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From trail to railway through the Appalachians cover

From trail to railway through the Appalachians

Chapter 17: INDEX
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About This Book

The book traces how travel and transport across the Appalachian region developed from primitive trails and waterways into canals, turnpikes, and railways that connected eastern ports to inland settlements. It combines physical geography with historical narrative and maps to explain route selection, engineering challenges, and regional connections. Chapters profile major corridors and cities across New England, New York, Pennsylvania, the Ohio Valley, and the southern highlands, and examine how transportation infrastructure shaped migration, commerce, and the opening of western territories.

  • Adams, Charles Francis, cited, 7
  • Adams, John Quincy, 100
  • Adirondacks, 32
  • Albany, N.Y., 6, 10, 15, 16
  • Alexander, Mt., 130
  • Alexandria, Va., 41, 86
  • Allegheny Front, 74, 78, 80, 82
  • Allegheny Portage Railway, 75, 76, 80
  • Allegheny river, 111
  • Allentown, Pa., 79
  • Altoona, Pa., 77;
  • description of, 81
  • Amsterdam, N.Y., 20
  • Ann, Fort, 32
  • Annapolis, Md., 88
  • Antietam, 132
  • Appalachians, southern, 174
  • “Arks” on the Susquehanna, 41
  • Arnold, Benedict, 37
  • Atkinson, Gov. W. G., 178
  • Atlanta, Ga., 174–180
  • Auburn, N.Y., 57
  • Bald Eagle valley, 80
  • Baltimore, Md., 53, 86, 101;
  • growth of, 107
  • Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 99, 101, 102, 110
  • Barges on the Ohio, 116, 118
  • Barton, Clara, cited, 82
  • Bay Road, Mass., 4
  • Bedford, Pa., 71, 77
  • Bemis Heights, 38
  • Bennington, Vt., 38
  • Berkshires, 5;
  • railway through, 9, 10
  • Bethlehem, Pa., 79
  • Binghamton, N.Y., 52
  • Birmingham, Ala., 181
  • Black Rock (Buffalo), 47
  • “Blackbeard,” 130
  • Blockhouse at Pittsburg, 112
  • Blount College, 170
  • Blue Grass country, 127, 151, 166
  • Blue mountain, 79
  • Blue Ridge mountains, 88, 130
  • Boone, Daniel, early life, 144;
  • training, 145;
  • portrait, 145;
  • moves to North Carolina, 146;
  • serves with Braddock, 146;
  • camps in Kentucky, 147;
  • visits Cumberland Gap, 148;
  • founds Boonesborough, 148;
  • buys lands of the Indians, 149;
  • marks out the Wilderness road, 149
  • Boonesborough, 148
  • Boston, Mass., 1, 2, 7, 12
  • Braddock, General, 69, 90, 91, 146
  • Braddock, Pa., 83
  • Brant, Joseph, 33
  • Bristol, Tenn., 134
  • British, in New York, 32;
  • in the Ohio country, 156
  • Brownsville, Pa., 93, 117
  • Buffalo, 52, 57, 60, 110;
  • growth of, 61
  • Burgoyne, General, 32, 37
  • Burnside, General, 168
  • Business, increase of, 114, 118
  • Cambria Steel Company, 83
  • Cameron hill, 173
  • Campbell, William and Arthur, 160
  • Canajoharie, N.Y., 24
  • Canals, 44;
  • Erie, 7, 46, 48, 50–52;
  • Pennsylvania, 74;
  • Chesapeake and Ohio, 98–101, 107;
  • Delaware and Hudson, 53;
  • at Louisville, Ky., 127
  • Carlisle, Pa., 71, 79, 132
  • Carroll, Charles, 101
  • Carry to Schenectady, the, 19, 22
