| |
| GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. |
| |
| ARTICLE FIRST. |
| |
| FORMS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE. |
| |
| PAGE |
| Curved direction of the fibres.—They do not arise from
the fibrous system.—Varieties of the muscular forms,
according to the organs. |
4 |
| |
| ARTICLE SECOND. |
| |
|
ORGANIZATION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE. |
| General difference of organization from the preceding
muscles. |
5 |
| I. Peculiar Texture. |
|
General arrangement of the muscular fibre.—Analogy
with the preceding and difference.
|
6 |
| II. Common Parts. |
|
Cellular Texture.—Blood vessels.—Nerves of the ganglions
and of the brain.—Proportion of each class.
|
8 |
| |
|
ARTICLE THIRD. |
| |
| PROPERTIES OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE.
|
| I. Properties of Texture. |
| Extensibility.—Particular character of this property in
the organic muscles.—In aneurisms of the heart and in
pregnancy, it is not the extensibility that is brought into
action.—Remarks upon this subject. |
10 |
| Contractility.—It is in proportion to extensibility.—The
substances contained in the hollow muscles are their
antagonists.—Remarks. |
14 |
| II. Vital Properties. |
| Sensibility.—Of the lassitude of the organic muscles.—Remarks
upon hunger. |
15 |
| Animal Contractility.—It is nothing in these muscles.—Different,
experiments.—Observations.—Of the muscles
in part voluntary and in part organic.—Experiments.—Remarks
upon the bladder, rectum, &c.—Absence of
the nervous influence upon the organic muscles. |
17 |
| Organic Properties.—General Remarks. |
24 |
| Of sensible organic contractility considered under the relation
of the stimuli. |
25 |
| Natural stimuli.—Different observations.—Remarks upon
the fluids and solids.—Influence of the quality and
quantity of the fluids upon the hollow muscles. ib. |
| Artificial stimuli.—Action of these stimuli.—Different
modes of action.—Limits of the horny hardening and
vital contraction. |
28 |
| Of sensible organic contractility, considered in relation to
the organs. |
31 |
| First variety. Diversity of the muscular texture.—Each
muscle is particularly in relation with some determinate
substance.—Application of this principle to the
natural and foreign fluids. ib. |
| Second variety. Age.—Vivacity of the contractility in infancy.—Consequences.—Opposite
phenomenon in old age. |
33 |
| Third Variety. Temperament.—Difference of individuals
in regard to organic muscular force.—This force is not
always in relation to the animal muscular force.—It
cannot be increased like it by habit. |
34 |
| Fourth Variety. Sex. |
35 |
| Fifth Variety. Season and climate. |
36 |
| Sensible organic contractility considered in relation to the action
of stimulants upon the organs.—The constant existence
of an intermediate organ for this action.—Nature
of this intermediate organ. ib. |
| Sensible organic contractility considered in relation to its duration
after death.—Difference of this duration according
to the kind of death.—Remarks. |
38 |
| Sympathies.—Sympathies of the heart.—Sympathies of
the stomach.—Remarks upon bilious vomitings.—General
observations.—Sympathies of the intestines, the
bladder, &c. |
40 |
| Character of the vital properties.—Vital energy very considerable
in this system.—Its affections act upon its
predominant vital force.—The infrequency of the affections
which suppose a derangement of the organic
properties. |
44 |
| |
| ARTICLE FOURTH. |
| |
| PHENOMENA OF THE ACTION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ORGANIC
LIFE.
|
| I. Force of Contractions. |
|
Difference from the force of contraction of the preceding
system.—It is greater in the vital phenomena than in
experiments.—Inaccuracy of calculations.
|
46 |
| II. Quickness of the Contractions. |
|
In experiments.—During life.—Comparison with the
quickness of the preceding muscles.
