SUBJECT INDEX
Notes: Phrases consisting of an adjective and a noun, or of a noun and a noun, are entered in their alphabetical place according to the first word. For example, “electrostatic storage tube” is under e, and “punch card” is under p.
- A field, 99
- A tape, 82-3
- abacus, 17-9, 133, 220
- abax (Greek), 18
- absolute value, 101, 222
- accumulator, 115-6
- accumulator decade, 118
- accuracy, 67, 89
- acetylcholine, 3
- add output, 120
- addend, 223
- adder, 77
- adder mechanism, 77-8
- adding, 24-5, 27, 37, 55, 100, 119, 139
- addition circuit, 37
- Aiken Mark I Calculator, 10, 89-112, 245-6;
- see also Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator
- Aiken Mark II Relay Calculator, 176-8, 249
- Aiken Mark III Electronic Calculator, 177
- air resistance coefficient, 80-2
- algebra of logic, 26, 36, 56-62, 105, 140, 151-2, 164, 221-3, 248
- algebraic equations, machines for solving, 244
- all-or-none response, 3
- alphabet, 14
- alphabetic coding, 13, 54
- alphabetic punching, 46
- alphabetic writing, 13
- amplify, 73
- analogous, 65
- analogue, 65
- analogue machines (machines that handle information expressed as measurements), 65;
- MIT Differential Analyzer No. 2, 65-88;
- references, 239-45
- analytical engine, 90
- analyzer, 68, 241-4;
- see also differential analyzer
- and, 146-8
- and/or, 149
- angle-indicator, 74-5
- animal thinking, 4, 8, 188
- annuities, 88
- antecedent, 158
- antilogarithm, 139, 226
- antitangent, 139, 226
- approximation, 220;
- see also rapid approximation
- aptitude testing, 190
- argument (in a mathematical table or function), 96, 103-4, 122, 136, 224
- arithmetical operations, 55-6, 173
- armor with a motor, 180, 195
- array, 173, 227
- Atomic Energy Commission, 203, 208
- attitudes, 205
- augend, 223
- aut (Latin), 149
- automatic address-book, 181
- automatic carriage, 53
- “Automatic Computing Machinery”
- (section in Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation), 177
- automatic control: house-furnace, 189;
- lawn-mower, 188;
- tractor-plow, 188;
- weather, 189
- automatic cook, 181
- automatic factory, 189
- automatic library, 9, 181
- automatic machinery, 182
- automatic pilot, 189
- automatic recognizer, 186-7
- automatic sequence-controlled calculator, 90;
- see also Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator
- automatic stenographer, 185
- automatic switching circuits, 248
- automatic translator, 182
- automatic typist, 182, 184
- axon, 3
- B field, 99
- B tape, 82-3
- Ballistic Research Laboratories, 1, 113-5, 127-8, 132, 142
- base e, 226
- base 10, 226
- beam of electrons, 172
- behavior, 4, 7-8, 29
- Bell Telephone Laboratories, 4-5, 128-43, 247-8
- Bell Telephone Laboratories’ general-purpose relay computer, 128-43, 247-8;
- cost, 142;
- reliability, 141;
- speed, 142
- Bessel functions, 111, 226
- Binac, 179
- binary coding, 11, 13
- binary digit, 14
- binary numbers, 14, 216-9
- biophysics, 230
- biquinary numbers, 133, 219-20
- blocks of arguments, 137
- Boolean algebra, 152, 248;
- see also mathematical logic
- both, 149
- bowwow theory, 12
- brain evolution, 229
- brain with a motor, 180, 195
- BTL frames, 138-9
- bus, 32, 119
- button, 91, 94
- C field, 99
- C tape, 82-3
- calcis (Latin), 18
- calculating punch, 47, 51-2, 235
- calculator frames, 138
- calculator programmed by punch cards, 236
- cam, 94-5
- cam contact, 91, 94-5
- capacitance, 117
- capacitor, 117
- capacity: counter, 59;
- selecting, 59
- carbon dioxide, 190