  • Catch-me-if-you-can, 2
  • Catskill mountains, 15, 32
  • Chambersburg, Pa., 71, 132
  • Champlain, lake, 31, 37
  • Charlottesville, Va., 142
  • Chattahoochee river, 179
  • Chattanooga, Tenn., 135;
  • description of, 173–175
  • Cherokee Indians, 139, 149
  • Chesapeake bay, 86
  • Chesapeake and Ohio canal, 107;
  • building of, 98–101
  • Chicago, 110
  • Chickamauga, 174
  • Chissel, Fort, 135
  • Cincinnati, Ohio, description of, 123–127
  • Clark, George Rogers, raises an army, 156;
  • portrait, 157;
  • captures Kaskaskia and Vincennes, 158
  • Clay, Henry, stories of, 96, 114
  • Cleveland, Benjamin, 160
  • Clinch river, 134
  • Clinton, De Witt, 44, 49;
  • stirs up legislature, 40;
  • portrait, 43;
  • train, 53, 54
  • Coal, 104, 118, 122, 153, 170, 181
  • Cohoes, N.Y., 22
  • Coke ovens, 108
  • Columbia, The, 2
  • Columbia, Pa., 69, 74, 76
  • Columbus, Ohio, 94
  • Conemaugh river, 75, 82
  • Conestoga creek, 67
  • Conestoga Traction Company, 70
  • Conestoga wagons, 77
  • Connecticut river, 4
  • Construction, early railway, 105
  • Cooper, Peter, 106
  • Cornstalk, 155
  • Cornwallis, Lord, 158
  • Cotton, 178
  • Cumberland, Fort, 89, 90;
  • city of, 93, 95, 102
  • Cumberland Gap, 142, 148, 150, 152
  • Cumberland mountains, 134, 142
  • Cumberland river, 164, 174
  • Cumberland road, 93
  • Cunard, Samuel, 2
  • Cunard line, 2, 8
  • Dams, use of, 119
  • Danforth, Mr., and salt making, 27
  • Deerfield valley, 8
  • Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, 53
  • Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, 60
  • De-o-wain-sta, 23
  • Detroit, 41, 156
  • Dickens, Charles, 126
  • Dinwiddie, Governor, 89
  • Doak, Rev. Samuel, 160
  • Dongan, Gov. Thomas, 40
  • Dunlap’s creek, 96
  • Dunmore, Lord, 155
  • Duquesne, Fort, 91
  • Dutch, in New York, 14, 18, 31
  • Earle, Mrs. Alice Morse, cited, 55
  • Easton, Pa., 79
  • Edward, Fort, 31
  • Emerson, Ralph Waldo, cited, 1
  • Empire State Express, 56
  • England, interest of, in fur trade, 18;
  • railways of, 55
  • Erie canal, 7, 42, 46, 48, 50–52
  • Erie, lake, 18, 42, 98
  • Erie Railroad, 60
  • Euphrates river, 130
  • Fairfax, Lord William, 88
  • Falls of the Ohio, 127, 146, 152
  • Farms in Pennsylvania, 66
  • “Feeders” of Erie canal, 52
  • Ferguson, Patrick, 159
  • Finley, John, 146, 148
  • Fishing interests, 104
  • Flag, perhaps the first American, 34
  • Flatboats, 117
  • Floyd, Gen. William, 22
  • Forbes’s road, 71
  • Forts:
  • Orange, 17;
  • Stanwix, 22, 23, 34, 37, 61, 149;
  • Schuyler, 23;
  • Johnson, 26;
  • Edward, 31;
  • Ann, 32;
  • Ticonderoga, 32, 37, 38;
  • Cumberland, 89, 90;
  • Duquesne, 91;
  • Chissel, 135;
  • Sanders, 168
  • Franklin, Benjamin, 4, 69, 130
  • “Franklin,” state of, 166
  • Frederick, Md., 93
  • French, in Ohio country, 89
  • French and Indian War, 69
  • French Broad river, 135, 159, 170
  • Frostburg, Md., 90, 93
  • Fur trade, 18, 24, 40
  • Furnaces near Pittsburg, 121
  • Gansevoort, Col. Peter, 34
  • Gas, natural, 120
  • “Gate City,” the, 174
  • Genesee road, 24, 25
