From the Indus to the Tigris

This language is spoken throughout Balochistan as far west as Kej, Panjgúr, and Jalk, up to the borders of Sistan, and is written in the Persian character.

There is no inflection for gender or case. The plural is formed by the addition of ák if the singular ends in a consonant, as kasar, a road, kasarák, roads; of k alone if the singular ends in a vowel, as urá, a house, urák, houses—húlí, a horse, húlík, horses—are, a man, arek, men—dú, the hand, becomes dík, the hands; and of ghák if the singular ends in the mute h, as bandah, a man, bandahghák, men.

The cases are formed by the addition of certain distinguishing particles to the nominative, as is shown in the following typical forms of declension:—

The dative affix of the last two declensions te really means into; the simple affix e means at, to, and the forms úráe and húlíe are also used in this case.

The singular bandah is often pronounced bandagh, and the plural bandaghák.

There are several exceptions to these rules for forming the plural. Thus már, a boy, becomes mák for márák, boys—bángo, a cock, becomes bángák, cocks—kóchak, a dog, becomes kochaghák, dogs, &c.

Nouns are qualified by an adjective set before them, and then declined as a compound word, as chuno már, a little boy—chuno már ná, of a little boy—chuno mák, little boys—chuno mák e, to little boys, &c., sharo masar, a good girl—sharo masarák, good girls, &c.

Degrees of comparison are expressed by the use of the ablative case with the positive, as e juwán húlí are (or e), that is a handsome horse—dá juwán húlí asite, this is a (more) handsome horse—dá kul húlíyán juwán are (or e), this is the handsomest of all the horses—are arwatyán balo e (or are), the man is larger than the woman—arek arwatákyán balo arer, men are larger than women—bandaghák zorak arer, vale dá bandagh kulyán zorak asite, the men are strong, but this man is stronger than all—dáfk arwaták zorak arer, vale bandaghák zorak asitur, these women are strong, but men are stronger—hísun áhinyán khuben e, gold is heavier than iron.

PRONOUNS.

The personal pronouns are í, I—ní, thou—o, he, she, or it; their plurals are nan, we—num, ye—ofk, they.

The demonstrative pronouns are, proximate, dá, this—plural dáfk, these; and remote, e, that—plural efk, those.

They are declined as follows:—

Personal Pronouns.

Examples—Urá kaná mur are, my house is far off—oná tuman khurk e, his village is near—húlík numá aráng arer? where are your horses?—iragh oftyán hallak, take the bread from them—nane dír hatbo, bring us water.

The demonstrative pronouns are similarly declined.

Examples—Dá masar ená areghas ír e, this girl is that man’s sister—(the word areghas is here an inflected form of are, a man. In composition, where the nominative ends in a vowel, the particle ghas, and where in a consonant, the particle as, is added to distinguish the oblique case, or the accusative only)—dáfk darakhták eftyán burzo asitur, these trees are taller than those.

The possessive pronoun is expressed by the adjective ten or tenat, own, self, added to the several personal pronouns, and is regularly declined, singular and plural being the same, as í ten, I myself, nan ten, we ourselves, ní ten, thou thyself, num ten, you yourselves, o ten, he himself, ofk ten, they themselves.

And so on with the other personal pronouns above mentioned.

Examples—Ílum kaná tenat kárem kare, my brother did the work himself—í tenná zaghm are, it is my own sword—efk bandaghák ten-pa-ten jang kerá, those men are quarrelling amongst themselves.

The interrogative pronouns are der, who?, the same in the singular and plural, and applied only to animate objects, and ant, which? and ará, what? used in both numbers, but only applied to inanimate objects. The first is declined regularly. The others are indeclinable.

Examples—Dá bandagh der are? who is this man?—dinná már are? whose son is he?—ní ant cóm asitus? of which tribe are you?—dá kasar ará tuman te káek? to which camp does this road go? Ará is also used as a relative pronoun, with hamo as its correlative, as ará ki sharo e hamo halbo, ará ki gando e hamo gum kar, whichever is good, that bring; whichever is bad, that throw away.

