The fungi collected by the Antarctic Expedition in Auckland and Campbell’s Islands, and in Fuegia and the Falklands,[f] were few and of but little interest, including such cosmopolitan forms as Sphæria herbarum and Cladosporium herbarum, Hirneola auricula-judæ, Polyporus versicolor, Eurotium herbariorum, etc.
In New Zealand a large proportion have been found, and these may be taken to represent the general character of the fungi of the islands, which is of the type usually found in temperate regions.[g]
The fungi of Asia are so little known that no satisfactory conclusions can be drawn from our present incomplete knowledge. In India, the collections made by Dr. Hooker in his progress to the Sikkim Himalayas,[h] a few species obtained by M. Perottet in Pondicherry, and small collections from the Neilgherries,[i] are almost all that have been recorded. From these it may be concluded that elevations such as approximate a temperate climate are the most productive, and here European and North American genera, with closely allied species, have the preponderance. The number of Agaricini, for instance, is large, and amongst the twenty-eight subgenera into which the genus Agaricus is divided, eight only are unrepresented. Casual specimens received from other parts of India afford evidence that here is a vast field unexplored, the forests and mountain slopes of which would doubtless afford an immense number of new and interesting forms.
Of the Indian Archipelago, Java has been most explored, both by Junghuhn[j] and Zollinger.[k] The former records 117 species in 40 genera, Nees von Esenbeck and Blume 11 species in 3 genera, and Zollinger and Moritzi 31 species in 20 genera, making a total of 159 species, of which 47 belong to Polyporus. Léveillé added 87 species, making a total of 246 species. The fungi of Sumatra, Borneo, and other islands are partly the same and partly allied, but of a similar tropical character.
The fungi of the island of Ceylon, collected by Gardner, Thwaites, and König, were numerous. The Agarics comprise 302 species, closely resembling those of our own country.[l] It is singular that every one of the subgenera of Fries is represented, though the number of species in one or two is greatly predominant. Lepiota and Psalliota alone comprise one-third of the species, while Pholiota offers only a single obscure species. The enumeration recently published of the succeeding families contains many species of interest.
In Africa, the best explored country is Algeria, although unfortunately the flora was never completed.[m] The correspondence between the fungi of Algeria and European countries is very striking, and the impression is not removed by the presence of a few sub-tropical forms. It is probable that were the fungi of Spain known the resemblance would be more complete.
From the Cape of Good Hope and Natal collections have been made by Zeyher,[n] Drége, and others, and from these we are enabled to form a tolerable estimate of the mycologic flora. Of the Hymenomycetes, the greater part belong to Agaricus: there are but four or five Polypori in Zeyher’s collection, one of which is protean. The Gasteromycetes are interesting, belonging to many genera, and presenting two, Scoleciocarpus and Phellorinia, which were founded upon specimens in this collection. Batarrea, Tulostoma, and Mycenastrum are represented by European species. There are also two species of Lycoperdon, and one of Podaxon. Besides these, there is the curious Secotium Gueinzii. The genus Geaster does not appear in the collection, nor Scleroderma. Altogether the Cape flora is a peculiar one, and can scarcely be compared with any other.
At the most, only scattered and isolated specimens have been recorded from Senegal, from Egypt, or from other parts of Africa, so that, with the above exceptions, the continent may be regarded as unknown.
From this imperfect summary it will be seen that no general scheme of geographical distribution of fungi can as yet be attempted, and the most we can hope to do is to compare collection with collection, and what we know of one country with what we know of another, and note differences and agreements, so as to estimate the probable character of the fungi of other countries of which we are still in ignorance. It is well sometimes that we should attempt a task like the present, since we then learn how much there is to be known, and how much good work lies waiting to be done by the capable and willing hands that may hereafter undertake it.
Berkeley and Broome, “Enumeration of the Fungi of Ceylon,” in “Journ. Linn. Soc.” xiv. Nos. 73, 74, 1873.
Fries, “On the Geographical Distribution of Fungi,” in “Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.” ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 279.
Fries, “On the Geographical Distribution of Fungi” in “Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.” ser. 3, vol. ix. p. 285.