  • Genesee street, Utica, 23
  • Geneva, 24, 25
  • George, Mt., 130
  • Georgetown, D.C., 100
  • Georgia Institute of Technology, 179
  • Germans in Pennsylvania, 66;
  • in Tennessee, 136
  • Ginseng, 24
  • Gist, Christopher, 89
  • Glass mills, 122
  • Gray, Captain, 2
  • Great Kanawha river, 155
  • Great Smoky mountains, 134, 170
  • Great Valley, the, 71, 130, 132, 134, 136, 139
  • Gulliver’s Travels, 150
  • Gypsum, 104
  • Hagerstown, Md., 25, 132, 165
  • Half Moon, the, 15
  • Halifax, 2
  • Hambright’s Hotel, 70
  • Hamburg-American line, 108
  • Hamilton, Col. Henry, 156
  • Hancock, Gov. John, 2
  • Hanks, Abraham, 149
  • Harlem, 14
  • Harpers Ferry, 107, 130, 132
  • Harriman, Tenn., 170
  • Harrisburg, Pa., 74, 85, 132;
  • description of, 78
  • Henry, Patrick, 156
  • Herkimer, Nicholas, 29, 33, 35, 36
  • Hessians, 33, 38
  • Hill, Gen. A. P., 142
  • Hit or Miss, the, 77
  • Hiwassee river, 135
  • Hollidaysburg, Pa., 74
  • Holston river, 134
  • Honesdale, Pa., 53
  • Hoosac mountain, 5, 8
  • Hoosac tunnel, 9–11
  • Hoosick river, 5
  • Housatonic river, 5
  • Howe, General, 32
  • Hudson, Henry, 15, 16
  • Hudson river, 15
  • Huguenots, 136
  • Hulbert, cited, 105
  • Illinois, 158
  • Indiana, 158
  • Indians, 144, 149, 163, 164;
  • in New York, 14, 17, 18, 33;
  • at Watauga, 138;
  • at Point Pleasant, 155
  • Indies, hope of reaching, 15
  • Iron works, 121, 129, 170, 180
  • Iroquois Indians, 18
  • Jackson, “Stonewall,” 133
  • James river, 133;
  • gap, 134
  • Jefferson, Thomas, 156
  • Johns Hopkins University, 108
  • Johnson, Fort, 26
  • Johnson, John, 36
  • Johnson, Sir William, 20
  • Johnstown, N.Y., 20
  • Johnstown, Pa., 75, 76, 82
  • Joppa, 92
  • Juniata river, 74
  • Kaskaskia, Ill., 116, 157
  • Kentucky, 127, 154, 164;
  • becomes a state, 165
  • Kings Mountain, 158, 160
  • Knights, Sarah, 4
  • Knox, Gen. Henry, 170
  • Knoxville, 134, 166, 170
  • Lake Shore Railroad, 110
  • Lancaster, Pa., 65, 72, 78
  • Lancaster pike, 65, 67, 70
  • Lee, Arthur, 113
  • Lee, Richard Henry, 98
  • Lee, Gen. Robert E., 132
  • Legislators allowed boat hire, 87
  • Lewis, Andrew, 155
  • Licking river, 124
  • Limestones, 104, 132, 151, 169
  • Lincoln, Abraham, 117, 149
  • Little Falls, N.Y., 22, 42
  • Little Tennessee river, 135
  • Liverpool, 110
  • Locks, 45
  • Logan, 155
  • London, 110
  • Long House, the, 18
  • Longstreet, General, 168
  • Lookout Mountain, 173
  • Losantiville, 124
  • Louisville, 117, 127
  • Lulbegrud creek, 151
  • Luray, 131, 132
  • Lyell, Sir Charles, cited, 126
  • McClellan, General, 132
  • Mail, first, received at Utica, 24
  • Mail bags, race of the, 109
  • Mail coaches, 94
  • Manhattan island, 14, 15
  • Marble, 104, 168, 171
  • Maryland, 86
  • Memphis, 172
  • Middlesboro, 153
  • Milestone on Braddock’s road, 90
  • Missionary Ridge, 173
  • Mobile, 174
  • Mohawk valley, 16–19, 31, 42, 59
  • Monongahela river, 93, 96, 111
  • Morris, Gouverneur, 42
  • Mount Vernon, 41, 86
  • Nash, Oliver, 163
  • Nashborough (Nashville), 163, 171, 173
  • National Road, the, 91, 93, 96, 123