- card channel, 47, 52
- card column, 48
- card feed, 48, 91
- card punch, 91, 97
- card reader, 116, 118
- card sorter, 96
- card stacker, 48
- card station, 47
- Carnegie Institution of Washington, 113
- carry impulse, 118
- cell nucleus, 2-3
- census, 43, 53
- channel, 47, 52, 170
- characteristic of a logarithm, 107
- check counter, 105
- check-marks, 151
- checking, 105, 110, 179, 227
- chess game, 117
- chestnut blight, 201
- chortle, 12
- class selector, 59
- clearing, 100
- codes, 29, 54, 96, 99
- coding, 30, 130, 252-3
- coding line, 99
- column (in a punch card), 45
- connective, 148, 158-9
- connective grouping, 159
- collating, 51, 173
- collator, 47, 51, 235
- collator counting device, 51, 235
- combining information, 15
- combining operations, 173
- Common, 59-60
- comparer, 57-8
- comparing, 50, 57-8
- complement, 55;
- see also nines complement, ones complement, tens complement
- Complex Computer, 129-30
- complex numbers, 128-9
- computer, 6, 27
- Computer 1 and Computer 2, 132, 138
- conflicts between statements, 149-50
- consequent, 158
- constant, 224
- constant ratio, 77
- constant register, 96, 99
- constant switch, 99
- Constant Transmitter, 116, 118
- consulting a table, 103, 122
- convergent, 221
- Converter, 115
- context, 144
- continuous annuities, 88
- continuous contingent insurances, 88
- continuously running gear, 93
- control, 6, 28, 90-1
- control brushes, 51-2
- control frames, 138-9
- Control Instrument Company, 43
- control over robot machines, 196-208
- control tape, 28
- controversy, 197
- cosine, 75, 85, 139, 226
- cost of mechanical brains, 87, 109, 126, 142, 165, 168
- counter, 52, 74, 93-4
- counter position, 93
- counter wheel, 93, 118
- counting, 55
- coupling (numbers), 106
- cube, 105, 224
- Current (input of comparer), 57
- cycle, 29, 45
- Cycling Unit, 115-6
- Cypriote, 13
- Dartmouth College, 131
- decade, 118
- decimal digit, 11, 14
- decimal position, 118
- deciphering, 184, 188
- decoding, 184, 188
- definite integral, 111, 225
- delay lines, 17, 20, 171-2
- dendrite, 3
- denial, 147
- dependent variable, 81, 224
- derivative, 68-71, 225
- design of mechanical brains, 167-79, 251
- desk calculating machines, 4, 11, 17, 19
- detail cards, 50
- dial switch, 92, 95-6
- dial telephone, 17, 19, 128
- differences, 110, 227
- differential, 68, 70, 78
- differential analyzer, 68, 72-88, 239-41
- Differential Analyzer No. 2, 65-88;
- accuracy, 86;
- cost, 87;
- reliability, 87;
- speed, 87
- differential equation, 68-9, 71, 111, 141, 225-6
- differential function, 70
- differential gear assembly, 78
- digit, 11, 14
- Digit Pickup, 60
- digit selector, 60
- digit tray, 119
- digit trunk lines, 119
- digit trunks, 119
- digital machines
- (machines that handle information expressed as digits or letters):
- Bell Laboratories’ general-purpose relay calculator, 128-43;
- Eniac, 113-27;
- Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator, 89-112;
- punch-card calculating machinery, 42-64;
- references, 232-9, 245-55
- directions, 24
- disc, 78-80
- discrimination, 140
- discriminator, 140-1
- distance, 68-9
- distinguishing A and H, 184
- dividend, 103, 223
- Divider-Square-Rooter, 115-7
- dividing, 55-6, 98, 102, 121, 140
- divisor counter, 102
- doorpost, 65-6
- doubling, 76-7, 100
- doubling mechanism, 76-7
- drafting rules, 149
- drag coefficient, 80
- drive, 86
- Dry Ice, 190
- echo, 171
- Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, 179, 250
- economic relations, 194
- Edsac, 249