Fries, “Summa Vegetabilium Scandinaviæ” (1846), and “Monographia Hymenomycetum Sueciæ” (1863); “Epicrisis Hymenomycetum Europ.” (1874).
“Ainé Plantes Cryptogames-cellulaires du Départment de Saone et Loire” (1863); Bulliard, “Hist. des Champignons de la France” (1791); De Candolle, “Flore Française” (1815); Duby, “Botanicon Gallicum” (1828–1830); Paulet, “Iconographie des Champignons” (1855); Godron, “Catalogue des Plantes Cellulaires du Départment de la Meurthe” (1845); Crouan, “Florule du Finistëre” (1867); De Seynes, “Essai d’une Flore Mycologique de la Région de Montpellier et du Gard” (1863).
Passerini, “Funghi Parmensi,” in “Giorn. Bot. Italiano” (1872–73); Venturi, “Miceti dell’ Agro Bresciano” (1845); Viviani, “Funghi d’Italia” (1834); Vittadini, “Funghi Mangerecci d’Italia” (1835).
Schæffer, “Fungorum qui in Bavaria,” &c. (1762–1774); Tratinnick, “Fungi Austriaci” (1804–1806 and 1809–30); Corda, “Icones Fungorum” (Prague, 1837–1842); Krombholz, “Abbildungen der Schwämme” (1831–1849).
Reichardt, “Flora von Iglau;” Niessl, “Cryptogamenflora Nieder-Œsterreichs” (1857, 1859); Schulzer, “Schwämme Ungarns, Slavoniens,” &c.
Weinmann, “Hymeno-et Gasteromycetes,” in “Imp. Ross” (1836); Weinmann, “Enumeratio Stirpium, in Agro Petropolitano” (1837).
Karsten, “Fungi in insulis Spetsbergen collectio” (1872); Karsten, “Monographia Pezizarum fennicarum” (1869); Karsten, “Symbolæ ad Mycologiam fennicam” (1870).
Rabenhorst, “Deutschlands Kryptogamen Flora” (1844); Wallroth, “Flora Germanica” (1833); Sturm, “Deutschlands Flora, iii. die Pilze” (1837, &c.).
“Flora Danica” (1766–1873); Holmskjold, “Beata ruris otia Fungis Danicis impensa” (1799); Schumacher, “Enumeratio plantarum Sellandiæ” (1801).
Schweinitz, “Synopsis Fungorum,” in “America Boreali,” &c. (1834). Lea, “Catalogue of Plants of Cincinnati” (1849); Curtis, “Catalogue of the Plants of North Carolina” (1867); Berkeley, “North American Fungi,” in “Grevillea,” vols. i.-iii.; Peck, in “Reports of New York Museum Nat. Hist.”
Berkeley and Curtis, “Fungi Cubensis,” in “Journ. Linn. Soc.” (1868); Ramon de la Sagra, “Hist. Phys. de l’Isle de Cuba, Cryptogames, par Montagne” (1841); Montagne, in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” February, 1842.
The multitudinous forms which fungi assume, the differences of substance, and variability in size, render a somewhat detailed account of the modes adopted for their collection and preservation necessary. The habitats of the various groups have already been indicated, so that there need be no difficulty in selecting the most suitable spots, and as to the period of the year, this will be determined by the class of objects sought. Although it may be said that no time, except when the ground is covered with snow, is entirely barren of fungi, yet there are periods more prolific than others.[A] Fleshy fungi, such as the Hymenomycetes, are most common from September until the frosts set in, whereas many microscopic species may be found in early spring, and increase in number until the autumn.