|
49 |
| III. Duration of the Contractions. |
50 |
| IV. State of the Muscles in Contraction. |
| Difference in this respect between the heart and the gastric
muscles. |
ib. |
| V. Motions imparted by the Organic Muscles. |
51 |
| VI. Phenomena of the Relaxation of the Organic Muscles. |
|
Differences of this relaxation from the active dilatation of
the muscles.—Proofs of the phenomena of this dilatation.
|
52 |
| |
|
ARTICLE FIFTH. |
| |
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE.
|
| I. State of this System in the Fœtus. |
|
Predominance of the heart.—State of the other muscles.—Weakness
of the organic contractility at this age.
|
55 |
| II. State of the Organic Muscular System during Growth. |
|
General increase of action at birth.—Of the growth in
thickness and of that in length.—Their differences.
|
58 |
| III. State of the Organic Muscular System after Growth. |
61 |
| IV. State of the Organic Muscular System in Old Age. |
|
This system outlives, if we may so say, the preceding.—Phenomenon
resulting from its weakness.
|
62 |
| |
| MUCOUS SYSTEM. |
| |
| ARTICLE FIRST. |
| |
| OF THE DIVISIONS AND FORMS OF THE MUCOUS SYSTEM. |
| I. Of the two general Mucous Membranes, the Gastro-pulmonary
and the Genito-urinary. |
|
Difference of these two membranes.—Their relation.
|
66 |
| II. Adhering Surface of the Mucous Membranes. |
|
Its relations.—It is everywhere subjacent to the muscles.—Sub-mucous
texture.—Experiments. |
69 |
| III. Free surface of the Mucous Membranes. |
|
Of the folds it exhibits.—1st. Of those which comprehend
all the membranes.—2d. Of those which are permanent
upon the mucous surface.—3d. Of those which are
owing to a state of vacuity of the hollow organs.—Different
experiments.—The extent of the mucous surfaces
is always nearly the same, whatever may be the
state of their organs.—Relation of their free surface
with external bodies.—Their sensibility is accommodated
to this relation.—The term foreign body is merely
comparative. |
70 |
| |
| ARTICLE SECOND. |
| |
| ORGANIZATION OF THE MUCOUS SYSTEM.
|
| I. Texture peculiar to this Organization. |
| What it presents for consideration. |
|
Mucous Corion.—Its variable thickness.—Mucous nature
of the membrane of the ear.—Pathological consequences.—Softness
of the mucous texture.—Action of
the air, water, caloric, the acids and the digestive juices
upon the mucous texture. |
76 |
| Mucous papillæ.—Their varieties of form.—Their nervous
nature.—Proofs of this nervous nature.—Their influence
upon the sensibility of the mucous organs. |
83 |
| II. Common Parts. |
| Of the mucous glands and the fluids which they secrete.—Situation.—Forms.—Size.—Texture. |
86 |
| Mucous fluids.—Physical properties.—Action of different
agents upon them.—Their functions.—Parts in which
they are most abundant and those in which they are
less so.—Susceptibility of being increased by any irritation
made upon their excretories.—Consequences.—Remarks
upon the excitement of the mucous surfaces
in diseases.—Uses of the mucous membranes in relation
to the habitual evacuation of their fluids.—General
remarks upon the secreted fluids.—Singular sensation
arising from the continuance of the mucous fluids
upon their respective surfaces. |
88 |
| Blood vessels.—Their varieties of proportion.—Their
superficial position.—Consequence.—Redness of the
mucous system.—It often loses it.—Experiments upon
the state of the mucous vessels in the fulness and vacuity
of their hollow organs.—Other experiments upon
the influence of the gases upon the colour of the mucous
system.—Causes of its redness.—Colouring substance
combined and free. |
96 |
| Exhalants.—Is there exhalation upon the mucous system?—Pulmonary
exhalation.—A great part of the pulmonary
perspiration arises from the solution of the mucous
juices.—Other mucous exhalations.—Hemorrhages. |
105 |
| Absorbents.—Proofs of the mucous absorption.—Irregularity
of this absorption.—Cause of this irregularity. |
107 |
| Nerves.—Those of the brain.—Those of the ganglions.—Their
respective distribution upon this system. |
108 |
| |
| ARTICLE THIRD. |
| |
| PROPERTIES OF THE MUCOUS SYSTEM.