  • New Amsterdam, 14
  • New Jersey, Scotch-Irish in, 66
  • New Netherlands, 14
  • New river (Great Kanawha), 134
  • New York Central Railway, 20, 30, 58, 60, 62
  • New York City, 2, 7, 14
  • New York state, 27;
  • well adapted for canal, 44
  • Newburg, N.Y., 60
  • Noah’s Ark, 49
  • Nolichucky river, 159
  • Norfolk and Western Railway, 133
  • North Adams, Mass., 5
  • North American Review, 102
  • North Carolina, 137, 146
  • North-German Lloyd line, 108
  • Ocmulgee river, 179
  • Ogden, Utah, 109
  • Ohio Company, 88
  • Ohio country, French in, 89
  • Ohio river, 76, 98, 111, 123, 127, 152
  • Oil City, 120
  • Omaha, 109
  • Oneida Indians, 17
  • Oneida Carrying Place, 22
  • Onondaga salt, 27, 113
  • Ontario, lake, 18, 22, 33
  • Oriskany, 29, 30, 35
  • Oswego, 32
  • Oswego river, 22
  • Otsego lake, 98
  • Oyster industry, 104
  • “Packers,” 72
  • Packets, 50
  • Parton, James, cited, 120
  • Penn, William, 66
  • Pennsylvania, settlement of, 66
  • Pennsylvania Railroad, 77–85
  • “Pennsylvania Dutch,” 66
  • Pennsylvania canal, 74
  • Phelps, Abner, 9
  • Philadelphia, 41, 63
  • Pike, Pittsburg, 72;
  • Frederick, 93
  • Pineville gap, 143, 147
  • Pittsburg, 64, 71, 75, 83, 107, 156;
  • description of, 111, 115, 120, 122;
  • pike, 72
  • Pittsfield, Mass., 5
  • Point Pleasant, 155
  • Portage Railway, Allegheny, 75, 76, 80
  • Post, John, 23, 24
  • Potomac Company, 99
  • Potomac river, 86, 106
  • Powell, Ambrose, 142
  • Powell’s river, 134, 142
  • Prairies in Kentucky, 152
  • Princeton College, 66
  • Providence, R.I., 4
  • Puncheon floors, 140
  • Queen City, the, 124
  • Queenstown, 110
  • Quincy, Mass., 53
  • Railways:
  • through the Berkshires, 9, 10;
  • from Albany to Schenectady, 9, 53;
  • early, 53, 56;
  • opposition to, 55;
  • growth of, 60, 109, 181;
  • West Shore, 59;
  • Erie, 60;
  • New York Central, 20, 30, 58, 60, 62;
  • Wabash, 102;
  • Baltimore and Ohio, 99, 101, 102, 110;
  • Southern Pacific, 109;
  • Union Pacific, 109;
  • Lake Shore, 110;
  • Norfolk and Western, 133;
  • Southern, 134, 170
  • Reading, Pa., 79
  • Red Star line, 108
  • Redstone, 117
  • Richardson, Judge John, 46
  • Rivers important in a country’s growth, 5–7, 16, 17, 24, 26, 31, 41, 122, 126, 133
  • Roads, in New England, 4, 6, 7;
  • stage, 64;
  • development of, 72;
  • indifference to, 87;
  • national interest in, 92;
  • Braddock’s, 90;
  • Cumberland, 93;
  • Frederick, 93;
  • National, 91, 93, 96;
  • Wilderness (Boone’s trail, Kentucky road, Virginia road, Caintuck Hog road), 127, 149
  • Roanoke, 134
  • Robertson, James, goes to Watauga, 137;
  • pacifies the Indians, 139;
  • helps protect the new settlement, 155;
  • founds Nashborough, 163;
  • trusted by the people, 164;
  • portrait, 164;
  • ability, 172
  • Rochester, N.Y., 25, 52
  • Rochester, Colonel, 26, 41, 61, 132
  • “Rolling roads,” 88
  • Rome, 22, 46, 61
  • Roosevelt, Theodore, cited, 137, 140, 160
  • Ross’s Landing, 174
  • Sails on cars, 105
  • St. Clair, General, 124
  • St. Leger, General, 33, 61
  • Salt, 27, 61, 113