The collector may be provided with an ordinary collecting box, but for the Agarics an open shallow basket is preferable. A great number of the woody kinds may be carried in the coat-pocket, and foliicolous species placed between the leaves of a pocket-book. It is a good plan to be provided with a quantity of soft bibulous paper, in which specimens can be wrapped when collected, and this will materially assist in their preservation when transferred to box or basket. A large clasp-knife, a small pocket-saw, and a pocket-lens will complete the outfit for ordinary occasions. In order to preserve the fleshy fungi for the herbarium, there is but one method, which has often been described. The Agaric, or other similar fungus, is cut perpendicularly from the pileus downwards through the stem. A second cut in the same direction removes a thin slice, which represents a section of the fungus; this may be laid on blotting paper, or plant-drying paper, and put under slight pressure to dry. From one-half of the fungus the pileus is removed, and with a sharp knife the gills and fleshy portion of the pileus are cut away. In the same manner the inner flesh of the half stem is also cleared. When dried, the half of the pileus is placed in its natural position on the top of the half stem, and thus a portrait of the growing fungus is secured, whilst the section shows the arrangement of the hymenium and the character of the stem. The other half of the pileus may be placed, gills downward, on a piece of black paper, and allowed to rest there during the night. In the morning the spores will have been thrown down upon the paper, which may be placed with the other portions. When dry, the section, profile, and spore paper may be mounted together on a piece of stiff paper, and the name, locality, and date inscribed below, with any additional particulars. It is advisable here to caution the collector never to omit writing down these particulars at once when the preparations are made, and to place them together, between the folds of the drying paper, in order to prevent the possibility of a mistake. Some small species may be dried whole or only cut down the centre, but the spores should never be forgotten. When dried, either before or after mounting, the specimens should be poisoned, in order to preserve them from the attacks of insects. The best medium for this purpose is carbolic acid, laid on with a small hog-hair brush. Whatever substance is used, it must not be forgotten by the manipulator that he is dealing with poison, and must exercise caution. If the specimens are afterwards found to be insufficiently poisoned, or that minute insects are present in the herbarium, fresh poisoning will be necessary. Some think that benzine or spirits of camphor is sufficient, but as either is volatile, it is not to be trusted as a permanent preservative. Mr. English, of Epping, by an ingenious method of his own, preserves a great number of the fleshy species in their natural position, and although valueless for an herbarium, they are not only very ornamental, but useful, if space can be devoted to them.
Leaf parasites, whether on living or dead leaves, may be dried in the usual way for drying plants, between folds of bibulous paper under pressure. It may be sometimes necessary with dead leaves to throw them in water, in order that they may be flattened without breaking, and then dry them in the same manner as green leaves. All species produced on a hard matrix, as wood, bark, etc., should have as much as possible of the matrix pared away, so that the specimens may lie flat in the herbarium. This is often facilitated in corticolous species by removing the bark and drying it under pressure.
The dusty Gasteromycetes are troublesome, especially the minute species, and if mounted openly on paper are soon spoiled. A good plan is to provide small square or round cardboard boxes, of not more than a quarter of an inch in depth, and to glue the specimen to the bottom at once, allowing it to dry in that position before replacing the cover. The same method should be adopted for many of the moulds, such as Polyactis, etc., which, under any circumstances, are difficult to preserve.
In collecting moulds, we have found it an excellent plan to go out provided with small wooden boxes, corked at top and bottom, such as entomologists use, and some common pins. When a delicate mould is collected on a decayed Agaric, or any other matrix, after clearing away with a penknife all unnecessary portions of the matrix, the specimen may be pinned down to the cork in one of these boxes. Another method, and one advisable also for the Myxogastres, is to carry two or three pill-boxes, in which, after being wrapped in tissue paper, the specimen may be placed.
A great difficulty is often experienced with microscopic fungi, such, for instance, as the Sphæriacei, in the necessity, whenever a new examination is required, to soak the specimen for some hours, and then transfer the fruit to a slide, before it can be compared with any newly-found specimen that has to be identified. To avoid this, mounted specimens ready for the microscope are an acquisition, and may be secured in the following manner. After the fungus has been soaked in water, where that is necessary, and the hymenium extracted on the point of a penknife, let it be transferred to the centre of a clean glass slide. A drop of glycerine is let fall upon this nucleus, then the covering glass placed over it. A slight pressure will flatten the object and expel all the superfluous glycerine around the edges of the covering glass. A spring clip holds the cover in position, whilst a camel-hair pencil is used to remove the glycerine which may have been expelled. This done, the edges of the cover may be fixed to the slide by painting round with gum-dammar dissolved in benzole. In from twelve to twenty-four hours the spring clip may be removed, and the mount placed in the cabinet. Glycerine is, perhaps, the best medium for mounting the majority of these objects, and when dammar and benzole are used for fixing, there is no difficulty experienced, as is the case with Canada balsam, if the superfluous glycerine is not wholly washed away. Specimens of Puccinia mounted in this way when fresh gathered, and before any shrivelling had taken place, are as plump and natural in our cabinet as they were when collected six or seven years ago.