There are besides a number of adjective pronouns. Those in common use are the following:—Pen, another, har pen, every other, ant pen, which other. Example—kaná ílum afas pen bandagh asite, he is not my brother, he is some other man. Ákhadr, as much as, hamo khadr, so much, dá khadr, this much. Example—ákhadr ki darkár e hamo khadr haltak, as much as is necessary, so much take. Hamdún, like as—so. Example—hamdún ní us hamdún í ut, like as thou art so am I. Hamro, what sort, as dá hamro húlí are, what sort of horse is this?

ADJECTIVES.

The adjectives precede the nouns they qualify, and undergo no change for gender or number of case, as húlan are, a stout man—húlan arwat, a stout woman. Some adjectives are modified by the addition of certain particles denoting either increase or diminution, as sharo bandagh, a good man; sharangá bandagh, a very good man—chuno masar, a little girl; chunaká masar, a very little girl.

VERBS.

The verbs appear to be more or less irregular in their paradigms. I had not sufficient opportunity to examine their structure on an extended scale, so as to reduce them to some form of classification, and the natives from whom I gathered my information regarding the language had no knowledge whatever of the rules guiding their speech. The different tenses offered in the following forms of conjugations have been derived from the replies to questions requiring answers in the present, past, and future respectively, through the medium of the Persian language, and I trust they may be found generally correct.

The infinitive ends in ing, and is often used as a verbal noun. Example—jang kaning sharaf, quarrelling is not good (or proper)—rást páning shar e, speaking the truth is good (or right). The infinitive sign is generally added to the root, which is the same as the imperative, as hin, go; hining, to go—haraf, ask; harafing, to ask. But there are many exceptions to this, as bar, come; baning, to come—kar, do; kaning, to do, &c.

Some verbs form the past tenses on a different root to that from which the present tenses are formed, as will be seen by the list of verbs given at the end of this paper. The rules might be easily worked out with a little leisure for their study.

Transitives are formed from intransitives by interposing f between the root and infinitive sign, as khuling, to fear; khulfing, to frighten—harsing, to change; harsfing, to alter—túling, to sit; túlfing, to seat, &c.

Causals are formed from these transitives by changing the f to íf or ef, as khulfing, to frighten; khulífing, to cause to frighten—túlfing, to seat; túlífing, to cause to seat, &c.

The paradigms of the substantive verb, and two intransitive and two transitive verbs, are here given as models for all other verbs. Irregularities are only to be ascertained by a practical acquaintance with the language, but they do not seem to be numerous.

The substantive verb maning, “to be or become,” is thus conjugated:—

• Infinitive Mood—maning—to be.
• Present Participle—are-e—being.
• Agent—manok—becomer.
• Past Participle—mas—been.

The intransitive verbs “to come” and “to go” are thus conjugated:—

• Infinitive Mood—baning—to come.
• Present Participle—bare—coming.
• Agent—barok—comer.
• Past Participle—bas—come.

The verb “to go”:—

• Infinitive Mood—hining—to go.
• Present Participle—káe—going.
• Agent—hinok—goer.
• Past Participle—hiná—gone.

The above may be taken as examples of all intransitive verbs. But the different roots for the present and past tenses can only be acquired by practice.

The transitive verbs “to do” and “to beat” are thus conjugated.

The verb “to do or make.”

• Infinitive Mood—kaning—to do, make.
• Present Participle—ke—doing.
• Agent—karok—doer, maker.
• Past Participle—kar—done.

The verb “to beat or strike.”

• Infinitive Mood—khaling—to beat.
• Present Participle—khale—beating.
• Agent—khalok—beater.
• Past Participle—khalk—beaten.

The passive voice of transitive verbs is formed by conjugating the past participle with the substantive verb maning, “to be.” Thus:—

• Infinitive Mood—khalk maning—to be beaten.
• Present Participle—khalk are—being beaten.
• Past Participle—khalk mas—been beaten.