  • Samp mortars, 21
  • San Francisco, 109
  • Saratoga, 38
  • Schenectady, 19, 42, 47, 61
  • “Schonowe,” 19
  • Schuyler, Fort (Utica), 23
  • Schuyler, Han Yost, 37
  • Schuylerville, 38
  • Scotch-Irish, 66, 136
  • Seneca river, 24
  • Seneca lake, 25
  • Settlement:
  • in New England, 4;
  • in New York, 14, 24;
  • in Pennsylvania, 66;
  • in the Ohio country, 117;
  • in Tennessee, 135, 170;
  • in Kentucky, 148
  • Sevier, John, goes to Watauga, 138;
  • fights on the frontier, 155;
  • plans to attack Ferguson, 160;
  • returns home, 162;
  • portrait, 162;
  • monument to, 165;
  • other honors, 166;
  • on the Tennessee river, 172
  • Shelby, Isaac, 155, 159, 165
  • Shelbyville, 165
  • Shenandoah valley, 88, 107, 130, 132
  • Sheridan, 133
  • Shippensburg, Pa., 71
  • Shreve, Captain, 117
  • Slate, 104
  • “Smoky City, The,” 120
  • South Mountain, Pa., 132
  • Southern Pacific Railway, 22
  • Southern Railway, 134, 170
  • Speed of early trains, 105
  • Spotswood, Alexander, 129
  • Springfield, Mass., 6, 10
  • Stanwix, Fort, 22, 23, 34, 37, 61, 149
  • Stark, General, 38
  • Staunton, Va., 135
  • Steamboats, 118
  • Stephenson, George, 53
  • Stillwater, 38
  • Susquehanna valley, 26, 41, 46, 104
  • Swift Run Gap, 130
  • Sycamore Shoals, 160
  • Sydney, Australia, 109
  • Syracuse, 27, 52, 57, 61
  • Tarleton, Colonel, 159
  • Teamsters of early days, 64, 69
  • Tennessee, 134, 154, 164, 172;
  • University of, 170
  • Tennessee river, 134, 142, 163, 167, 172, 174
  • Ticonderoga, 32, 37, 38
  • Tidewater country, 87, 130
  • Timber, 104, 180
  • Toll houses, 68, 87
  • Toll rates, 94
  • Tom Thumb, 106
  • Trails, old, 4, 6, 17, 19, 22, 25, 28, 72
  • Tramways in England, 54
  • Transylvania Company, 148
  • Travel, early, 5, 22, 56, 64, 91
  • Trow Plat, 23
  • Trunk line, 57
  • “Tubal Cain of Virginia,” 129
  • Tudor, Frederick, 4
  • Twentieth Century Limited, 56
  • Union Pacific Railroad, 109
  • University of Tennessee, 170
  • Utica, 21, 23, 37, 57, 61
  • Valley of east Tennessee, 135;
  • of Virginia, 132
  • Valley, the Great, 71, 130, 132, 134, 136, 139
  • Valleys as natural roads, 5–7, 16, 17, 22, 24, 26, 31, 41, 126, 133, 142, 152, 156
  • Van Curler, Arent, 17, 19, 57, 61
  • Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 58
  • Ventura, the, 109
  • Vincennes, Ind., 158
  • Virginia, 129, 154;
  • valley of, 132
  • Wabash Railway Company, 102
  • Wabash river, 158
  • Walker, Dr. Thomas, 142
  • Ward, Nancy, 139
  • Washington, D.C., 91, 93, 94
  • Washington, George, 41, 60, 86, 112, 133;
  • part taken by, in road making, 88–92, 98
  • Washington, Lawrence, 89
  • Watauga Settlement, 135–141, 144, 146, 159
  • Waterford, 47
  • West, the, 40, 60
  • Westfield valley, 6
  • West Shore Railway, 59
  • Wheeling, 94, 107, 122
  • White, Hugh, 21
  • Whitesboro, 21
  • Wilderness Road, 127, 149
  • Willett, Captain Marinus, 35
  • William and Mary College, 142
  • Wills creek, 89, 102
  • Wills mountain, 93
  • Winchester, Va., 132, 135
  • Windmills, Dutch, 15
  • Wood creek, 22, 42
  • Yadkin valley, North Carolina, 146