Moulds are always troublesome to preserve in a herbarium in a state sufficiently perfect for reference after a few years. We have found it an excellent method to provide some thin plates of mica, the thinner the better, of a uniform size, say two inches square, or even less. Between two of these plates of mica enclose a fragment of the mould, taking care not to move one plate over the other after the mould is placed. Fix the plates by a clip, whilst strips of paper are gummed or pasted over the edges of the mica plates so as to hold them together. When dry, the clip may be removed, and the name written on the paper. These mounts may be put each in a small envelope, and fastened down in the herbarium. Whenever an examination is required, the object, being already dry-mounted, may at once be placed under the microscope. In this manner the mode of attachment of the spores can be seen, but if mounted in fluid they are at once detached; and if the moulds are only preserved in boxes, in the course of a short time nearly every spore will have fallen from its support.
Two or three accessories to a good herbarium may be named. For fleshy fungi, especially Agarics, faithfully coloured drawings, side by side with the dried specimens, will compensate for loss or change of colour which most species undergo in the process of drying. For minute species, camera lucida drawings of the spores, together with their measurements, will add greatly to the practical value of a collection. In mounting specimens, whether on leaves, bark, or wood, it will be of advantage to have one specimen glued down to the paper so as to be seen at once, and a duplicate loose in a small envelope beside it, so that the latter may at any time be removed and examined under the microscope.
In arranging specimens for the herbarium, a diversity of taste and opinion exists as to the best size for the herbarium paper. It is generally admitted that a small size is preferable to the large one usually employed for phanerogamous plants. Probably the size of foolscap is the most convenient, each sheet being confined to a single species. In public herbaria, the advantage of a uniform size for all plants supersedes all other advantages, but in a private herbarium, consisting entirely of fungi, the smaller size is better.
The microscopic examination of minute species is an absolute necessity to ensure accurate identification. Little special remark is called for here, since the methods adopted for other objects will be available. Specimens which have become dry may be placed in water previous to examination, a process which will be found essential in such genera as Peziza, Sphæria, etc. For moulds, which must be examined as opaque objects, if all their beauties and peculiarities are to be made out, a half-inch objective is recommended, with the nozzle bevelled as much to a point as possible, so that no light be obstructed.[B]
In examining the sporidia of minute Pezizæ and some others, the aid of some reagent will be found necessary. When the sporidia are very delicate and hyaline, the septa cannot readily be seen if present; to aid in the examination, a drop of tincture of iodine will be of considerable advantage. In many cases sporidia, which are very indistinct in glycerine, are much more distinct when the fluid is water.
The following hints to travellers, as regards the collection of fungi, drawn up some years since by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, have been widely circulated, and may be usefully inserted here, though at the risk of repetition:—
“It is frequently complained that in collections of exotic plants, no tribe is so much neglected as that of fungi; this arises partly from the supposed difficulty of preserving good specimens, partly from their being less generally studied than other vegetable productions. As, however, in no department of botany, there is a greater probability of meeting with new forms, and the difficulties, though confessedly great in one or two genera, are far less than is often imagined, the following hints are respectfully submitted to such collectors as may desire to neglect no part of the vegetable kingdom.
“The greater proportion, especially of tropical fungi, are dried, simply by light pressure, with as much ease as phœnogamous plants; indeed, a single change of the paper in which they are placed is generally sufficient, and many, if wrapped up in soft paper when gathered, and submitted to light pressure, require no further attention. Such as are of a tough leathery nature, if the paper be changed a few hours after the specimens have been laid in, preserve all their characters admirably; and if in the course of a few weeks there is an opportunity of washing them with a solution of turpentine and corrosive sublimate, submitting them again to pressure for a few hours merely to prevent their shrinking, there will be no fear of their suffering from the attacks of insects.