|
| I. Properties of Texture. |
|
They are less than they at first seem to be.—They are
however real.—Their variety.—The mucous ducts are
not obliterated by the contractility of texture when
they are empty.
|
109 |
| II. Vital properties. |
| Properties of animal life.—Acute sensibility of the mucous
system.—Influence of habit upon this property.—Consequences
of this remark.—Mucous sensibility in inflammations. |
111 |
| Properties of organic life.—Organic sensibility and insensible
contractility are very evident here.—Why.—Consequences
as it respects diseases.—Varieties of these
properties.-Species of sensible organic contractility in
the mucous texture. |
114 |
| Sympathies.—How we shall divide them. |
117 |
| Active Sympathies.—Example of these sympathies for
each vital property. |
118 |
| Passive Sympathies.—The predominant ones are those of
insensible organic contractility.—Why. |
120 |
| Character of the vital properties.—Vital activity of this system.—Its
varieties.—Consequences as it regards diseases.—Remarks
upon the stomachic sympathies. |
123 |
| |
|
ARTICLE FOURTH. |
| |
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUCOUS SYSTEM.
|
| I. State of the Mucous System in the First Age. |
|
It follows the state of the organs to which it belongs.—Delicacy
of the papillæ.—The mucous redness is then
deeper.—Sudden change at birth.—Why.—Phenomenon
of puberty.
|
125 |
| II. State of the Mucous System in the After Ages. |
|
Its phenomena in the adult.—Its phenomena in old age.
|
129 |
| |
| SEROUS SYSTEM. |
| |
|
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
|
| |
| ARTICLE FIRST. |
| |
|
OF THE EXTENT, FORMS AND FLUIDS OF THE SEROUS SYSTEM. |
| General arrangement of its membranes.—Of the serous
surface considered in general.—Every serous membrane
is a sac without an opening. |
131 |
| I. Free Surface of the Serous Membranes. |
|
It is smooth and polished.—This attribute is foreign to
compression.—This surface insulates the organs to
which the serous surfaces belong.—Its influence upon
the motion of these organs.—Adhesions of the serous
surfaces.—Their division.
|
134 |
| II. Adhering Surface of the Serous System. |
|
Means of union.—The serous membranes often change relations
with their organs.—This is owing to the laxity
of the adhesions.—Adhesions more close.
|
140 |
| III. Serous Fluids. |
|
Their quantity.—Varieties of this quantity.—Experiments.—Morbid
varieties.—Nature of these fluids.
|
142 |
| |
| ARTICLE SECOND. |
| |
| ORGANIZATION OF THE SEROUS SYSTEM. |
|
The serous membranes have but one layer.—Its colour.—Its
thickness.
|
144 |
| I. Cellular nature of the Serous Texture. |
|
Proofs of this cellular nature.—Experiments by maceration,
ebullition, desiccation, stewing and putrefaction.—Differences
between the cellular and serous textures.
|
145 |
| II. Parts common to the organization of the Serous System. |
| Exhalants.—Various proofs of serous exhalation. |
149 |
| Absorbents.—Proofs of serous absorption.—Experiments.—Mode
of origin of the absorbents. |
150 |
| Blood vessels.—The serous membranes have but very few
of them.—Those which are subjacent do not belong to
them.—Proofs. |
151 |
| III. Varieties of Organization of the Serous System. |
|
Different examples of these varieties.—Consequences in
regard to diseases.—Remarks upon the pericardium.—Common
characters.
|
153 |
| |
| ARTICLE THIRD. |
| |
| PROPERTIES OF THE SEROUS SYSTEM.