- “educated” machine, 101
- Edvac, 177, 249
- Egyptian, 12
- either, 149
- electric charge, 172
- electric remote-control accounting, 250
- electric typewriter, 91, 97, 236
- electromagnet, 168
- Electronic Binary Automatic Computer, 179
- electronic calculating punch, 236
- Electronic Control Company, 250
- Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (Eniac), 113-27, 246-7;
- see also Eniac
- electronic tubes, 17, 20-1, 178-9;
- Cathode, 21;
- Grid, 21;
- Plate, 21
- electrostatic storage tube, 17, 20, 172
- 11 position, 45
- 11 punch, 58
- else, 146-7
- end-around-carry, 95, 217, 223
- engine, 90
- Eniac, 113-27, 246-7;
- cost, 126;
- panels, 115;
- reliability, 126;
- speed, 125;
- unbalance, 124
- “enough alike,” 184
- Equal (output of sequencer), 61-2
- equation, 68, 225
- equivalent, 14
- erase key, 134
- Etruscan, 188
- explanation, 209-13
- explicit equation, 86
- exponential, 85, 106, 225-6
- extraction, 222
- falsity, 147
- farad, 117
- fingers, 16, 18
- fire-control instrument, 17, 19, 67, 131
- 5 impulse, 56
- flights, 70
- flip-flop, 119
- following logically, 145
- form feeding device, 236
- formal logic, 152
- formula, 68, 70, 224
- Frankenstein’s monster, 198
- function, 68, 70, 81, 103, 116, 118, 224
- function table, 80-1, 116, 118
- gang punching, 50
- gearbox, 77-8
- General Electric A.C. Network Analyzer, 243
- General Electric Company, 243
- geographic code, 54
- giant brain, 1, 5-8
- globe, 65-6
- graph, 81
- great circle, 69
- greater-than, 25-7, 37, 222
- greater-than circuit, 37
- Greek letters, 120
- guided missile, 197, 206
- gun, 69
- hail storm, 190
- hand perforator, 132, 134
- handling information, 10-18
- harmonic analyzers, 241-2
- harmonic synthesizers, 241-2
- Harvard Computation Laboratory, 89, 176-7, 245, 249
- Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator (Mark I), 10, 89-112, 245-6;
- cost, 109;
- efficiency, 111;
- reliability, 110;
- speed, 109
- Harvard Sequence-Controlled Electronic Calculator (Mark III), 177
- Harvard Sequence-Controlled Relay Calculator (Mark II), 176-8, 249
- Harvard University, 1, 4, 8, 89, 176-7, 245, 249
- hatred, 206
- hoppers, 51
- hub, 46, 98
- human brain, 2-4, 16, 229
- humidity, 63
- IBM (International Business Machines), 43-64, 89-90, 177, 233-9, 249-50
- IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator, 10, 89-112, 245-6;
- see also Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator
- IBM card-programmed calculator, 236
- IBM pluggable sequence relay calculator, 236
- IBM punch-card machinery, 43-64, 233-9
- IBM Selective-Sequence Electronic Calculator, 177-9, 249
- ideographic writing, 12
- if, 146-7
- if ... then, 149
- ignorance, 205
- illness, 191-2
- imitative scheme, 12
- in-code, 99
- in-field, 99
- independent variable, 81, 224
- infinity, 86, 133, 212, 225
- information, 10
- initial conditions, 83, 225
- Initiating Unit, 115-6
- input, 6, 90-1
- input devices, 175, 251-2
- input register, 27
- instantaneous rate of change, 70-1
- Institute of Advanced Study, 124
- instructions, 28, 83, 97, 178-9
- insurance company, 42
- insurance policies, 42
- insurance values, 88
- integral, 68, 71-2, 225
- integral sign, 85, 225
- integrating, 71-2, 78
- integrator, 78-80
- integrator mechanism, 78-9
- International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), 43;
- see IBM
- International Hydrographic Bureau, 242
- International Phonetic Alphabet, 13
- interpolating, 131, 221
- interposing, 102