“Many of the mushroom tribe are so soft and watery that it is very difficult to make good specimens without a degree of labour which is quite out of the question with travellers. By changing, however, the papers in which they are dried two or three times the first day, if practicable, useful specimens may be prepared, especially if a few notes be made as to colour, etc. The more important notes are as to the colour of the stem and pileus, together with any peculiarities of the surface, e.g., whether it be dry, viscid, downy, scaly, etc., and whether the flesh of the pileus be thin or otherwise; as to the stem, whether hollow or solid; as to the gills, whether they are attached to the stem or free; and especially what is their colour and that of the spores. It is not in general expedient to preserve specimens in spirits, except others are dried by pressure, or copious notes be made; except, indeed, in some fungi of a gelatinous nature, which can scarcely be dried at all by pressure.
“The large woody fungi, the puff-balls, and a great number of those which grow on wood, etc., are best preserved, after ascertaining that they are dry and free from larvæ, by simply wrapping them in paper or placing them in chip-boxes, taking care that they are so closely packed as not to rub. As in other tribes of plants, it is very requisite to have specimens in different stages of growth, and notes as to precise habitats are always interesting.
“The attention of the traveller can scarcely be directed to any more interesting branch, or one more likely to produce novelty, than the puff-ball tribe; and he is particularly requested to collect these in every stage of growth, especially in the earliest, and, if possible, to preserve some of the younger specimens in spirits. One or two species are produced on ant-hills, the knowledge of the early state of which is very desirable.
“The fungi which grow on leaves in tropical climates are scarcely less abundant than in our own country, though belonging to a different type. Many of these must constantly come under the eye of the collector of phœnogams, and would be most acceptable to the mycologist. But the attention of the collector should also be directed to the lichen-like fungi, which are so abundant in some countries on fallen sticks. Hundreds of species of the utmost interest would reward active research, and they are amongst the easiest to dry; indeed, in tropical countries, the greater proportion of the species are easy to preserve, but they will not strike the eye which is not on the watch for them. The number of fleshy species is but few, and far less likely to furnish novelty.”
In conclusion, we may urge upon all those who have followed us thus far to adopt this branch of botany as their speciality. Hitherto it has been very much neglected, and a wide field is open for investigation and research. The life-history of the majority of species has still to be read, and the prospects of new discoveries for the industrious and persevering student are great. All who have as yet devoted themselves with assiduity have been in this manner rewarded. The objects are easily obtainable, and there is a constantly increasing infatuation in the study. Where so much is unknown, not a few difficulties have to be encountered, and here the race is not to the swift so much as to the untiring. May our efforts to supply this introduction to the study receive their most welcome reward in an accession to the number of the students and investigators of the nature, uses, and influences of fungi.
The genus Chionyphe occurs on granaries under snow, as well as in that formidable disease, the Madura fungus-foot. (See Carter’s “Mycetoma.”)
Bubbles of air are often very tiresome in the examination of moulds. A little alcohol will remove them.
- Æcidiacci, structure of, 41.
- Æcidium and Puccinia, 199.
- germination, 141.
- Agaricini, habitats of, 233.
- structure of, 17.
- Agaric of the olive, 108.
- Agarics, growth of, 138.
- Algo-lichen hypothesis, 10.
- Alveolate spores, 130.
- Amadou, 103.
- American floras, 281.
- fungi, 281.
- Antheridia, presumed, 171.
- Appearance of new forms, 248.
- Arrangement of families, 80.
- Asci and sporidia, 131.
- Ascobolei, structure of, 56.
- Ascomycetes, classification of, 75.
- Aspergillus glaucus, 187.
- Atmosphere, spores in, 214.
- Barberry cluster-cups, 201.
- Barren cysts of Lecythea, 37.
- Basidiospores, 120.
- Beech morels, 101.
- Beefsteak fungus, 96.
- Berberry and mildew, 199.
- Boletus, esculent species, 95.
- Books on structure, 63.
- Bulgaria, its dualism, 198.
- Bunt and smut, 225.
- spores, germination of, 150.
- Cæomacei, structure of, 36.