|
| I. Properties of Texture. |
| Extensibility.—It is less than it at first seems to be.—Why.—Use
of the folds of the serous membranes.—Of their
displacement.—Pain from these displacements in inflammation. |
155 |
| Contractility.—Less than it appears to be.—It is however
real. |
156 |
| II. Vital Properties. |
|
They enjoy but little animal sensibility.—Why.—Experiments.—The
organic properties are very sensible.—Consequences.
|
157 |
| Sympathies.—Various examples.—Remarks upon sympathetic
exhalations.—Remark upon the serum of dead bodies. |
158 |
| |
| ARTICLE FOURTH. |
| |
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEROUS SYSTEM.
|
| I. State of this System in the First Age. |
|
Extreme tenuity of the surfaces.—Quantity of the fluids.—Quality.—Changes
at birth.—Experiments.
|
161 |
| II. State of the Serous System in the After Ages. |
|
The serous surfaces obey the laws of their respective
organs.—Increased density in old age.—Ossification
rare.
|
162 |
| III. Preternatural Development of the Serous System. |
|
Various observations.
|
164 |
| |
| SYNOVIAL SYSTEM. |
| |
|
Points of resemblance between this system and the preceding.—Its
division.
|
165 |
| |
|
ARTICLE FIRST. |
| |
| ARTICULAR SYNOVIAL SYSTEM. |
| I. How the Synovia is separated from the mass of blood. |
| There are three ways in which fluids may be separated
from the blood.
|
| Is the Synovia transmitted by secretion to the articular surfaces?—Negative
proofs.—Of the pretended synovial
glands.—Experiments. |
| Is the Synovia transmitted by transudation to the articular surfaces?—Negative
proofs.—Another opinion. |
| Is the Synovia transmitted by exhalation to the articular surfaces?—Positive
proofs.—Analogy between the exhaled fluids and the synovia.—Consequences. |
167 |
| II. Remarks upon the Synovia. |
|
Its quantity.—It varies a little.—Rare alterations of this
fluid.—Its difference from the serous fluids.
|
173 |
| III. Of the Synovial Membranes. |
| Forms.—They represent sacs without an opening.—Difference
from the fibrous capsules.—These capsules
are wanting in the greatest number of articulations.—Experiments.—Proofs
of the synovial membrane where
it adheres. |
175 |
| Organization.—Analogy with the serous surfaces.—Structure
of the pretended synovial glands. |
180 |
| Properties.—Properties of texture.—Vital properties.—Experiments.—The
synovial system is foreign to most
diseases. |
182 |
| Functions.—They are foreign to the solidity of the articulation.—They
have relation only to the synovia. |
183 |
| Natural Development.—State of the synovial membrane in
infancy, adult and old age. |
184 |
| Preternatural Development.—Remarks upon this development. |
185 |
| |
| ARTICLE SECOND. |
| |
| SYNOVIAL SYSTEM OF THE TENDONS. |
| It is often confounded with the preceding. |
186 |
| Forms; relations; synovial fluid.—Forms of sacs without
an opening.—Varieties of these forms.—Smooth and
adhering surface.—Relation with the tendon.—Preternatural
increase of the fluid. |
186 |
| Organization, properties, development.—Their phenomena
are analogous to those of the preceding system.—Remarks
upon the affections of this kind of synovial membranes. |
189 |
| |
| GLANDULAR SYSTEM. |
| |
|
General observations.—What a gland is.
|
193 |
| |
| ARTICLE FIRST. |
| |
| SITUATION, FORMS, DIVISION, &c. OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM.
|
|
Sub-cutaneous and deep position.—Relation of the position
of the glands with their excretion.—Varieties of the
glandular forms.—Distinction of these varieties.—External
surface of the glands. |
194 |
| |
| ARTICLE SECOND. |
| |
| ORGANIZATION OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM.
