Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants / A Practice Treatise Setting Forth the Principles of Gas-Engines and Producer Design, the Selection and Installation of an Engine, Conditions of Perfect Operation, Producer-Gas Engines and Their Possibilities, the Care of Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants, with a Chapter on Volatile Hydrocarbon and Oil Engines

TEST OF A "STOCKPORT" GAS-ENGINE WITH
DOWSON PRESSURE GAS PLANT
Made by R. Mathot at the Works of the "Union Electrique"
C^ie, Brussels, June 27, 1901
Piston Diameter: 15¹⁄₂". Piston stroke, 22".
Normal number of revolutions, 210.
1.	Calorific value of the coal	12750 B.T.U.
2.	Nature and origin of fuel: Anthracite coal of Charleroi (Belgium).
3.	Cost of fuel per ton at the mine	$5.50
4.	Cost of fuel per ton at the plant	$6.39
5.	Fuel consumption per hour in the generator	46.3 lbs.
6.	Fuel consumption per hour in the boiler	7 lbs.
7.	Proportion of ash in the coal	6 per cent.
8.	Weight of steam at 66 lbs. generated per hour	42.7 lbs.
9.	Average brake horse-power	53 B.H.P.
10.	Fuel consumption for gas per B.H.P. per hour	0.875 lbs.
11.	Fuel consumption for steam per B.H.P. per hour	0.133 lbs.
12.	Total fuel consumption	1.008 lbs.
13.	Steam consumption at 66 lbs. pressure	0.81 lbs.
14.	Gas pressure at the engine	1³⁄₈ inches
15.	Weight of water per B.H.P. per hour for cooling the cylinder entering at 68° F. and leaving at 105° F.	51.5 lbs.

16.	Corresponding heat absorbed in cooling	1970 B.T.U.
17.	Average initial explosive pressure on piston	324 lbs.
18.	Average pressure on piston per square inch	72 lbs.
19.	Average indicated horse-power with 85 per cent. misses	92.5 I.H.P.
20.	Corresponding mechanical efficiency	84 per cent.
21.	Corresponding electric load	31.950 K.W.
22.	Cost of B.H.P. per hour in anthracite	$0.0029
23.	Cost of kilowatt per hour in anthracite	$0.0048
24.	Electric power generated per B.H.P.	602.8 W.
25.	Thermal efficiency at 53 B.H.P. with 85 per cent. explosions	18.5 per cent.

TEST OF A 20 H.P. WINTERTHUR ENGINE
With Winterthur Suction-Producer made by R. Mathot
at Winterthur, June 4 and 5, 1902
DATA OF TESTS WITH ILLUMINATING GAS AND WITH FUEL GAS
Dimensions of Winterthur Engine—Piston diameter: 10³⁄₈". Stroke: 16⁷⁄₈". Compression: 177 pounds per square inch. Regulation: hit and miss. Ignition: electro-magnetic. Fly-wheel: normal, with external bearing. Lubrication of piston: with oil-pump. Of main bearings, with rings (as in dynamos).
FULL LOAD WITH STREET-GAS
1.	Number of revolutions per minute	200
2.	Corresponding number of explosions	96 per cent.
3.	Net load on brake	120 lbs.
4.	Corresponding effective power	22 B.H.P.
5.	Mean initial explosive pressure on piston per square inch	455 lbs.
6.	Average pressure on piston per square inch	78 lbs.
7.	Gas consumption per B.H.P. at 24° C. and 721 mm. mean pressure	15.5 cubic feet
8.	Gas consumption per B.H.P. reduced to 0° C. and 760 mm. mean pressure	13.5 cubic feet


HALF LOAD WITH STREET-GAS
9.	Number of revolutions per minute	204
10.	Corresponding number of explosions	60 per cent.
11.	Net load on brake	60 lbs.
12.	Corresponding effective power	11.6 B.H.P.
13.	Gas consumption per B.H.P. per hour at 24° C.
	and 721 mm. mean pressure.	21 cubic feet
14.	Gas consumption per B.H.P. per hour at 0° C. and 760 mm. mean pressure.	18.3 cubic feet

RUNNING WITH NO LOAD WITH STREET-GAS
15.	Number of revolutions per minute	206
16.	Corresponding number of explosions	22 per cent.
17.	Total gas consumption per hour at 24° C. and 721 mm. mean pressure.	106 cubic feet
18.	Maximum calorific power of gas per cubic foot	598 B.T.U.
19.	Thermal efficiency with 96 per cent. explosions	31 per cent.
20.	Mechanical efficiency with 96 per cent. explosions	82 per cent.
21.	Temperature of water at the jacket-inlet	75 degs. F.
22.	Temperature of water at the jacket-outlet	130 degs. F.
23.	Compression per square inch on piston surface	178 lbs.
24.	Pressure after expansion	37 lbs.

