma ...k‘un yona ma; yum. 
Elder brothera-bua-mua-pei ......a j‘o; j‘o la. 
Younger brotherke-zeike-ssŭko-an ......nu-o. 
Headwu-düwu-k‘uak‘o ...k‘ogo. 
Hairwu-ts‘ü...ko ma ko ma...tra. 
Ears......ne dju ...ch‘u hsinna (spelt rna). 
Nosena-k‘onyi gahne zhon ra t‘onra t‘onna (spelt sna). 
Teeth......hsru ...ra huso. 
Tongue......hle ......... 
Fish......... jü...nya. 
Mouth......k‘a no du kang kenk‘a. 
Hand...lo k‘uazheru ...ya balag-pa. 

English.Yung-ning Li-so.Yung-ning Moso.Muli (Njong). Pa-U Rong
Hsi-Fan.		Pa-U Rong Lolo.Tibetan.Remarks.
Blacka-lu ma...nya ka-ka mö nyi na-nona-nanag-po. 
Whitep‘u-cha ma...tr‘on mö p‘u li-liko lu-lukar-po. 
Redp‘u shih chih ma...nye mö hu li-li...mar-po. 
Blueni ch‘u ma...nyi na na mö ......njön-po. 
Green......... ngu li-li...jang-k‘u. 
Yellow......nyö mö ......ser-po. 
This......o tei ...i-beidi. 
That......dei pei ...o-beid‘e. 
Arm......... yayalag-pa. 
Househyiyi k‘uadjih ...ra-bak‘ang-pa. 
Eyesme tonya lümi-a byu...mig. 
Fingers...luhla-dzu ...o-dzudzüg-g‘u. 
First finger...lu nyiku zhi hla-dzu ...dan-yi-da... 
Second finger...lu soson pa hla-dzu ...som bü... 
Third finger...lu ruzhi pa hla-dzu ......... 
Fourth finger...lu nganga-pa hla-dzu ......... 
Thumb...lu mita ma ...dzat‘e-po. 
Finger-nail......... ...ndrasen-mo. 
Last year......zhei p‘u ya bizha bina-ning. 
Next year......zhei k‘u ya k‘uya k‘udri-lo. 
Heart......hua gya du...nying. 
Fast......tr‘om p‘u tr‘a p‘u...gyog-po. 
Slow......tei tei p‘u ku-ku...g‘a-li. 
Horsea-morouenkwei düdüta. 
Stand......di ch‘in ...du-mulang-ne; de-pa. 
Walk......shi ki ...re-brodro-wa. 
Blood......se ......tr‘ag. 
Northhung go lohung gu lo... ch‘a...ch‘ang. 
Southi ch‘i mei ch‘i me... lo...lho. 
Eastmi mi tü ga1nyi me tu1... lu...shar-ch‘og. 
Westmi mi gu ga2nyi me gu2... djong...nub-ch‘og. 
Son, boynga zazo... ...da ngi; bu ta‘apu; pu-g‘u. 
Daughter, girlza mu zami zo... ...ko ma sha; me jib‘u mo. 
Go fastmi mi ze...... ......gyog-pô dro. 
Go slowza zu...... ......g‘a-li dro. 
Bed......... ...dranya t‘ri. 
Civil official...ssŭ p‘in... ...ko tapön po. 
Road...zha me... ......lam. 
Flower...ba ba... ......me-tog. 
Tree...ssŭ tzŭ... ...sem-busing-dong; shing 
Go up...kö be be... ......yar. 
Go down...me ch‘a be... ......mar. 
Feet...k‘ö ts‘e... ......kang-pa. 
Die, dead...le shih... ......ch‘i wa; k‘oshisong. 
Face...pa k‘ua... ......dong; ngo. 
No, not...me be... ......ma; ma re. 
Yes, be, is...k‘ë... ......la so; yö pa. 
Late...hua k‘o... ......ch‘i po. 
Early...nya... ......nga po. 
Have...t‘e djo... ......yö pa. 
Good...djei... wu lat...yag po; zang-po. 
Bad...mo djei... za ru...ngen-pa. 
Body......... lu bu...zug po; lü. 
Book......... gi gu...pe-ch‘a. 