|
| I. Texture peculiar to the Organization of this System. |
|
The fibrous arrangement is foreign to the glands.—There
is but little resistance in the glandular texture.—Triple
arrangement of this texture.—Uncertainty of the researches
upon its nature.—Different experiments upon
this texture.—Desiccation.—Peculiar effect of stewing.—Roasting.—Maceration.—Action
of the acids, gastric juice, &c. |
198 |
| Of the excretories, their origin, divisions, &c. of the glandular
reservoirs.—Origin.—Course.—Division of the glands
into three classes, in regard to the termination of their
excretories.—Of the reservoirs.—What supplies their
place when they are wanting.—Motion of the fluids in
the excretories. |
204 |
| Size, direction and termination of the excretories.—All the
excretories open upon the mucous or cutaneous systems.—Observations
upon the intestinal canal. |
206 |
| Remarks upon the secreted fluids.—They can re-enter the
circulation.—Various experiments on this subject.—Consequences. |
208 |
| Structure of the excretories.—Internal membrane.—External
texture. |
213 |
| II. Parts common to the Organization of the Glandular
System. |
| Cellular Texture.—Division of the glands into two classes,
in regard to this texture.—Serum and fat of this texture.—Fatty
livers. |
214 |
| Blood vessels.—Different ways in which they enter the
glands, according as they are or are not surrounded
with membranes.—Course of the arteries in the glands.—Veins.—They
pour their blood into the general black
blood.—Reflux from the heart to the glands. |
216 |
| Of the blood of the glands.—Division of the glands into
three classes, as it regards the fluid which penetrates
them.—Great quantity of blood contained in the liver
and the kidney.—Variety as it respects secretion. |
219 |
| Nerves.—Of those of the ganglions and of the cerebral
ones.—Their proportion.—How they enter the glands.—Secretion
is independent of nervous influence. |
221 |
| Exhalants and absorbents. |
223 |
| |
| ARTICLE THIRD. |
| |
| PROPERTIES OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM.
|
| I. Properties of Texture. |
|
They are inconsiderable.—Proofs.—New remarks upon
the reflux of the black blood in the glands.
|
224 |
| II. Vital Properties. |
| Properties of animal life.—Experiments upon animal sensibility.—Varieties
of the results. |
226 |
| Properties of organic life.—The insensible contractility
and the corresponding sensibility are the predominant
ones.—Their influence upon secretion.—Varieties of
the secreted fluids.—Organic affections of the glands.—Remarks. |
227 |
| Sympathies. |
230 |
| Passive sympathies.—Various examples.—Sympathies the
causes of which act at the extremity of the excretories.—Influence
of the passive sympathies of the glands
in diseases.—Remark upon that of each gland. |
| Active Sympathies.—Various remarks. |
| Characters of the vital properties. |
235 |
| First character.—Life peculiar to each gland.—Proofs of
this peculiar life.—Of its influence in a state of health
and disease. |
| Second character.—Remission of the glandular life.—The
glands have a species of sleep.—Various examples. |
238 |
| Third character.—The glandular life is never simultaneously
raised in the whole system.—Application of this remark
to the digestive order.—Advantage of the artificial excitement
of the glands in diseases. |
239 |
| Fourth character.—Influence of climate and season upon
the glandular life.—The sweat and many secreted fluids
are opposite to each other in this respect. |
241 |
| Fifth character.—Influence of sex upon the glandular
life. |
242 |
| |
| ARTICLE FOURTH. |
| |
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM.
|
| I. State of this System in the Fœtus. |
|
The glands are very conspicuous at this age.—Yet the
secretions are not great.
|
243 |
| II. State of this System during Growth. |
|
Suddenly increased activity at birth.—Yet it is not the
glandular system which predominates in the first age.—Remarks
upon its diseases.—The mucous and lachrymal
glands are the most frequently in action in infancy.
|
244 |
| III. State of this System after Growth. |
|
Period of puberty.—Its influence upon the glands.—Influence
of the glands of digestion at the adult age.