TEST OF WINTERTHUR PLANT WITH PRODUCER-GAS
1.	Nature of fuel. Belgian anthracite, "Bonne Esperance et Batterie"; size,	³⁄₄ inch.
2.	Chemical composition: Carbon, 86.5 per cent.; hydrogen, 3.5 per cent.; oxygen and nitrogen, 4.65 per cent.; ash, 5.35 per cent.

3.	Calorific value per pound of coal	14200 B.T.U.
4.	Net calorific value per pound of fuel	15050 B.T.U.
5.	Price of anthracite delivered at the plant	$3.50 per ton
6.	Number of revolutions of engine per minute	200
7.	Corresponding number of explosions	91 per cent.
8.	Load on brake	106 lbs.
9.	Corresponding effective horse-power	20.2 B.H.P.
10.	Fuel consumption at the generator per hour	16.4 lbs.
11.	Fuel consumed per B.H.P. per hour	0.81 lbs.
12.	Proportion of ash resulting from the tests	6 per cent.
13.	Mean initial explosive pressure per square inch	419.5 lbs.
14.	Average pressure on piston per square inch	72.5 lbs.
15.	Indicated horse-power with 91 per cent. explosions	25.4 I.H.P.
16.	Mechanical efficiency	79 per cent.
17.	Thermal efficiency at the producer	22 per cent.
18.	Water consumption per hour in the scrubber	66 gals.
19.	Cost per B.H.P. per hour in anthracite	62 gals.

TEST OF A 60 B.H.P. GAS-ENGINE, TYPE G 9, WITH A SUCTION-GAS PLANT OF THE GASMOTOREN FABRIK DEUTZ
(Made at Cologne, March 15, 1904, by R. Mathot.)
DATA OF THE TESTS
Diameter of Piston = 16.5". Piston Stroke = 18.9"
FULL LOAD
1.	Average number of revolutions per minute	188.66
2.	Corresponding effective work	65.11 B.H.P.
3.	Average compression per square inch	176 lbs.
4.	Average initial explosive pressure per square inch	397 lbs.
5.	Average final expansion pressure	25 lbs.
6.	Vacuum at suction	4.4 lbs.
7.	Average pressure on piston	81 lbs.
8.	Corresponding indicated horse-power	77 I.H.P.


FUEL
9.	Nature of fuel: Anthracite coal 0.4" to 0.8"
10.	Origin: Coalpit of Zeihe, Morsbach at Aix-la-Chapelle.
11.	Chemical composition of coal:
	Carbon	83.22%
	Hydrogen	3.31%
	Nitrogen and Oxygen	3.01%
	Sulphur	0.44%
	Ash	7.33%
	Water	2.69%
12.	Calorific value.	13650 B.T.U.

GAS
13.	Chemical composition of gas:
Carbonic acid	6.60%
Oxygen	0.30%
Hydrogen	18.90%
Methane	0.57%
Carbon monoxide	24.30%
Nitrogen	49.33%
14.	Calorific value of gas, combination water, at 59° F. constant volume reduced to 32° F. and atmospheric pressure	140 B.T.U.

TEMPERATURES
Engine
15.	Cooling water at the inlet of the cylinder-head	55.4 deg. F.
	Temperature at the outlet	109.5 deg. F.
16.	Temperature at outlet of cylinder	127.5 deg. F.

Gas-Generator
17.	Temperature of water in the vaporizer	158.3 deg. F.

EFFICIENCIES AND CONSUMPTION
18.	Mechanical efficiency	84.6%
19.	Gross consumption of coal per B.H.P. per hour	0.86 lbs
20.	Thermal efficiency in proportion to the effective work and the gross consumption of coal in the gas-generator	24.3%


HALF LOAD
WORK
1.	Average number of revolutions per minute	195.5
2.	Corresponding effective work	33.85 B.H.P.
3.	Corresponding average compression	125 lbs.
4.	Average initial explosive pressure	258 lbs.
5.	Average final expansion	18 lbs.
6.	Vacuum at suction	6.8 lbs.
7.	Average mean pressure on piston	46.2 lbs.
8.	Corresponding indicated power	45. I.H.P.
9.	Speed variation between full and half load	3.5%

CONSUMPTION
10.	Gross consumption of coal per B.H.P. per hour	1.155 lbs.

RUNNING WITH NO LOAD
1.	Average number of revolutions per minute	199
2.	Minimum corresponding compression	95.55 lbs.
3.	Average initial explosive pressure	220 lbs.
4.	Average final expansion	0 lbs.
5.	Vacuum at suction	8.8 lbs.
6.	Average pressure on piston	11.2 lbs.
7.	Corresponding indicated horse-power.	11 I.H.P.
8.	Speed variation between full load and no load	5.2%