The other tenses can be supplied from the paradigm of the substantive verb. Negation is expressed by interposing f or af between the first two syllables of the verb, as bafarew, I will not come—kafarek, he did not do it—í khor afut, I am not blind—dá kárem o hech gáhas kafarot, he will never have done this deed—ní tifes, thou wilt not give? Prohibition is expressed by na or ma, don’t, placed before the imperative, as na kar, do not—ma khalt, do not beat. But the f is also used in an imperative sense, as nájor mafarew, may you not be ill—pa, speak; paf, don’t speak—ka, do; kafa or kapa, don’t.

With nouns negation is expressed by afak added to the word, as jor-afak, not well, sick—nyám-afak, not justice, unjust—zor afak, not strong, weak.

ADVERBS.

The adverbs are very numerous, and include interjections and prepositions. The adverbs of time are the following and others:—

• dásá, now.
• gurá, then.
• gáhas, never.
• padá, again.
• zú, quickly.
• madá, slowly.
• wakhtí, early.
• madáná, late.
• ná gumán, suddenly.
• har-vakht, always.
• hech-vakht, at no time.
• gáhas, ever.
• chi-vakhtas-ki, when.
• hamo-vakht, then.
• asi-asi-vakht, sometimes.
• harde, every day.
• asit-jár, once.
• irat-jár, twice.
• musit-jár, thrice.
• báz-jár, often.
• ewáde, formerly.
• awal, at first.
• ákhir, at last.
• begáh, this evening.
• ano, to-day.
• pagáh, to-morrow.
• palme, day after to-morrow.
• kúde, three days hence.
• daro, yesterday.
• mulkhudo, day before yesterday.
• kúmulkhudo, three days ago.
• ano-nan, to-night.
• manjan, midday.
• ním-shab, midnight.
• peshín, forenoon.
• digar, afternoon.

The adverbs of place are the following and others:—

• burzá, above.
• shef, below.
• mustí, before.
• padáe, behind.
• tahtí, inside.
• peshán, outside.
• khurk, near.
• mur, far.
• dáde, here.
• ede, there.
• jáaski, where.
• ere, there.
• aráde, where?
• hamangi, there.
• haráng, as far as.
• aráká, so far.
• moni, opposite.
• to, with.
• te, in, up to.
• kátum, on, upon.
• dápárán, this side.
• epárán, that side.
• chármán, all sides.
• antmur, how far?

The adverbs of quantity are the following and others:—

• báz, much, very many.
• machit, little, few.
• hech, none.
• girá, some.
• bas, enough.
• at, how much?
• ákhadr, as much as.
• dákhadr, so much.
• har, every.
• bíra, only, merely.
• har-ant, whatever.
• hechrá, nothing.

Other adverbs are the following, conjunctions and interjections:—

• antai, why?
• ho-hán, yes.
• ahá, no.
• vale, but.
• hamhon, perhaps.
• ki, that.
• are, holloa!
• háeháe, alas!
• wáwáh, wonderful!
• armán, pity!
• ham, also.
• lekin, but.
• gwácháni, indeed!
• jágai, instead of.
• mat, leave off! don’t!
• paráe, for sake of.
• agar, if.
• baghair, except.

The days of the week are the same as in Persian, and so are the cardinal numbers, with the exception of the first three. These are asit, one; irat, two; musit, three. The rest are chár, four; panj, five, &c.

The ordinals and fractions are as follows:—

• awal first.
• elo second.
• mustímíko third.
• chármíko fourth, and so on.
• miscálí a quarter.
• ním half.
• sihshálí three-quarters.
• panjpáo one and a quarter.

BRAHOE VOCABULARY.

List of nouns in common use:—

Parts of the Body and Secretions.