- interpreter, 47, 49, 235
- interpreting, 49
- interval, 68, 70
- intuitive thinking, 8
- inverse, 71
- judgments, 191
- Kalin-Burkhart Logical-Truth Calculator, 144-66, 248;
- cost, 165;
- reliability, 166;
- speed, 166
- key punch, 47-8, 96, 235
- keyboard, 48
- knots, 17
- language of logic, 56-62, 105, 140;
- see also mathematical logic
- languages, 10-21, 231
- latch relay, 40-1
- left-hand components, 56, 121, 215
- library, 9, 181
- Library of Congress, 15
- lie detector, 192
- line of coding, 99
- linear, 224-5
- linear interpolation, 221
- linear simultaneous equations, 141, 225
- lobe, 94-5
- logarithm, 67, 85, 106-8, 139, 225
- Logarithm-In-Out counter, 107
- logic, 144;
- see also mathematical logic
- logical choice, 4;
- see also mathematical logic
- logical connective, 148, 222
- logical operations, 56-62, 173
- logical pattern, 145-6
- logical truth, 144-56, 166
- Logical-Truth Calculator, 144-66;
- see Kalin-Burkhart Logical-Truth Calculator
- loopholes, 149
- Low Primary (output of sequencer), 61-2
- Low Secondary (output of sequencer), 61-2
- Lower Brushes, 52
- loxodrome, 69-70
- machine call number, 99
- machine cycle, 56
- machine language, 29, 99, 175, 191
- machines as a language for thinking, 19-20;
- references, 231-2
- machines involving voice and speech, 185-6, 254
- magnetic surfaces, 17, 20, 168-70, 179
- magnetic tape, 169-70, 179
- magnetic wire, 168
- magnetized spot, 168-70
- main connective, 160
- many-wire cable, 50
- Mark I (Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator), 10, 89-112, 245-6;
- see also Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator
- Mark II (Harvard Sequence-Controlled Relay Calculator), 176-8, 249
- Mark III (Harvard Sequence-Controlled Electronic Calculator), 177
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1, 20, 65, 72-88, 153
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Differential Analyzer No. 2, 65-88;
- accuracy, 86;
- cost, 87;
- reliability, 87;
- speed, 87
- master card, 50
- Master Programmer, 115-6
- matching, 173
- mathematical biophysics, 230
- mathematical logic, 26, 36, 56-62, 105, 140, 151-2, 164, 221-3, 248
- matrices, 173, 227
- matrix, 173, 227
- meanings, 209, 231
- measurements, 65-6, 68
- mechanical brain, 1, 5-8, 20;
- crucial devices for, 20
- mechanical brains under construction, 176-9
- memory, 27, 90-1
- mentality, 24, 27
- mercury tank, 171, 179
- merging, 173
- metal fingers, 135
- mica, 172
- microphone, 185
- mimeograph stencil, 16
- Minoan, 188
- miscellaneous field, 99
- mistake, 134
- Moore School of Electrical Engineering, 7, 113-27, 177, 249
- multiplicand, 223
- multiplicand counter, 101
- multiplication schemes, 214-6
- multiplier, 115-6
- multiplier counter, 101
- multiply-divide unit, 103
- multiplying, 55-6, 101, 121, 140
- multiplying punch, 47, 52, 235
- National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 128, 132
- Naval Proving Ground, 177
- negation, 24-5, 27, 34-6
- negation circuit, 36
- negative, 147
- negative digit, 215
- neon bulb, 119
- nerve, 2-4
- nerve cell, 2, 3, 16
- nerve fiber, 2, 3
- nerve networks, 230
- nervous system, 188
- network analyzers, 242-4
- neurosis, 191
- nine-pulses, 120-1
- nines complement, 95, 121, 223
- No X, 59
- Northrop Aircraft, Inc., 179
- not, 146-8
- numeric coding, 13, 54
- numerical X position, 45
- numerical Y position, 45
- occupation code, 54
- octal notation, 179, 219
- ohm, 117
- Ojibwa, 12
- ones complement, 217
- only, 146-7
- operation code, 103