|
247 |
| IV. State of this System in old Age. |
|
Of the change in the texture of the glands from the
effect of age.—Many glands still secrete much fluid in
old age.—Relation of this phenomenon with nutrition.
|
249 |
| |
| DERMOID SYSTEM. |
| |
|
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
|
| |
| ARTICLE FIRST. |
| |
| FORMS OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.
|
| I. External Surface of the Dermoid System. |
|
Various folds of this surface.—Their different nature.
|
254 |
| II. Internal Surface of the Dermoid System. |
|
Its relations.—Absence of the fleshy pannicle in man.—Consequences. |
256 |
| |
|
ARTICLE SECOND. |
| |
| ORGANIZATION OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.
|
| I. Texture peculiar to the Organization. |
| Chorion.—Its thickness in the different regions.—Its structure.—Method
of seeing it.—Variety of this structure
according to the regions.—Small spaces of the chorion.—Fibres.—Their
nature.—It approximates that of the
fibrous texture.—Yet it differs from it.—The chorion is
foreign to the functions of the skin relative to animal
and organic life. |
258 |
| Of the reticular body.—Idea that has been formed of it.—What
it is.—Vascular net-work.—Colouring substance.—Analogy
among the diversity of races.—How this
diversity should be considered.—Of the cases in which
the blood enters the reticular body.—Singular property
of the vessels of the face of receiving more than the
others.—Cause of this phenomenon.—Triple means of
expression of the passions.—Relation between the
tendency of the facial capillary system to receive blood
and diseases.—Double state of the reticular body.—Phenomena
at the instant of death.—Experiments. |
266 |
| Papillæ.—Situations.—The cutaneous prominences must
not be taken for them.—Experiments to prove the nature
of these prominences.—Their varieties.—Forms
and nervous structure of the papillæ. |
273 |
| Action of different bodies upon the dermoid texture. |
276 |
| Action of light.—Men whiten like plants.—Examples. ib. |
| Action of caloric.—Effects which it produces on the skin
during life according to its different degrees.—Effect of
cold.—General remarks upon gangrene and antiseptics.—False
opinions of authors. |
277 |
| Action of the air.—Remarks upon the influence of this
fluid upon the evaporation of the transpiration.—It is
foreign to this function itself.—Desiccation of the skin
by the air.—Its putrefaction. |
282 |
| Action of water.—General uses of baths.—Their use is
natural.—Maceration of the skin.—Pulpy state.—Stewing
of the skin.—Mode of horny hardening.—Vesicles
that arise the instant it takes place.—Other phenomena
of stewing. |
285 |
| Action of the acids, alkalies, and other substances.—Various
experiments with reagents.—Remarks. |
290 |
| II. Parts common to the Organization of the Dermoid
System. |
| Cellular texture.—Manner in which it is distributed.—Remarks
upon biles.—Sometimes it is wholly destroyed.—Appearance
which the skin then has.—Remarks upon
leucophlegmasia. |
291 |
| Blood vessels.—Manner in which they are distributed.—Dilatation
of the veins in some cases. |
293 |
| Nerves.—Mode of their distribution. |
294 |
| Absorbents.—Proofs of cutaneous absorption.—Absorption
of virus.—Table of this absorption.—Varieties it experiences.—Absorption
of medicines.—Experiments.—Character
of irregularity of the cutaneous absorptions.—To
what this character is owing.—Influence of weakness
on this absorption. |
294 |
| Exhalants.—Mode of distribution.—Cutaneous exhalations.—Uncertainty
of calculations upon this point.—Relation
of this exhalation with the secretions.—Relation
with the pulmonary exhalation.—Experiment upon this
last exhalation.—Remarks upon the causes of many
coughs.—Defect of evaporation of the fluid deposited
upon the bronchia.—The cutaneous exhalants vary.—Are
they under the nervous influence?—This does not
appear probable. |
299 |
| Sebaceous Glands.—Oily fluid of the skin.—Its quantity.—Its
varieties.—Its sources.—We have but few data as it
regards the sebaceous glands. |
305 |
| |
| ARTICLE THIRD. |
| |
| PROPERTIES OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.