- Camp measles and fever, 213.
- Caudate sporidia, 134.
- Champignon, fairy-ring, 94.
- Change of colour, 114.
- Chantarelle, the, 93.
- Cholera fungi, 213.
- Ciliated stylospores, 124–6.
- Classification of Ascomycetes, 75.
- Collecting fungi, 287.
- Colour and its variation, 117.
- Conditions of growth, 269.
- Conidia of Erysiphei, 62.
- Coniomycetes, classification of, 69.
- Coniomycetes, habitats of, 38.
- Conjugating cells, 165.
- Conjugation in Peronospora, 171.
- Peziza, 175.
- Copulation in Discomycetes, 173.
- fungi, 163.
- Corn, mildew, and rust, 224.
- Cortinarius, species of, 91.
- Cotton plant diseases, 228.
- Cultivation of fungi, 253.
- Currant twig fungus, 193.
- Cystidia, 21.
- Dacrymyces, germination of, 140.
- De Bary, on conditions of study, 183.
- Decay rapid, 9.
- Dehiscence of asci, 58.
- Dimorphism in moulds, 187.
- of Mucor, 53.
- Disappearance of species, 268.
- Discomycetes, 56.
- Dissemination of spores, 119.
- Distribution, geographical, 266.
- Dried fungi, esculent, 87, 94.
- Drying of fungi, 289.
- Dry rot, 223.
- Dualism in Melanconis, 197.
- Edible fungi in America, 88.
- Ergotized grass, 217.
- Erysiphe, conjugation, 176.
- Erysiphei, polymorphism, 191.
- Esculent fungi, 82.
- European floras, 279.
- Examination of fungi, 289.
- Exotic floras, 280–5.
- False truffles, 98.
- Fairy-ring champignon, 94.
- Families and orders, table of, 80.
- Fenestrate sporidia, 135.
- Fetid fungi, 116.
- Fistulina hepatica, 96.
- Floras of Europe, &c., 279.
- Fly Agaric, 210.
- Food, fungi as, 81.
- Forestry and its foes, 229.
- Fungi collecting abroad, 292.
- Garden pests, 230.
- Gasteromycetes, classification of, 66.
- Geographical distribution, 266.
- Germinating pseudospores, 144.
- Germination of fungi, 137.
- Gonosphere, in Peronospora, 171.
- Growth of Agarics, 138.
- Habitats of fungi, 233.
- Helicoid spores, 129.
- Herbarium for fungi, 291.
- Hints for travellers, 292.
- Hollyhock disease, 230.
- House-fly fungus, 219.
- Hydnum gelatinosum, 24.
- Hymenium of fungi, 18.
- Hymenomycetes, classification of, 65.
- Hyphomycetes, classification of, 73.
- Hypogæi, structure of, 29.
- Influences of fungi, 209.
- Influence on lower animals, 217.
- man, 209.
- Influence on vegetation, 222.
- of woods, 271.
- Injurious moulds, 230, 240.
- Insect, parasites on, 7, 218.
- Isaria and Torrubia, 205.
- Ketchup, or catchup, 89.
- Lactescent fungi, 115.
- Lichen-gonidia question, 10.
- Lichens and fungi, 9.
- Little man’s bread, 102.
- Luminous Agarics, 105.
- wood, 113.
- Meadow mushroom, 83.
- Medicinal fungi, 102.
- Melanconiei, structure of, 35.
- Microscopical mounting, 290.
- Mildew in corn, 199.
- Milky fungi, 92.
- juice, 115.
- Morels, 99, 159.
- germination of, 159.
- Mould cultivation, 263.
- Moulds, and dimorphism, 187.
- Mucedines, habitats of, 240.
- structure of, 44.
- Mucor, dualism of, 205.
- Mushroom, analysis of, 19.
- Myxogastres, habitats of, 237.
- structure of, 31.
- Oak truffles, 260.
- Odours of fungi, 116.
- Oidium and Erysiphe, 191.
- Oocysts in Erysiphe, 176.
- Oogonia, 136, 169.
- of Saprolegniæ, 169.
- Orders and families, table of, 80.