1 Literally, "The side where the sun rises."

2 Literally, "The side where the sun sets."

English.Yung-ning Li-so.Yung-ning Moso.Muli (Njong).
Onet‘ichihti
Twonyinyinö
Threesasoson
Fourliruzhi, or zha
Fivenganga or uango
Sixch‘uk‘uo or k‘ot‘ru
Sevenshihshihhnö, hnyi
Eighthi or heihoshüeh
Nineguguyö, or yi
Tent‘zŭts‘e or t‘zŭka-te
Elevent‘zŭ t‘it‘zŭ chihka-ti
Twelvet‘zŭ nyit‘zŭ nyika-nö
Thirteent‘zŭ sat‘zŭ soka-son
Fourteent‘zŭ lit‘zŭ ruka-zhi
Fifteent‘zŭ ngat‘zŭ ngaka-ngo
Sixteent‘zŭ ch‘ut‘zŭ k‘oka-t‘ru
Seventeent‘zŭ shiht‘zŭ shihka-hnö
Eighteent‘zŭ hit‘zŭ hoka-shüeh.
Nineteent‘zŭ gut‘zŭ guka-yö
Twentynyi-t‘zŭnyi-t‘zŭna-ha
Twenty-onenyi-t‘zŭ-tinyi-t‘zŭ-chihna-ha-ti
Thirtysa-t‘zŭso-t‘zŭso ha
Fortyli-t‘zŭru t‘zŭra ha
Fiftynga-t‘zŭnga t‘zŭngo ha
Sixtych‘u-t‘zŭk‘o t‘zŭt‘ru ha
Seventyshih-t‘zŭshih t‘zŭhnö ha
Eightyhi t‘zŭho t‘zŭsho ha
Ninetygu t‘zŭgu t‘zŭyö ha
One hundredt‘i hya...shi
Yesterdaya nyia nyipu-she
To-dayni-nyinyipu-ne
To-morrowna hasu nyishim-pu
Day after to-morrow......ko-se-nö
Three days hence......ko-de-nö
Springsa nga hanyi so-lecha pei
Summersha hadje so-lemi-ni-bü
Autumnho li mich‘u so-ledrou-pa
Wintermu ts‘uch‘ih so-legu-pa
I, mengo, nganyaa
Old......mi gi
Young......djen
Large...chihshe-mö
Small...djik‘o dze mö
Comelö hayi zeyu
Godja hahü, or hsü zeshon
English. Pa-U Rong
Hsi-Fan.		Pa-U Rong Lolo.Tibetan.Remarks.
Onetatachig. Compare Wa: te; Karen: ta; British Li-so (Leesaw): hti.
Twonyininyi. Compare Cantonese: yi; Karen: nö; British Li-so: nyi.
Threezisonsum. Compare Chinese (Mand.): san; (Cantonese): sam; Siamese and Lao, sam.
Fourrizhizhi. 
Fivenganganga. Compare Cantonese: ng; Shan, Siamese and Lao: Ha.
Sixtrudrud‘rug. 
Sevendundundün. 
Eight djizheigye. 
Nine gugugu.Compare Cantonese: kao.
Ten ka-dentchichu. 
Eleven......chug chig. 
Twelve ......chu nyi. 
Thirteen ......chug sum. 
Fourteen ......chug zhi. 
Fifteen ......chug nga. 
Sixteen ......chug d‘rug. 
Seventeen ......chug dün. 
Eighteen ......chug gye. 
Nineteen ......chug gu. 
Twenty nya ka...nyi shu. 
Twentyone ......nyi shu chig. 
Thirty zi ka...sum chu. 
Forty ra ka...zhib chu. 
Fifty nga ka...ngab chu. 
Sixty tru ha...dr‘ug chu. 
Seventy nya ha...dün chu. 
Eighty sho ha...gye chu. 
Ninety gu ha...gub chu. 
One hundred ta ra...gya. 
Yesterday ......k‘a sa. 
To-day ......d‘e ring, 
To-morrow zha dizhom bisang. 
Day after tomorrow ......nang (-nyi). 
Three days hence ......zhe (-nyin ga). 
Spring ...djang-uchi-ka. Moso so-le means a period of three months.
Summer ...mêng-iyar-ka. 
Autumn ...mo dzontön-ka. 
Winter ......gün-ka. 
I, me ......nga.Cantonese: ngo.
Old ......nying-ba. 
Young ......lo zhön-ba. 
Large dja...ch‘en-po. 
Small ka-ta...ch‘ung. 
Come ...ba-luyong-wa; leb-pa. 
Go......p‘eb, dro.