• kátum, head.
• khoprí, skull.
• milí, brain.
• chugh, nape.
• gardan, neck.
• likh, throat.
• peshání, forehead.
• khush, temple.
• khaf, ear.
• khan, eye.
• bhirwá, eyebrow.
• khannásil, eyelid.
• michách, eyelash.
• díd, pupil.
• bámas, nose.
• gránz, nostril.
• kalak, cheek.
• bá, mouth.
• jur, lip.
• zanú, chin.
• duví, tongue.
• gutulú, gullet.
• dandán, tooth.
• dandánnású, gum.
• mon, face.
• badan, body (also ján).
• churoh, urine.
• kiriftí, dung (also phí).
• kísh, matter, pus.
• tús, flatus.
• nargat, windpipe.
• sína, chest.
• khad, breast.
• gwar, nipple.
• kopá, shoulder.
• pitakh, bladebone.
• tarkh, armpit.
• pahlú, rib, flank.
• baj, back.
• mukh, loin.
• saghas, buttock.
• phid, belly.
• phút, navel.
• land, penis.
• gand, testicle.
• phundú, anus.
• phús, vulva.
• rán, thigh.
• kach, hip.
• khond, knee.
• dhakan, kneecap.
• pinní, leg.
• phenj, calf.
• nat, foot.
• kurí, heel.
• mijol, ankle.
• had, bone.
• rísh, beard.
• burút, mustache.
• píshkav, ringlet.
• talaf, sole.
• dú, arm.
• surosh, elbow.
• tút, cubit.
• chamba, wrist (also kar).
• dú, hand.
• talaf, palm.
• úr, finger, toe.
• zíl, nail.
• phif, lung.
• ust, heart.
• phid, stomach.
• rotíng, intestines.
• jagar, liver.
• zák, gall bladder.
• zardoí, gall, bile.
• diloí, spleen.
• gurda, kidney.
• pujhá, hair.
• sil, skin.
• sú, flesh.
• tuzmí, fat.
• ditar, blood.
• páhlt, milk.
• túfing, spittle.
• khárínk, tears.
• khet, sweat.
• khel, fever.
• zindá, alive.
• kask, dead.

Nouns of Relationship, &c.

• bandagh, man.
• zá’ífa, woman.
• are, husband.
• arwat, wife.
• már, son.
• masar, daughter.
• khadyá, babe.
• chunaká, child.
• báv, father.
• lummá, mother.
• ílum, brother.
• ír, sister.
• bává, father!
• áí, mother!
• adá, brother!
• adí, sister!
• brázát, brother’s child.
• khwárzát, sister’s child.
• pejhzát, cousin.
• illa, paternal uncle and aunt.
• táta, maternal uncle and aunt.
• píra, grandfather.
• balla, grandmother.
• nwása, grandchild.

Names of Ornaments, Clothing, &c.

• saht, ornament.
• tábíz, charm.
• chhalav, signet-ring.
• tik, seal.
• panra, ear-ring.
• lik, ear-drop.
• phulo, nose-ring.
• durr, pearl ring.
• jamak, gold ring.
• dáwaní, frontlet.
• tauc, necklet.
• chandanhár, necklace.
• daswána, armlet.
• báhínk, bracelet.
• kangaur, wristlet.
• pádínk, anklet.
• khál, mole.
• surma, eye-black.
• shefk, eye-black pin.
• món-rukh, mirror.
• zulf, curl,
• gesú, ringlet.
• rez, plait.
• gud, clothes.
• kús, shirt.
• kás, blanket felt.
• sharwál, trousers.
• chokhá, cloak.
• postín, fur coat.
• khyrí, waist mantle.
• mukhtá, waist sash.
• top, cap.
• dastár, turban.
• mocharí, shoe.
• litar, slipper.
• moza, boot.
• chhawat, sandal.
• dasgala, glove.
• khout, blanket.
• thappur, rug.
• khat, bed.
• lehf, coverlet.
• cudh, sheet.
• bálisht, pillow.
• bhop, mattress.
• shál, shawl.
• katúr, mat.
• kónt, carpet.
• berum, bedding.
• urá, house.
• kúdi, shed.
• biht, wall.
• bám, roof.
• darich, door.
• darícha, window.
• hawelí, court.
• barám, marriage.
• dishtár, bride.
• náo-zámás, bridegroom.
• mahr, dowry.

Household Stores and Domestic Utensils.

