The thesis investigates causes of past glacial and broader geological climate changes by examining geological evidence, fossil and moraine records, and the limits of correlation between continents. It reviews and critiques astronomical explanations, emphasizes the role of atmospheric composition and solar factors over orbital distance in controlling heat trapping, and considers how interpretation of stratigraphy and fossil plants informs climate reconstruction. The work argues for reevaluating prevailing theories and offers a physical explanation integrating terrestrial geography, atmospheric processes, and solar influences.