 

English.Yung-ning Li-so.Yung-ning Moso.Muli (Njong).
Eatdza dza...dzu
Sleepyi djalei zhik‘o zhi
Beatdiladzu
Killsik‘one se
Man...hyi (strong aspirate)me
Year...du k‘ugu
Monthha po ti male, or hle mezhi
Moonha pole, or hle mehli
Dayt‘i nyit‘i nyinyi
Sunmi minyi menyi
Star......dru
Cloud......hlieh wei
Rain......kwi
Snow......p‘u
Wind......mo-ho
Skymumume nyi
Firea-tu kohle djima tre
Wateryi tadjidjö
Hill...dji na medon
Stonemu ti...yom-pa
Earth (soil)ne hödjĭdja
Woodssŭssŭhsieh
Goldshihhangei
Silverp‘üngunyou
Ironhushishe
Copper......ni
Bonehao-toshang-öra-ka
Grass......zhon
Rice......tch‘e
Tobacco......ye
Barley......mi-dji
Silk......go-ch‘en
Tea......dje
Yak, cow...yeroa
Water-buffalo...dji ye...
Doga-nak‘uka-dra
Goata-ch‘iht‘zŭla
Pig......dzö
Fowl...aro
Hare.........
Sheep.........
Fatherpa-paa-daa-so-an
Motherma-maa-mema-ma
Elder brothera-bua-mua-pei
Younger brotherke-zeike-ssŭko-an
Headwu-düwu-k‘uak‘o
Hairwu-ts‘ü...ko ma
Ears......ne dju
Nosena-k‘onyi gahne zhon
Teeth......hsru
Tongue......hle
Fish.........
Mouth......k‘a no
Hand...lo k‘uazheru
English. Pa-U Rong
Hsi-Fan.		Pa-U Rong Lolo.Tibetan.Remarks.
Eat ......za-wa. 
Sleep abi...nyal-wa. 
Beat ......dung-wa; zhu-wa. 
Kill ......sö pa; se pa. 
Man nyimimi. 
Year go...lo. 
Month yi...da wa. 
Moon hli nyicha pada wa. 
Day nyi...nyin; nyi ma. 
Sun ru raru ranyi-ma. 
Star ...me drükar-ma. 
Cloud ......trin-pa. 
Rain ......ch‘ar-pa. 
Snow za tri-bu...k‘a wa; g‘ang. 
Wind ri-ru...lung-po; lhag-pa. 
Sky ngi ru-runi ru-runam. 
Fire na tsa-tsamame. 
Water djidjich‘u. 
Hill o...ri. 
Stone ......do. 
Earth ...drasa. 
Wood hsieh...shing. 
Gold ngei...ser. 
Silver dja-hashe hangül. 
Iron ra-ha...chag. 
Copper sa-ha...zang. 
Bone ro...rü-pa. 
Grass rongrongtsa. 
Rice bre...dre. 
Tobacco ......t‘a ma. 
Barley ......ne; tsam-pa. 
Silk ......g‘o-ch‘en. 
Tea ...hlaj‘a; sö j‘a.Chinese: ch‘a.
Yak, cow dzo zhu...b‘a mo; dri; dzo. 
Water-buffalo ......... 
Dog ma hla mi...k‘yi. 
Goat kü-na...ra. 
Pig dja...p‘ag-pa. 
Fowl ...ra-maj‘a 
Hare na hra...ri b‘ong; yö. 
Sheep rong...lug. 
Father ...ko-tronp‘a; yab. 
Mother ...k‘un yona ma; yum. 
Elder brother ......a j‘o; j‘o la. 
Younger brother ......nu-o. 
Head ...k‘ogo. 
Hair ko ma...tra. 
Ears ...ch‘u hsinna (spelt rna). 
Nose ra t‘onra t‘onna (spelt sna). 
Teeth ...ra huso. 
Tongue ......... 
Fish jü...nya. 
Mouth du kang kenk‘a. 
Hand...ya balag-pa. 