• ghalla, corn.
• nut, flour.
• pirísh, lentils.
• birinj, rice.
• bat, cooked rice.
• kholum, wheat.
• sá, barley.
• makaí, Indian corn, maize.
• zúrat, millet.
• júárí, millet.
• phug, wheat straw.
• karab, maize straw.
• liz, rice straw.
• tambákh, tobacco.
• dár, wood.
• khushád, cow-dung.
• pogh, charcoal.
• kulf, lock.
• kilíd, key.
• zamzír, chain.
• chirágh, candle.
• hedr, turmeric.
• beh, salt.
• pilpil, pepper.
• pímáz, onions.
• thúm, garlic.
• lawang, cloves.
• zíra, caraway.
• mavíz, raisins.
• tel, oil.
• hormag, dates.
• írugh, bread.
• khassí, butter.
• sí, fat, tallow.
• gharesh, melted butter.
• páhlt, milk.
• dahí, curds.
• punváhlt, whey (?)
• pachíruk, cream (?)
• panír, cheese.
• cúrút, hard cheese.
• khásun, buttermilk.
• khúlí, corn-bin.
• nuskhal, hand-mill.
• túra, basket.
• loth, bag.
• khári, hamper.
• gothrí, sack.
• chhara, bucket.
• dillo, water-jar.
• khallí, jar.
• kunza, flagon.
• kásagh, bowl.
• bhatal, big bowl.
• tás, cup.
• símí, copper tray.
• karsán, wooden dish.
• loí, pot.
• kuno, large pot.
• kho, saucepan.
• garoh, earthen jar.
• kúlik, pail or pan.
• kalind, earthen pot.

Domestic Animals and Implements.

• húli, horse.
• mádyán, mare.
• naryán, stallion.
• kurra, colt.
• litík, tail.
• buchk, mane.
• búz, muzzle.
• lidh, dung.
• húch, camel.
• bísh, ass.
• khachar, mule.
• dhaggí, cow.
• rorh, calf.
• kárígar, bull.
• kharás, ox.
• mehí, buffalo cow.
• gosála, buffalo calf.
• sánda, buffalo bull.
• máe-khad, udder.
• mat, he-goat.
• het, she-goat.
• daggar, kid (also bahí).
• bakhta, ram.
• mir, ewe.
• súr, lamb.
• khur, sheep.
• shwánagh, shepherd.
• ramagh, herd, flock.
• ged, sheepfold.
• surumb, horse-hoof.
• shankala, cloven hoof.
• kás, wool.
• drasam, goats’ hair.

• bángo, cock.
• kukur, hen.
• chúri, chicken.
• byda, egg.
• para, feather (also path).
• bánzil, wing.
• haddí, spur.
• súnt, beak.
• panja, claw.
• gunjí, crop.
• ojarínk, gizzard.
• kóchak, dog.
• kútri, pup.
• pishí, cat.
• hal, rat.
• kapot, pigeon.
• gunjishk, sparrow.
• hílt, fly.
• pasha, musquito.
• munghí, wasp (?)
• makish, bee.
• shahd, honey.
• angumen, honeycomb.
• mom, wax.
• kak, flea.
• bor, louse.
• rishk, a louse-nit.
• mangur, bug.
• jolágh, spider.
• phú, worm.
• poghut, frog.
• telt, scorpion.
• morínk, ant.

Agriculture and Implements.

• curda, field.
• dagár, land.
• mish, earth.
• lichakh, mud.
• khal, stone.
• phud, clod.
• chhib, turf.
• langár, plough.
• khamir, share (also phalí).
• jugh, yoke.
• bel, spade.
• lashí, sickle.
• khen, harrow.
• chárchak, pitchfork.
• mála, roller.
• dhún, well.
• sálí, rice field.
• kholum, wheat.
• sá, barley.
• makaí, maize.
• zúrat, millet.
• pirísh, millet.
• kunjid, sesame.
• karpás, cotton plant.
• gogra, cotton pod.
• kakra, cotton seed.
• pumba, cotton wool.
• uspust, lucerne.
• roding, madder.
• rambí, hoe.
• kbashád, manure (?)
• jal, rivulet.
• hilár, date tree.
• ták, vine.
• augúr, grape.
• sóf, apple.
• bihí, quince.
• zardálu, apricot.
• alúcha, plum.
• shalgam, turnip.
• gázir, carrot.
• turb, radish.
• karam, cabbage.
• ság, potherbs.
• kothík, melon.
• pímáz, onion.
• thúm, garlic.
• kárez, aqueduct.