- Oyster mushroom, 86.
- Paper moulds, 248.
- Paraphyses and asci, 49.
- Parasites on plants, 238.
- Perisporiacei, structure of, 62.
- Peronospora, growth of, 152.
- Pests of forest trees, 229.
- the garden, 230.
- Peziza, conidia of, 46.
- Fuckeliana, 48.
- Pezizæ, their habitats, 242.
- Phalloidei, structure of, 28.
- Phenomena of fungi, 105.
- Phosphorescence, 105.
- Physomycetes, classification of, 74.
- Podaxinei, structure of, 29.
- Podisoma, and its allies, 40, 72.
- Poisonous fungi, 209.
- Polymorphism, 182.
- Polymorphy in Erysiphe, 191.
- Polyporei, structure of, 23.
- Polyporus, edible species, 96.
- Potato disease, 225.
- mould, germination, 155.
- Preservation of fungi, 288.
- Pseudospores, 126.
- Puccinia and Æcidium, 199.
- Puccinia, germination of, 145.
- Pucciniæi, structure of, 38.
- Puff-balls, edible, 98.
- Puff-balls, structure of, 29.
- spores, 123.
- Pycnidia, 62, 180.
- and spermatia, 62.
- Rœstelia and Podisoma, 203.
- Red rust and cattle food, 217.
- Reproduction, sexual, 163.
- Rhizomorphæ, 111.
- Russula, edible species of, 93.
- St. George’s mushroom, 85.
- Saprolegnei, conjugation of, 168.
- Sclerotia, 47, 261.
- cultivation, 261.
- Scolecite in Peziza, &c., 173.
- Septate stylospores, 124.
- Sexual reproduction, 163.
- Silkworm disease, 220.
- Skin diseases and fungi, 212.
- Slides for the microscope, 290.
- Spawn of fungi, 256.
- Special cultivation, 264.
- Species determinate, 5.
- Spermatia, 128, 179.
- Spermogonia, 178.
- Sphæria, sporidia of, 133.
- Sphæriacei, structure of, 61.
- Sphæriæ, polymorphy, 192.
- Sphæronemei, structure of, 35.
- Spiral threads, 32.
- Spontaneous generation, 3.
- Sporangia, 51, 129.
- of Mucor, 51.
- Spores in chaplets, 143.
- Sporidia, germination of, 160.
- of Ascomycetes, 130.
- Sporidiifera, structure of, 50
- Sporifera and Sporidiifera, 64.
- Star-spored fungus, 125.
- Structure of fungi, 17.
-
- Agaricini, 17.
- books written upon, 63.
- of Æcidiacei, 41.
- Ascomycetes, 55.
- Cæomacei, 36.
- Hyphomycetes, 42.
- Hypogæi, 29.
- Melanconiei, 35.
- Mucedines, 44.
- Mucor, 50.
- Myxogastres, 31.
- Nidulariacei, 34.
- Perisporiacei, 62.
- Phalloidei, 28.
- Physomycetes, 50.
- Podaxinei, 29.
- Polyporei, 23.
- Pucciniæi, 38.
- Sphæriacei, 61.
- Sphæronemei, 35.
- Torulacei, 36.
- Tremellini, 25.
- Trichogastres, 29.
- truffles, 55.
- Ustilaginei, 40.
-
- Study of development, 183.
- Stylospores, 123.
- Subterranean puff-balls, 29.
- Summer and winter spores, 37.
- Supposed animal nature, 2.
- Table of classification, 80.
- Thecaspores, 13.
- Torrubia and Isaria, 205.
- Torulacei, structure of, 36.
- Travellers, hints for, 292.
- Tremella, germination of, 139.
- Tremellini, structure of, 24.
- Trichogastres, habitats of, 237.
- structure of, 29.
- Trichospores, 128.
- Tropical fungi, 272.
- Truffle cultivation, 258.
- Truffles, 55, 101, 258.
- structure of, 55.
- Tuberacei, structure of, 55.
- Tubercularia and Nectria, 194.
- Uredines, germination of, 143.
- Uses of fungi, 82.
- Ustilaginei, structure of, 40.
- germination of, 149.