TEST OF A GAS PLANT OF A FOUR-CYCLE DOUBLE-ACTING ENGINE OF 200 H.P. AND A SUCTION-PRODUCER IN THE WORKS OF THE GASMOTOREN FABRIK DEUTZ, COLOGNE
March 14 and 15, 1904, by Messrs. A. Witz, R. Mathot, and de Herbais
DATA OF THE TESTS
Piston Diameter: 21¹⁄₄". Stroke: 27⁹⁄₁₆". Diameter of Piston-Rods: front, 4³⁄₄"; rear, 4⁵⁄₁₆"

ENGINE
Full Load Tests
1.	Average number of revolutions per minute	151.29 and 150.20
2.	Corresponding effective load	214.22 B.H.P. and 222.83 B.H.P.
3.	Duration of the tests	3 hours and 10 hours
4.	Average temperature of water after cooling the piston	117.5 deg. F.
5.	Average temperature of water after cooling the cylinder and valve-seats	135 deg. F.
6.	Water consumption per hour for cooling the piston	39 gal.

PRODUCER
7.	Nature and Origin of Fuel: Anthracite coal "Bonne-Esperance et Batterie" Herstal, Belgium.
8.	Calorific value of fuel	14650 B.T.U.
9.	Consumption of fuel per hour (plus 53 lbs. on the night of the 14th for keeping the generator fired during 14 hours, the engine being stopped)	199 lbs.-160 lbs.
10.	Water consumption per hour in the vaporiser	14.2 gals.
11.	Water consumption per hour in the scrubbers	318 gals.
12.	Average temperature of gas at the outlet of the generator	558 deg. F.
13.	Average temperature of gas at the outlet of the scrubbers	62.5 deg. F.

EFFICIENCIES
14.	Gross consumption of coal per B.H.P. per hour	0.927 lbs.-0.720 lbs.
15.	Consumption of coal per B.H.P. after deduction of the water	0.907 lbs.-0.705 lbs.

16.	Thermal efficiency relating to the effective H.P. and to the dry coal consumed in the generator	19%-24.4%
17.	Water consumption per B.H.P. hour:
	For the cylinder, stuffing-boxes and valve-seat jackets	4.65 gals.
	For the piston and piston-rods	1.75 gals.
	For the vaporizer	0.0655 gals.
	For washing the gas in the scrubbers	1.42 gals.
18.	Water converted in steam per lb. consumed in the generator	0.193 gals.