- operations with numbers, 24-7
- or, 146-9
- organization of digital machines, 251
- out-code, 99
- out-field, 99
- output, 6, 90-1, 251-2
- output devices, 176, 251-2
- output register, 27
- paper channel, 52
- partial differential equations, 87
- partial products, 115, 214
- Pearl Assurance Company, 88
- pebbles, 17-8
- pen with a motor, 180, 195
- permanent table frames, 138-9
- personal income tax, 141
- phonetic writing, 13
- phonograph, 15-6
- phonographic writing, 13
- phototube, 81-2, 183-4
- physical equipment for handling information, 11, 15-21, 91
- physical problems, 69-72
- physical quantities, 67-9
- pictographic writing, 12
- plugboard, 46, 98
- plug-in units, 117-8
- point of view, 207
- pooh-pooh theory, 12
- position (in a punch card), 45
- position frames, 138-9
- power, 43, 65, 133, 216, 224
- prejudice, 205
- Previous (input of comparer), 57
- Primary (input of sequencer), 61-2
- Primary Brushes, 51, 62
- Primary Feed, 51, 61
- Primary Sequence Brushes, 51
- printer, 137
- printer frames, 138
- problem frames, 138
- problem position, 132, 135
- problem tape, 134
- processor, 132, 134, 175
- product, 70, 102, 223
- product counter, 102
- production scheduling, 193
- program, 122, 173, 252-3
- program-control switch, 123
- program pulse, 122
- program-pulse input terminal, 123
- program register, 38
- program tape, 28-9
- program trays, 119
- program trunk lines, 119
- programming method of von Neumann, 124
- pronoun, 223
- psychological testing, 190
- psychological trainer, 191-2
- pulses, 120, 171
- punch card, 17, 44-5, 95, 97
- punch-card column, 45
- punch-card machinery, 17, 20, 42-64, 232-9;
- cost, 63;
- reliability, 63-4;
- speed, 62-3
- punch feed, 51-2
- punched paper tape, 17, 23, 82, 95
- punching channel, 50
- punching dies, 48, 51-2
- pyramid circuit, 39
- quantity of information, 11, 14-15
- quartz, 171
- quotient, 98, 103
- R.U.R., 199
- radar, 183
- railroad line, 6, 119
- rapid approximation, 106-8, 220-1
- rate of change, 68, 70-1
- ratio, 77, 83
- Raytheon Computer, 250
- reading, 57
- reading brushes, 51-2
- reading channel, 50
- reading of punch cards, 44
- reasoning, 144
- rebus-writing, 13
- reciprocal, 85, 224
- recognizing, 8, 182-5
- recorder, 132, 137
- rectifier, 32
- referent, 12
- register, 27
- reject, 49
- relay, 17, 20-1, 23, 92, 129, 133, 178;
- Common, 21;
- Ground, 21;
- Normally Closed, 21;
- Normally Open, 21;
- Pickup, 21
- release key, 48
- reliability, 63-4, 110, 126, 128, 141-2, 166, 168, 174
- Remington-Rand, 43
- reperforator, 137
- rephrasing, 163-4
- reproducer, 47, 49-50, 235
- reproducing, 49
- reset code, 100
- resetting, 100
- resistance, 80, 117
- resistance coefficient, 80
- resistor, 117
- right-hand components, 56, 121, 215
- robot machine, 197, 198-208, 255
- robot salesman, 201
- robota (Czech), 199
- Roman numerals, 212;
- ancient style, 219
- room, 70
- Rossum’s Universal Robots, 199
- rounding off, 55-6
- routine, 8, 167, 173
- routine frames, 138-9
- routine tape, 28, 134
- rules, 191, 224
- satisfy, 225
- scale factor, 74, 86
- schemes for expressing meanings, 11-15
- screen, 172
- screw, 78
- Secondary (input of sequencer), 61-2
- Secondary Brushes, 51, 62
- Secondary Feed, 61
- Select-Receiving-Register circuit, 39
- selecting, 26, 58, 104
- selection, 26-7, 38, 222
- selection circuit, 38
- selection counter, 104
- selector, 58-60
- sensing digits, 108
- separation sign, 129
- sequence-control tape, 98
- sequence-control-tape code, 98