 

English.Yung-ning Li-so.Yung-ning Moso.Muli (Njong).
Blacka-lu ma...nya ka-ka mö
Whitep‘u-cha ma...tr‘on mö
Redp‘u shih chih ma...nye mö
Blueni ch‘u ma...nyi na na mö
Green.........
Yellow......nyö mö
This......o tei
That......dei pei
Arm.........
Househyiyi k‘uadjih
Eyesme tonya lümi-a
Fingers...luhla-dzu
First finger...lu nyiku zhi hla-dzu
Second finger...lu soson pa hla-dzu
Third finger...lu ruzhi pa hla-dzu
Fourth finger...lu nganga-pa hla-dzu
Thumb...lu mita ma
Finger-nail.........
Last year......zhei p‘u
Next year......zhei k‘u
Heart......hua
Fast......tr‘om p‘u
Slow......tei tei p‘u
Horsea-morouenkwei
Stand......di ch‘in
Walk......shi ki
Blood......se
Northhung go lohung gu lo...
Southi ch‘i mei ch‘i me...
Eastmi mi tü ga1nyi me tu1...
Westmi mi gu ga2nyi me gu2...
Son, boynga zazo...
Daughter, girlza mu zami zo...
Go fastmi mi ze......
Go slowza zu......
Bed.........
Civil official...ssŭ p‘in...
Road...zha me...
Flower...ba ba...
Tree...ssŭ tzŭ...
Go up...kö be be...
Go down...me ch‘a be...
Feet...k‘ö ts‘e...
Die, dead...le shih...
Face...pa k‘ua...
No, not...me be...
Yes, be, is...k‘ë...
Late...hua k‘o...
Early...nya...
Have...t‘e djo...
Good...djei...
Bad...mo djei...
Body.........
Book.........

1 Literally, "The side where the sun rises."

2 Literally, "The side where the sun sets."

English. Pa-U Rong
Hsi-Fan.		Pa-U Rong Lolo.Tibetan.Remarks.
Black nyi na-nona-nanag-po. 
White p‘u li-liko lu-lukar-po. 
Red hu li-li...mar-po. 
Blue ......njön-po. 
Green gu li-li...jang-k‘u. 
Yellow ......ser-po. 
This ...i-beidi. 
That ...o-beid‘e. 
Arm yayalag-pa. 
House ...ra-bak‘ang-pa. 
Eyes byu...mig. 
Fingers ...o-dzudzüg-g‘u. 
First finger ...dan-yi-da... 
Second finger ...som bü... 
Third finger ......... 
Fourth finger ......... 
Thumb ...dzat‘e-po. 
Finger-nail ...ndrasen-mo. 
Last year ya bizha bina-ning. 
Next year ya k‘uya k‘udri-lo. 
Heart gya du...nying. 
Fast tr‘a p‘u...gyog-po. 
Slow ku-ku...g‘a-li. 
Horse düdüta. 
Stand ...du-mulang-ne; de-pa. 
Walk ...re-brodro-wa. 
Blood ......tr‘ag. 
North ch‘a...ch‘ang. 
South lo...lho. 
East lu...shar-ch‘og. 
West djong...nub-ch‘og. 
Son, boy...da ngi; bu ta‘a>pu; pu-g‘u. 
Daughter, girl ...ko ma sha; me jib‘u mo. 
Go fast ......gyog-pô dro. 
Go slow ......g‘a-li dro. 
Bed ...dranya t‘ri. 
Civil official ...ko tapön po. 
Road ......lam. 
Flower ......me-tog. 
Tree ...sem-busing-dong; shing 
Go up ......yar. 
Go down ......mar. 
Feet ......kang-pa. 
Die, dead ......ch‘i wa; k‘oshisong. 
Face ......dong; ngo. 
No, not ......ma; ma re. 
Yes, be, is ......la so; yö pa. 
Late ......ch‘i po. 
Early ......nga po. 
Have ......yö pa. 
Good wu lat...yag po; zang-po. 
Bad za ru...ngen-pa. 
Body lu bu...zug po; lü. 
Book gi gu...pe-ch‘a.