INDEX

A
Adjustment of gas-engine, 126
Adjustment of moving parts, imperfect, 146
Admission-valve, binding of, 152
Admission, variable, 55, 56
Air-blast, 180
Air-chest, 82
Air, displacement of, 92
Air, exclusion of, in producers, 207
Air, filtration of, 82
Air-heater, Winterthur, 236
Air-heaters, 238
Air-pipe, 82
Air-pipe, location of, 83
Air-pump, 266
Air, regulation of supply, 82
Air suction, 81
Air suction, resistance to, 82
Air supply of producer, 225
Air-valve, control by engine, 25
Air vibration, 92
Alcohol as engine fuel, 264
Anthracite, consumption of, in producers, 200
Anthracite in producers, 190, 201
Anti-pulsators, 77
Anti-pulsators, disconnection of, in stopping engine, 132
Anti-pulsators, precautions to be taken with, 79
Anti-vibratory substances, 89
Ash-pit, 214, 217
Ash-pit, Bollinckx, 220
Ash-pit, cleaning of, 261
Ash-pit, Deutz, 220
Ash-pit, door of, 220
Ash-pit, Wiedenfeld, 220
Asphyxiation, 169
Atomizer of oil-engines, 265
B
Back firing, 82, 131
Back pressure to exhaust, 151
Bags, arrangement of, 80
Bags, capacity of, 79
Bags, precautions to be taken with, 79
Bags, rubber, 77
Bark as producer fuel, 193
Batteries for ignition, 31
Bearings, adjustability of, 5
Bearings, adjustment of, 44
Bearings, care of, 123
Bearings, lubrication of, 117
Bearings, material of, 51
Bearings of fly-wheels, 92
Bearings, overheated, 146
Bearings, over-lubricated, 150
Bearings, position of, 44
Bell, gas-holder, 187
Bell, Pintsch, 248
Bell, volume of, 187
Belts, prevention of adhesion by oil, 120
Bénier, E., 199
Benzin as engine fuel, 264
Binding, 147
Blast in producers, 180, 193, 225
Blower, Koerting, 181
Blower, Root, 182, 188
Blowers for producers, 181
Blowing-generators, 169
Bolts of foundation, 91
Bomb, Witz, 284, 292
Boughs for coolers, 108
Box, charging, 221
Box, double closure for charging, 222
Box, removable charging, 225
Brake tests, 284
Branch pipes, minimum diameter of, 81
Bricks for foundation, 91
Brushes, lifting of, when dynamo-engine is stopped, 132
Brush, purifying, 250
Burner of hot tube, how ignited, 128
Burner, regulation of fixed, 144
Bushings, care of, 123
Bushings, fusion of, 147
Bushings (see also Bearings)
C
Calorimeter, Witz, 292
Calorimeters, 284, 290
Cam, half-compression, 130, 132
Cam, relief, 130
Cams, 51
Caps of valve-chests, 124
Carbureter, 266
Care during operation of engine, 131
Casing, independence of frame, 42
Charging a producer, 221
Charging the generator, 259
Chest for exhaust, 83
Circulation of water, 98, 125
Circulation of water, how effected, 102
Circulation of water in tanks, 105
Circulation of water, regulation of, 107
Cleaning of producer, 261
Cleanliness, necessity of, 121
Cleanliness of producers, 179
Closures for charging-boxes, 223
Coal in producers, 201
Coal in producers, bituminous, 195
Coal, Pennsylvania, 203
Coal (see also Anthracite)
Coal, Welsh, 203
Cock, Deutz, 224
Cock, Pierson, 224
Cock for charging-box, 223, 224
Coke in producers, 201
Coke in washers, 242
Combustion-generators, 193
Combustion, inverted, 195
Compression, determination of, 273
Compression, faulty, 134
Compression, high, 154
Compression in Banki engine, 264
Compression in Diesel engine, 264
Compression, losses in, 143
Compression period, 21
Compression, relation to power developed, 122
Compressors for producers, 182
Connecting-rod bearings, 45
Connecting-rod bearings, rational design of, 45
Connecting-rod, lubrication of, 113, 115
Consulting engineer, advisability of retaining, 282
Consumption at half load and full load, 62
Consumption at various loads, 62
Consumption in double or triple acting engines, 62
Consumption of gas, 173
Consumption of gas in burner, 30
Consumption of suction-producers, 200
Consumption per effective horse-power, 62
Cooler for gas, 199
Cooler, for producer, 240
Coolers, 107
Coolers, size of, 109
Cooling of cylinder, 98, 100, 156
Cooling of producer-gas engines, 203
Cooling, thermo-siphon, 100
Cost of oil and volatile hydrocarbon engines, 268
Crank-pin, tensile strength of, 51
Crank-shaft, 50, 51
Crank-shaft bearings, 44
Crank-shaft bearings, design of, 46
Crank-shaft, effect of premature explosion on, 30
Crank-shaft lubrication, 117
Crank-shaft, material of, 50
Crosshead, care of, 123
Cycle, analysis of, 276
Cylinder, arrangement of, 41
Cylinder, cleaning of, 122
Cylinder, cooling of, 156
Cylinder, evacuation of, 83, 131
Cylinder, gravel in, 137
Cylinder, grinding of, 42
Cylinder, incandescent particles in, 142
Cylinder, independence of casing, Compression in, 42
Cylinder-jacket (see Water-jacket)
Cylinder lubrication, 112
Cylinder-oil, 112, 149