Arms and Armour.

• zaghm, sword.
• ispar, shield.
• nezagh, spear.
• pát, stick.
• lath, club.
• bízak, leather milk-churn.
• bil, bow.
• sum, arrow.
• kamánchol, sling.
• katár, knife.
• much, fist.
• chágal, leather water-bottle.
• tufak, musket.
• kundágh, stock.
• palíta, match.
• bárút, powder.
• mukh-taf, belt.
• sikh, ramrod.

Elements and Minerals.

• dharatí, earth.
• hawá, air.
• khákhar, fire.
• dír, water.
• hiss, ashes.
• jhamjal, flame.
• molh, smoke.
• duhun, soot.
• deí, sun.
• túbe, moon.
• istár, star.
• jhamar, cloud.
• phir, rain.
• jur, mist.
• barf, snow.
• barfíchk, hail.
• shaonamba, dew.
• yakh, ice.
• pae, thunder.
• breshná, lightning.
• subh, morning.
• manjan, noon.
• shám, evening.
• haft-de, week.
• túwas, month (also tú)
• sál, year.
• attam, spring.
• ahár, summer.
• irícha, autumn.
• suhel, winter.
• sekha, shade.
• phúdi, cold.
• basúní, heat.
• mash, mountain.
• lak, mountain pass.
• darra, defile.
• hísun, gold.
• píhun, silver.
• ahin, iron.
• mis, copper.
• surf, lead.
• jist, zinc.
• birinj, brass.
• kaláí, tin.
• surma, antimony.
• gokurt, sulphur.
• phitkí, alum.
• shora, nitre.
• beh, salt.
• totí, blue vitriol.
• mush-kush, arsenic.
• hartál, orpiment.
• feroza, turquoise.
• likh, glass bead.

• táho, wind.
• shamál, north wind.
• uttar, storm.
• lúr, sand storm.
• shikh, hill peak.
• talár, hill slope.
• putáo, hill skirt.
• chur, gulley.
• símáb, mercury.
• istar-khal, flint.
• folád, steel.
• chun, lime.

Arts and Instruments.

• drakhan, carpenter.
• tash, adze.
• mekhchú, hammer.
• ara, saw.
• mochinak, tweezers.
• kház, shears.
• síla, needle.
• dask, thread.
• rez, cord.
• cáynchí, scissors.
• chit, leather strap.
• áhingar, blacksmith.
• zargar, goldsmith.
• degdán, furnace.
• dhamok, bellows.
• sindán, anvil.
• kudína, hammer.
• mekh, nail.
• para, wedge.
• charkh, grindstone.
• anbúr, forceps.
• tafar, hatchet.
• kumbár, potter.
• lichak, clay.
• charkh, potter’s wheel.
• mishí, pottery.
• korí, weaver.
• razán, loom.
• iras, comb.
• lorí, musician.
• damáma, drum.
• sittok, dancer.
• shutár, pipe.

Natural Objects and Sentiments.

• de, sun.
• istár, star.
• nokh, new moon.
• túbe, full moon.
• mash, Mountain.
• dan, plain.
• chuk, bird.
• darakht, tree.
• khal, rock.
• karod, ravine.
• tang, strait.
• jal, river.
• chol, desert.
• dam-diringun, fatigue.
• khulisun, fear.
• kuskun, death.
• bíngun, hunger.
• mulás, thirst.
• phúdi, cold.
• basúní, heat.
• cahar, anger.
• pashemání, regret.
• gham, sorrow.
• armán, grief.
• pachár, helplessness.
• faryád, complaint.
• diláwarí, courage.
• khúshi, joy.
• lagorí, cowardliness.
• thap, wound.
• múch, blow.
• dakka, shove.
• ghut, prod.
• chapánt, slap.
• buz-halk, kiss.
• tawár, call.
• marám, shout.
• hoghínk, sobbing.
• makhínk, laughing.