- sequence-controlled, 89
- sequence-tape feed, 98
- sequencer, 61
- sequencing, 61
- shifting, 217
- short-cut multiplication, 215-6
- Simon, 22-40
- simultaneous, 225
- simultaneous equations, 85, 225
- sine, 75, 85, 106, 139, 226
- sink (of a circuit), 154
- slab, 18
- slide rule, 65, 67
- smoothness, 110, 227
- social control, types, 203
- sorter, 47-9
- sorting, 57, 173
- soundtracks, 16, 18
- source (of a circuit), 154
- space key, 48
- speedometer, 68
- spelling rules, 185
- spoken English, 11
- square, 224
- square matrix, 227
- square root, 116-7, 173, 220, 224
- Start Key, 98
- statements, 26, 144-51
- static electricity, 63
- storage, 6
- storage counter, 93
- storage devices, 252
- storage register, 28, 93
- storing information, 15
- storing register frames, 138
- storing registers, 139
- string, 65-6
- stylus, 16
- subroutine, 106
- Subsidiary Sequence Mechanism, 90, 106
- subtract output, 120
- subtracting, 55, 100, 119, 139, 223
- subtracting by adding, 223
- summary punch, 50, 116, 119
- summary-punching, 50
- switch open and current flowing, 154
- switchboard, 76
- switches in parallel, 154
- switches in series, 154
- switching circuits, 155
- syllable-writing, 13
- syllables, 211
- syllogism, 146, 152
- symbolic logic, 221-3, 248;
- see also mathematical logic
- symbolic writing, 12
- synapse, 3
- System of Electric Remote-Control Accounting, 250
- systems for handling information, 10
- table tape, 134
- tables (of values), 103, 136, 224
- tabular value, 136, 224
- tabulator, 47, 52, 119, 235
- tallies, 17
- tangent, 105, 226
- tank (armored), 180, 195
- tank (mercury tank), 171, 179
- tape-controlled carriage, 236
- tape feed, 91, 178-9
- tape punch, 91, 97-8, 137
- tape reels, 170
- tape transmitter, 135, 137
- telegraph line, 6, 119
- telephone central station, 138
- teletype, 17
- teletype transmitter, 133, 135
- teletypewriter, 130, 137
- ten-position relay, 91-3
- ten-position switch, 91-2
- ten-pulses, 120-1
- tens complement, 224
- test scoring machine, 236
- then, 146-7
- thermostat, 187
- thinking, 1-5, 10, 97
- timed electrical currents, 44
- timing contact, 94
- tolerances, 67, 105
- torque, 73, 86
- torque amplifier, 73
- trajectories, 69, 114, 141
- transfer circuit, 33
- transferring, 31, 34, 100, 119, 167
- translating, 57
- transmitter, 74
- triggering control, 183, 186-7
- trigonometric tables, 226
- trigonometric tangent, 105, 226
- truth, 144
- truth table, 147, 155, 222
- truth value, 26, 58, 105, 147, 222
- tuning, 183
- turning force, 72
- 12 position, 45
- two-position relay, 21, 91-2;
- see also relay
- two-position switch, 91-2
- typewriter, 16, 18
- typewriter carriage, 53
- unattended operation, 174
- understanding, 212-3, 231
- unemployment, 201-2
- Unequal (output of comparer), 57
- unit of information, 11, 14-5, 169
- United Nations, 203, 208
- United States Army Ordnance Department, 113-4
- Univac, 250
- University of Pennsylvania, 7, 113
- unknowns, 141
- Upper Brushes, 52
- value tape code, 96
- value tape feed, 95-6
- variables, 84, 223
- vel (Latin), 149
- verifier, 47-8, 235
- vibration, 69
- Vocoder, 255
- Voder, 254
- voltage, 74
- Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory, 239
- weather control, 189, 255
- weather forecasting, 189, 255
- wheel (of a counter), 78
- white elephant, 73, 114
- winch, 73
- words for explaining, 209-12
- X, 59
- X distributor, 59
- X Pickup, 59
- X punch, 45, 58
- X selector, 59
- zero, 133, 212
- zh (sound), 13, 185
- Zuse Computer, 250