Cylinder, overhang in horizontal engines, 42
Cylinder, overheating of, 148
Cylinder, presence of water in, 136
Cylinder-shell, 41
Cylinder, smoke from, 149
Cylinder, temperature during operation of engine, 132
Cylinder, thrust of, 43
Cylinder, tightness of, 122
D
Damper, Pintsch, 224
Dampers, 223
Detonations, untimely, 141
Distributing mechanism, derangement of, 152
Drain-cock in gas-pipes, 70, 75
Drain-cocks, testing of, 256
Drier for producer-gas, 248
Dust-collector, 239
Dust-collector, Benz, 239
Dust-collector, Bollinckx, 239
Dust-collector, Pintsch, 239
Dust-collector, Wiedenfeld, 239
Dynamo, lifting brushes from, in stopping engine, 132
E
Ebelmen principle, 195
Engine, Banki, 264
Engine, Diesel, 264
Engine, producer-gas and steam, compared, 203
Engine, selection of, 279
Engine, starting a producer-gas, 258
Engineer, duty of a consulting, 281
Engines, governing oil, 265
Engines, oil, 264, 265
Engines, producer-gas, 153
Engines, producer-gas, temperature of, 157
Engines, specifications of, 281
Engines, speed of oil, 264
Engines, tests of, 268
Engines, volatile hydrocarbon, 264, 267
Engines, writers on oil, 266
Escape-pipes, 228
Essences, 264
Exhaust, 83
Exhaust, back pressure to, 151
Exhaust, determination of resistance to, 274
Exhaust into sewer or chimney, 85
Exhaust, noises of, 94, 141
Exhaust period, 22
Exhaust, water in, 136
Exhausters, 183
Exhaust-chest, 83
Exhaust-muffler, 86, 94
Exhaust-pipe, 83, 85
Exhaust-pipe, design of, 96, 97
Exhaust-pipe, joints for, 85
Exhaust-pipe, oil in, 151
Exhaust-valve, binding of, 152
Exhaust-valve, cooling of, 25
Expansion-boxes, 95
Expansion period, 22
Expert, necessity of an, 282, 283
Explosion, spontaneous, 140
Explosion-engines (see Gas-engines)
Explosion period, 22
Explosion-recorder, analysis of inertia of, 277
Explosion-recorder for industrial engines, 285
Explosion-recorder, the continuous, 269
Explosions, comparison of average force of, 275
Explosion-records, 288
Explosions, retarded, 143
F
Fans for producers, 181
Feeder, Winterthur, 236
Feed-hopper, 224
Fire-box, door of, 221
Flues, escape, 228
Fly-wheel, oil on, 120
Fly-wheel, starting the, 131
Fly-wheels, 46
Fly-wheels as pulleys, 46
Fly-wheels, balancing of, 46
Fly-wheels, curved spoke, how mounted, 49
Fly-wheels, fastening of, 46
Fly-wheels, proper mounting of, 46
Fly-wheels, rim of, 46
Fly-wheels, single, 48, 92
Fly-wheels, single, for dynamo-engines, 46
Fly-wheels, straight and curved spoke, 49
Fly-wheels with hit-and-miss system, 50
Foundation, 44, 87
Foundation, design of, 88, 89
Foundation, excavation for, 88
Foundation, insulation of, 89, 90
Foundation of dynamo-engine, 91
Frame, 43
Frame, method of securing, to foundation, 44
Fuel of producers, 178, 187, 254
Fuel, qualities of, 201
Fuel (see also Lignite, Peat, Sawdust, Wood, Coal, etc.)
Fuel, size of, 201
Fuel, smoke-producing, 254
G
Gas, ascertaining purity of, 128
Gas, blast-furnace, 153
Gas, calorific value of, 284
Gas, calorific value of producer, 200
Gas, coke-oven, 153
Gas consumption, 173
Gas consumption of burner, 30
Gas, effect of quality, 152
Gas-engine, balancing of, 46
Gas-engine, care during operation, 131
Gas-engine, cost of installation, 19
Gas-engine, cost of operation, 19
Gas-engine, difficulties in starting, 134
Gas-engine, how to start a, 128
Gas-engine, how to stop a, 132
Gas-engine, installation of a, 68
Gas-engine, location of a, 68
Gas-engine, selection of a, 21
Gas-engine, simplicity of installation, 17
Gas-engine, the four-cycle, 21
Gas-engines, adjustment of, 126
Gas-engines, care of, 121
Gas-engines, "Steam-Hammer," 57
Gas-engines, temperature of, 158
Gas-engines, tests of, 283
Gas-engines, vertical, 56
Gas-engines, writers on, 68
Gas, fuel, 153
Gas-holder, 186, 189
Gas-holders, 247
Gas-holder, combined with washer or scrubber, 186
Gas, illuminating (see Street-gas)
Gas, impurities of, 172
Gas, Mond, 153, 167
Gasometer (see Gas-holder)
Gas, producer (see Producer-gas)
Gas production, 173
Gas, purification of wood, 195
Gas supply, necessity of coolness, 69
Gas-valve, necessity of independent operation of, 27
Gas, water, 153, 169
Gas, wood, 153, 168
Gases, analysis of, 290
Generator (see also Producer)
Generator, Benz, 207
Generator, Bollinckx, 207
Generator, care of, 259
Generator, charging the, 259
Generator, construction of, 177, 207
Generator, dimensions of, 252
Generator, Dowson, 177
Generator, firing the, 205, 256
Generator, hot operation of, 252
Generator of suction producer, 205
Generator, operation of, 251
Generator, Pierson, 215
Generator, Pintsch, 207
Generator, Taylor, 207