|
| I. Properties of Texture. |
|
They are very evident.—They are often less than they
seem to be.—Phenomena of extensibility and contractility. |
308 |
| II. Vital Properties. |
| Properties of animal life.—Sensibility.—Of the feeling.—Of
the touch.—Its characters.—Its differences from the
other senses.—Seat of cutaneous sensibility.—The mode.—Pain
peculiar to the skin.—Influence of habit upon
this sensibility.—Various reflections.—Diminution of
the cutaneous sensibility. |
311 |
| Properties of organic life.—They are especially organic
sensibility and insensible contractility.—Phenomena
over which they preside.—Division of cutaneous diseases.—Excitants
of the cutaneous organic sensibility.—Sensible
organic contractility is but slightly apparent. |
318 |
| Sympathies.—Passive Sympathies.—Different examples and
remarks upon the sympathies of heat.—General remarks
upon the sensations of heat and cold.—Influence
of sympathies upon the sweat. |
322 |
| Active Sympathies.—These sympathies are relative to each
of the classes of diseases pointed out above.—Various
examples.—General remarks. |
326 |
| Characters of the vital properties.—First character.—The
cutaneous life varies in each region.—Varieties of animal
sensibility.—Varieties in the organic properties. |
331 |
| Second character.—Intermission in one relation, continuity in
another.—The peculiar life of the skin is intermittent
as it respects the functions of relation.—Its continuity
as it respects its organic functions. |
332 |
| Third character.—Influence of sex. |
333 |
| Fourth character.—Influence of temperament. |
334 |
| |
| ARTICLE FOURTH. |
| |
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM. |
| I. State of this System in the Fœtus. |
|
A gluey covering in the first periods.—Absence of certain
wrinkles in the fœtus.—Laxity of adhesion.—State of
the vital properties of the skin of the fœtus.—Its functions
at this age.
|
335 |
| II. State of this System during Growth. |
|
Sudden revolution at birth.—Entrance of the red blood
into the skin.—Consequences.—State of the cutaneous
vital forces in infancy.—State of the cutaneous texture.
|
337 |
| III. State of the Dermoid System after Growth. |
|
Increasing proportion of the fibrous substance, and decreasing
proportion of the gelatinous.—Remark upon
the diseases and affections of the skin.
|
341 |
| IV. State of the Dermoid System in Old Age. |
|
State of the cutaneous texture.—Phenomena which arise
from it.—State of the vital forces.—State of the functions.
|
344 |
| |
|
EPIDERMOID SYSTEM. |
|
General Observations.—Division.
|
349 |
| |
| ARTICLE FIRST. |
| |
| OF THE EXTERNAL EPIDERMIS. |
|
I. Forms, Relations with the Dermis, &c. |
|
Wrinkles.—Pores.—Adhesion to the skin.—Means of destroying
this adhesion.—Arrangement. |
350 |
|
II. Organization, Composition, &c.
Uniform thickness in most parts.—Remarkable thickness
on the foot and the hand.—Consequences of this thickness.—Experiments
upon the colour of negroes.—Epidermoid
texture.—Its peculiar nature.—Action of the
air, water, caloric, the acids, the alkalies, &c. upon the
epidermoid texture. |
353 |
| III. Properties. |
|
Extensibility.—The animal properties are foreign to the
epidermis.—It appears to be destitute also of organic
properties.—Continual destruction of the epidermis.—Its
reproduction when it is removed.
|
360 |
| IV. Development. |
|
State of the epidermis in the fœtus, the adult and the old
person.
|
364 |
| |
| ARTICLE SECOND. |
| |
|
INTERNAL EPIDERMIS. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS UPON THIS EPIDERMIS.