Names of Trees and Plants.

• tút, mulberry.
• gwan, pistacia.
• hápurs, juniper.
• khat, olive.
• pish, dwarf-palm.
• hilár, date-palm.
• kirrí, tamarisk.
• kabbar, salvadora.
• pissí, jujube.
• khaler, capparis.
• kharag, calotropis.
• jawar, oleander.
• jag, poplar.
• marr, mimosa.
• anjír, fig.
• shark, rhazzia.
• zámur, mezereon.
• hóm, ephedra.
• náróm, ephedra.
• musunduk, liquorice (?)
• shámpastír, indigo-fern.
• shinz, hedysarum.
• kotor, wild almond.
• khardaruao, artemisia.
• kisánkúr, peganum.
• mungalí, salsola (?)
• lána, caroxylon.
• búndí, anabis (?)
• gomáz, arundo.
• khásum, andropogon.
• ritáchk, spurge.
• shenálo, caryophyllum.
• piplí.
• panirband, withiana.
• byh, grass.
• mora, dry lucerne.

Names of Birds and Beasts.

• chuk, bird.
• kuttám, nest.
• wacáb, eagle.
• báz, hawk.
• hil, rook.
• kulágh, crow.
• sher, tiger.
• khalegha, leopard.
• búm, owl.
• kirkashí, swallow.
• charz, bustard.
• kapot, pigeon.
• ginjishk, sparrow.
• shakúk, magpie.
• sínkúr, porcupine.
• jájak, hedgehog.
• kakáo, partridge, Greek.
• hanj, wild duck.
• murdárkhor, vulture.
• bárú, quail.
• cú, swan.
• kapínjar, partridge.
• kúkam, wild pig.
• harraf, wild goat.

• kharmá, wolf.
• kaftár, hyena.
• tola, jackal.
• shok, fox.
• rich, bear.
• bolú, monkey.
• murrú, hare.
• gorpat, badger.
• nor, mungoose.
• hal, rat.
• sarkúk, tortoise.
• shab-pirik, bat.
• malakh, locust.
• dúshá, snake.
• kirráú, lizard.
• tehlt, scorpion.
• gorkhar, wild ass.
• khazmú, gazelle.
• math, male márkhor.
• het, female márkhor.
• khár, wild sheep, male.
• gad, wild sheep, female.
• shák, horn.
• sil, skin.

Adjectives Commonly in Use.

• mon, black.
• píhun, white.
• kharun, green.
• khísun, red.
• pushkun, yellow.
• sámo, grey.
• míl, blue.
• chot, crooked.
• rást, straight.
• básun, hot.
• phuden, cold.
• bárun, dry.
• pálun, wet.
• murghun, long.
• gwand, short.
• kuchá, broad.
• tang, narrow.
• húlon, thick.
• ushkon, thin.
• tez, sharp.
• kunt, blunt.
• hukmatí, obedient.
• rást, right.
• cháp, left.
• mallók, opener.
• sakht, hard.
• khulkon, soft.
• durusht, rough.
• awár, smooth.
• bíngún, hungry.
• malás, thirsty.
• wasum, full.
• sun, empty.
• khuben, heavy.
• subuk, light.
• zaft, quick.
• madám, slow.
• báz, much.
• machit, little.
• balo, large.
• chuno, small.
• pír, old.
• warná, young.
• khad, deep.
• shef, shallow.
• arzán, cheap.
• girán, dear.
• jor, well.
• nájor, sick.
• taffók, shutter.
• mutkun, old.
• puzkun, new.
• tárma, dark.
• roshtírak, bright.
• mur, far.
• khurk, near.
• sharo, good.
• gando, bad.
• bahádur, bold.
• lagor, timid.
• hanen, sweet.
• kháren, sour.
• talkh, bitter.
• turun, acrid.
• burzo, tall.
• mandar, short.
• khor, blind.
• kar, deaf.
• gánuk, mad.
• gung, dumb.
• shifárk, lean.
• húlan, fat.
• mand, lame.
• leláwí, greedy.
• dhakkók, hider.

VERBS.