Generator, Wiedenfeld, 207
Generator, Winterthur, 207
Generator with internal vaporizer, 206
Generators, blowing, 169
Generators, pressure, 169, 177
Governor, ball, 52, 53
Governor, care during operation, 131
Governor, hit-and-miss, 52, 54
Governor, inertia, 53
Governor, sensitiveness of, 52
Governors, 53
Governors, adjustment of, 124
Governors, care of, 123
Governors, centrifugal, 56
Governors, centrifugal, with hit-and-miss regulation, 55
Governors for oil-engines, 265
Governors for producer-gas engines, 161
Governors, hit-and-miss, 54
Governors, variable admission, 56
Grate, Bénier's, 216
Grate of generator-lining, 214
Grate, Kiderlen, 216
Grate, Pintsch, 216
Grate, Wiedenfeld, 216
H
Heater, air, 238
Hit-and-miss regulation (see Governors)
Holders, gas, 247
Hopper, Bollinckx, 225
Hopper, Deutz, 225
Hopper for generator, 224
Hopper, removable feed, 225
Hopper, Taylor, 225
Hopper, Wiedenfeld, 225
Hopper, Winterthur, 225
Horse-power, definition of, 60
Horse-power, determination of, 61
Horse-power (see also Power)
Hot tubes (see Tubes)
Hydrocarbons, volatile, for engine fuel, 264
I
Ignition, 27, 122
Ignition, adjustment of, 144
Ignition by battery and coil, 31
Ignition by magneto, 33
Ignition, curing defects of electric, 145
Ignition, defective, 152
Ignition, disadvantages of belated, 28
Ignition, disadvantages of premature, 28
Ignition, effect of lost motion, 146
Ignition, effect of mixture composition on, 28
Ignition, effect of temperature of flame on, 28
Ignition, effect of water on, 136
Ignition, electric, 30, 139
Ignition, electric, regulation of, 145
Ignition, faulty, 143
Ignition for high-pressure engines, 35
Ignition, hot-tube, 159
Ignition, imperfect, 137
Ignition, objections to electric, 31
Ignition of producer-gas, 160
Ignition, premature, 139, 142
Ignition, premature, in high-pressure engines, 158
Ignition, prevention of, by faulty compression, 134
Ignition, proper timing of, 27
Ignition, spontaneous, 140, 159
Ignition, tests prior to starting engine, 129
Ignition-tubes (see Tubes)
Incrustation of water-jacket, 98, 148
Incrustation, prevention of, 107
Incrustations, 255
Indicators, 285
Indicator-records, 127
Induction-coil, 32
Installation, laws governing gas-engine, 86
J
Joints, 125
Joints, care of, 124
L
Laming mass, 246
Laws governing gas-engines, 86
Leakage of pipes, 69
Lift-valve for charging-box, 223
Lignite in producers, 188
Lining, refractory, 211
Lining, support for generator, 214
Loads, consumption at half and full, 62
Location of engine, 68
Lubricate (see Oils)
Lubricating-pumps, 115
Lubrication, 111, 121
Lubrication, difficulties entailed by, 119
Lubrication, faulty, 149
Lubrication of crank-shaft, 117
Lubrication of high-power engine, 116
Lubrication of valve-stem, 119
Lubricator, cotton-waste, 117
Lubricators, automatic, 113
Lubricators, disconnection of, when stopping engine, 132
Lubricators, examination of, before starting, 129
Lubricators, feed of, 121
Lubricators, revolving-ring, 118
Lubricators, sight-feed, 118
Lubricators, types of, 113
M
Magneto, adaptability for producer-gas, 35
Magneto, control of, 38
Magneto, efficiency of, 34
Magneto-igniter, construction of, 35
Magneto ignition, 33
Magneto ignition, precautions to be taken, 34
Magneto, inspection of, before starting engine, 129
Magneto, mechanical control of, 33
Magneto, operation of, 33
Magneto, regulation of, 37
Maintenance of plants, 295
Manograph, 269
Mass, Laming, 246
Meters, capacity of, 70
Meters, dry, 72
Meters, evaporation in wet, 70
Meters, falsification of records, 70
Meters, inclination of, 71
Meters, size of, 71
Misfire, 137
Mixture, effect of high compression in, 155
Mixture, effect of high pressure on, 156
Mixture, governing by varying the, 161-164
Mixture, poorness of, 143
Mixture, pressure of, 26
Mixture-valve, necessity of independence of operation of, 27
Mortar for foundation, 87
Motion, lost, 146
Muffler for exhaust, 86, 94
N
Naphthalene in gas-pipes, 70
Noises, cause of, 92
Noises of exhaust, 94
O
Oilers (see Lubricators)
Oiling (see Lubrication)
Oil, addition of sulphur to, 147
Oil, cylinder, 149
Oil-engines, 264, 265
Oil-engines, governing, 265
Oil-engines, speed of, 264
Oil-engines, writers on, 266
Oil for engine fuel, 264
Oil, freezing of, 150
Oil-guard for fly-wheel, 120
Oil-lamp, 266
Oil, prevention of spreading on fly-wheel, 120
Oil-pumps, 115, 226
Oil, quality of, 150
Oil, splashing of, 119
Oil-tank, 266
Oils, how tested, 112
Oils, mineral for lubrication, 112
Oils, purification of, 113
Oils, quality of, 112
Oils, requisites of, 112
Operation, steadiness of, 52