|
| I. Epidermis of the origin of the Mucous Surfaces. |
|
It is very distinct.—Proofs of its existence.—Its reproduction.—Its
nature.
|
366 |
| II. Epidermis of the deep Surfaces. |
|
Uncertainty of its existence.—Experiments.—Membranes
that are sometimes thrown off.—It appears that it is not
the epidermis.
|
367 |
| |
| ARTICLE THIRD. |
| |
| OF THE NAILS. |
| I. Form, Extent, Relations, &c. |
|
Of the habit of cutting the nails.—Anterior, middle and
posterior portions of the nail.—Superior and inferior
surfaces.—Of the texture which supports the nail. |
369 |
|
II. Organization, Properties, &c. |
|
Of the laminæ which form the nails.—Of their arrangement.—Their
analogy with the epidermis.—Obscurity
of the vital properties.—Facility with which the nails,
epidermis, &c. are coloured. |
373 |
| Development.—State of the nails in the fœtus, the adult,
and the old person. |
376 |
| |
| PILOUS SYSTEM. |
| |
|
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
|
| |
| ARTICLE FIRST. |
| |
| EXAMINATION OF THE PILOUS SYSTEM IN THE DIFFERENT REGIONS.
|
| I. Pilous System of the Head. |
|
General observations.
|
379 |
| Of the Hair.—Its length, situation, limits, influence on
physiognomy, variety according to sex, uses, thickness,
fundamental colours, shades, and influence on temperament. |
381 |
| Eyebrows.—Their general arrangement.—Their motions. |
386 |
| Eyelashes.—Their form, arrangement, &c. |
387 |
| Beard.—It is the attribute of the male.—Its relations with
strength.—Of our habits in relation to the beard. |
388 |
| II. Of the Pilous System of the Trunk. |
|
Its varieties according to the regions.
|
390 |
| III. Pilous System of the Extremities. |
|
Its varieties.—It is wanting on the palms of the hands and
the soles of the feet. |
ib. |
| |
|
ARTICLE SECOND. |
| ORGANIZATION OF THE PILOUS SYSTEM.
|
| |
| I. Origin of the Hairs. |
|
Of the membranous canal which encloses this origin.—Relation
of the hair with this canal.—Organization of
this.—Swelling of the hair and its origin.—Its course
to the exterior.
|
391 |
| II. External Covering of the Hairs. |
|
Analogy of this covering with the epidermis.—Its differences.—Action
of the different agents upon this covering.—Its
external arrangement.
|
394 |
| III. Internal Substance of the Hairs. |
|
We are ignorant of its nature.—Capillaries of the hairs of
the head.—Their colouring substance.—The internal
substance of the hairs of the head is essentially subjected
to the influence of the vital phenomena.—Proof of
this assertion.—This distinguishes it from the external
covering.
|
396 |
| |
| ARTICLE THIRD. |
| |
| PROPERTIES OF THE PILOUS SYSTEM. |
|
It undergoes but little horny hardening.—Of curling.—The
properties of texture slightly marked.—The animal
ones are nothing.—The organic are a little more
evident. |
401 |
| |
| ARTICLE FOURTH. |
| |
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE PILOUS SYSTEM.
|
| I. State of this System in the First Age. |
|
Of the down of the fœtus.—The growth of the hairs is
then the reverse of that of the other parts.—Their
growth after birth.—Their colours are a little deeper
in infancy.
|
403 |
| II. State of the Pilous System in the following Ages. |
|
Revolution at puberty.—Of the hairs which then appear.—There
are but few changes in the following ages.
|
404 |
| III. State of the Pilous System in Old Age. |
|
Of the hairs which die first.—Of the whiteness which
they then assume.—They grow in this state.—Why.—Do
they grow after death.—General differences of animate
and inanimate bodies in their decay.
|
405 |
| IV. Preternatural Development. |
|
Development upon the mucous surfaces, upon the skin
and in cysts.
|
408 |