Otto cycle, 21
Overheating, 152
Overheating, prevention of, 147
P
Pacini treatment, 171
Peat in producers, 188
Perturbations, 134
Petrol (see Oil)
Pipe-hangers, 86
Pipes, 69
Pipes, cross-section of, 70
Pipes, disposition of, 77
Pipes, escape, 228
Pipes, exposure to cold, 69
Pipes for exhaust, 83
Pipes for producer-gas, 249
Pipes for water-tanks, 102, 103, 105
Pipes, hanging of, 86
Pipes, insulation from foundations and walls, 94
Pipes, leakage of, 69
Pipes, minimum diameter of branch, 81
Pipes, proper size of, 70
Piston, 39, 122
Piston, avoidance of insertions or projections, 39
Piston, cleaning of, 141
Piston, curved faces inadvisable, 39
Piston, direct connection with crank-shaft, 43
Piston, finish of, 41
Piston, importance of, 111
Piston, leakage of, 136
Piston, overheating of, 148
Piston, position of, in starting, 130
Piston, rear face of, 39
Piston-pin, construction of bearing at, 40
Piston-pin, location of, 41
Piston-pin, locking of, 40
Piston-pin, lubrication of, 113
Piston-pin, material of, 40, 51
Piston-pin, strength of, 40
Piston-rings, fouling of, 149
Piston-rings, material of, 41
Piston-rings, number of, 41
Piston-rod, effect of premature explosion on, 30
Piston-wear, 40
Poisoning, carbon monoxide, 170
Porcelain of spark-plug, 32
Power, definition of, 60
Power, measuring engine, 285
Power, "Nominal," 61
Precautions to be taken in starting, 128
Pressure, back, to exhaust, 151
Pressure-generators, 169, 177
Pressure in producer-gas engines, 160
Pressure-lubricators, 114
Pressure-producers, 174
Pressure-regulator, bell as, 187
Pressure-regulators, 77
Pressure-regulators, their construction, 78
Pressures, high, in producer-gas engines, 154
Preheaters, 229
Producer, assembling, 253
Producer, Bénier, 216
Producer, Benz, 228, 239, 240
Producer, Bollinckx, 206, 220, 225, 228, 234, 239
Producer, Chavanon, 229
Producer, cleaning of, 261
Producer, Dawson, 174
Producer, Deschamps, 198
Producer, Deutz, 206, 220, 224, 225, 228, 229, 240
Producer, Deutz, 231, 232
Producer, Deutz lignite, 188
Producer, Duff, 195
Producer, Fangé-Chavanon, 198
Producer, Fichet-Heurty, 240, 245
Producer, Gardie, 183
Producer-gas, 153
Producer-gas, 165
Producer-gas as a furnace fuel, 177
Producer-gas, calorific value of, 200
Producer-gas, composition of, 166
Producer-gas plants, tests of, 297
Producer-gas, writers on, 154
Producer, general arrangement of suction, 204
Producer, Goebels, 206
Producer, Hille, 206, 239
Producer, Kiderlen, 206
Producer, Kiderlen, 216
Producer, Koerting, 232
Producer, Lencauchez, 212, 214
Producer, Phœnix, 217
Producer, Pierson, 224, 229
Producer, Pintsch, 206, 216, 224, 231, 232, 239, 245, 248
Producer, Riché, 168, 190, 193, 195, 216
Producer (see also Generator)
Producer, stoppage of, 261
Producer, Taylor, 206, 214, 225, 231, 232
Producer, test by smoke, 254
Producer, test of Deutz, 298
Producer, test of Dowson, 296
Producer, tests of Winterthur, 297
Producer, Thwaite, 195
Producer, Wiedenfeld, 206, 216, 220, 225, 234, 239
Producer, Winterthur, 225, 228, 236
Producers, advantages of suction, 199
Producers, combustion, 193
Producers, conditions of perfect operation, 251
Producers, consumption of suction, 200
Producers, distilling, 190
Producers, efficiency of, 201
Producers, efficiency of lignite, 190
Producers, efficiency of wood, 194
Producers, lignite, 188
Producers, maintenance of, 254
Producers, peat, 188
Producers, pressure, 174
Producers, self-reducing, 193
Producers, specifications of, 281
Producers, suction, 199
Producers, suction (see also Suction-producers)
Producers, tests of, 297
Producers with external vaporizers, 206
Production of gas, 173
Pulley, disconnection of, in stopping engine, 132
Pump, circulating with by-pass, 106
Purifier, fiber, 185
Purifier, Fichet-Heurtey, 245
Purifier, material for, 245
Purifier, moss, 185
Purifier, Pintsch, 245
Purifier, sawdust, 185
Purifiers for gas, 184
Purifiers for producer-gas, 244
R
Recorder, analysis of inertia of explosion, 277
Recorder, explosion, for industrial engines, 285
Recorder, the continuous explosion, 269
Records of engines, 284
Records of explosions, 288
Records, indicator, 127
Regrinding of valves, 122
Regularity, cyclic, 48, 53
Remagnetization of magnetos, 33
Resuscitation after asphyxiation, 171
Retort, cleaning of, 225
Retort of producer, 190
Retort, support, 214
Revolutions, variations in number of, 52
Rollers, 51
Running, steadiness of, 52
S
Sand for foundation, 87
Sawdust in producers, 193
Scavenging, 142, 155
Scrubber, 189, 199
Scrubber, combined with gas-holder, 186
Scrubber for producer-gas, 240
Scrubber, size of, 253
Selection of gas-engine, 21
Shavings in producers, 193
Slide-valve for charging-box, 223
Slide-valve, its disadvantages, 23
Sluice-valves, 101
Smoke from cylinder, 149
Spark-plug, 32
Specifications of engines, 281
Specifications of producers, 281
Speed, how to increase, 124
Speed of oil-engines, 264
Speed of volatile hydrocarbon engines, 264
Speed, variation of, with load, 52
Spokes of fly-wheels, 49
Spring for valves (see Valves)
Springs, selection of, for explosion-recorder, 277
Starter, Tangye, 65
Starting an engine, 128
Starting, automatic, 63, 130
Starting by compressed air, 64
Starting by hand, 63
Starting by hand-pumps, 64
Starting, difficulties in, 134
Starting, how accomplished, 66
Starting of producer-gas engine, 258
Steadiness, 52
Steam-engine, cost of installation, 19
Steam-engine, cost of operation, 19
Stoppage of producer, 261
Stopping the engine, 132
Stops, sudden, 151
Straw in producers, 193, 254
Street-gas, 165
Suction, determination of resistance to, 274
Suction, noises caused by, 141
Suction of air, 81
Suction period, 21
Suction-producer, general arrangement of, 204
Suction-producers, 199
Suction-producers, advantages of, 199
Suction-producers, efficiency of, 201
Suction-valve, leakage of, 142
Super-heater, Winterthur, 236
Sylvester treatment, 171
T
Tanks, connection of, 105
Tanks, design of, 103
Tanks, location of, 102
Tanks for water-jacket, how mounted, 101
Tar in producer-plants, 200
Tar, removal of, 250
Tar (see also Scrubber, Purifier, etc.)
Taylor, A., 199
Terminals of magneto apparatus, 34
Tests of gas-engine plants, 283
Tests of high-speed engines, 268
Tests of producer-gas engines, 297
Thrust-bearings, 51
Tongue, traction of, in asphyxiation cases, 172
Tower, washer, 244
Town-gas (see Street-gas)
Tree branches for coolers, 107
Trepidations, 92
Tube, gas-supply pipe of incandescent, 77
Tube, incandescent, 27
Tube, incandescent, adjustment of, 144
Tube, incandescent, breakage of, 137
Tube, incandescent, danger of breaking, 131
Tube, incandescent, how started, 128
Tube, incandescent, leakage of, 138
Tubes as vaporizers, 231
Tubes, incandescent, 28, 159
Tubes, incandescent, valved, 29
Tubes, use of special valves with incandescent, 29
Tubes, valveless ignition, 28
V
Valve-chests, 124
Valve mechanism, slide, 23
Valve-regrinding, 122, 135
Valve-stem lubrication, 119
Valves, 122
Valves, accessibility of, 25
Valves, cooling of, 25
Valves, cooling of, in high-pressure engines, 156
Valves, defective operation of, 135
Valves, free, 27
Valves, mechanical control of, 27
Valves, modern, 24
Valves, necessity of cleanliness, 25
Valves, regulation of, before starting, 129
Valves, requisites of, 25
Valves, retardation in action of, 146
Vaporizer, Bollinckx, 234
Vaporizer, Chavanon, 229, 234
Vaporizer, Deutz, 231, 232, 229, 225
Vaporizer, Field, 233
Vaporizer, internal, 206
Vaporizer, Koerting, 232
Vaporizer, maintenance of, 255
Vaporizer, operation of, 234
Vaporizer, Pierson, 229
Vaporizer, Pintsch, 231, 232
Vaporizer-preheaters, 229
Vaporizer, size of, 253
Vaporizer, Taylor, 231, 232
Vaporizer, Wiedenfeld, 225, 234
Vaporizers, external, 206, 230
Vaporizers, internal, 229
Vaporizers, partition, 234
Vaporizers, regulation of, 236
Vaporizers, tubular, 231
Ventilation in engine-room, 69
Vibration, 89
Vibration of air, 92
Vibration, prevention of, 89, 90
W
Water circulation, 98, 107, 125
Water circulation by pump, 107
Water circulation, care during operation, 132
Water circulation, how effected, 102
Water circulation, prevention of freezing, 133
Water-coolers, 106
Water-coolers, size of, 109
Water for circulation, 99
Water for producer-gas engines, 203
Water-gas, 153, 167
Water in cylinder, 136
Water in exhaust, 136
Water-jacket, 41, 98, 125, 157
Water-jacket, incrustation of, 148
Water-jacket, outlet of, 98
Water-jacket, prevention of incrustation, 107
Water-pipe, 102
Water, purification of, for circulation, 98
Water, running, for jacket, 98
Water-tanks, 101
Water-tanks, connection of, 103, 105
Water-tanks, design of, 103
Water-tanks, location of, 102
Washer, Benz, 240
Washer, combined with gas-holder, 186
Washer, Deutz, 240
Washer, Fichet-Heurtey, 240
Washer for gas, 199
Washer for producer-gas, 240
Washer, maintenance of, 256
Washer, material employed in, 242
Washer, Winterthur, 240
Washers, 184
Wear, premature, 146
Witz apparatus, 284
Wood as fuel, 254
Wood, calorific value, 194
Wood-gas, 153, 168
Wood-gas, purification of, 195
Wood in producers, 190, 192, 193
Work, definition of effective, 60

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INDEX