| Common Lodging-house. | Municipal Lodging-house or Shelter. |
| Interested Management. | Disinterested Management. |
| Not to proprietary interest to put down vice and drunkenness, and to call in police. Interest to secure greatest number of lodgers. | Against interest to have disturbances, and therefore desirable to prevent vice and drunkenness from commencement. |
| Interest to provide minimum that will pass muster, e.g., usually no stoving apparatus to prevent vermin, and no lockers to prevent theft. | Interest to provide maximum consistent with cleanliness. Usually apparatus for stoving, and lockers for private property. |
| Imperfect sanitary arrangements, deficient arrangements for cooking and washing. | Sanitary arrangements considered in building. Proper arrangements for cooking and washing. |
| Deputy (usually chosen from inmates) exercises little control. | Management removes at once any warden suspected of ill conduct. |
| Regulations if made, hard to enforce, as interest is retention of lodgers. | Regulations being made by management can be more easily enforced. |
| Small number makes better provision not profitable. | Larger number allows of better provision. |
But it is not a question merely of the state of the common lodging-house. Bound up with this is the fact that around the common lodging-houses in each large town is growing up silently a great evil, a network of single "furnished rooms," which are the last refuge of evicted householders, but also the home of immorality. The insufficient provision of the common lodging-house is being silently largely supplemented by these. These evils are flagrant. Yet they cannot be suppressed. The homeless must have somewhere to go. The crowding of slum areas by "lodgers" is as grave an evil.
The "way out" is to provide in every town, under charge of the Municipality, well-regulated sanitary and sufficient accommodation. As a national provision is required, Municipalities of smaller towns might be encouraged by loans for building purposes on national credit, Government in return exercising care as to expense. Glasgow has shown that such enterprises
(1) Suppress the poor insufficient houses,
(2) Provide adequate return on capital,
(3) Lead to the rise of still better accommodation for working men.
A Municipal lodging-house should be linked to remedial agencies, and a chain should exist on routes of travel.
Especially for women, municipal lodging-houses are a necessity. With regard to the question of "bunks" versus "beds," it is strange that while on the one hand for sanitary reasons the Government allows plank beds and wire mattresses, it is about to enforce for a class confessedly dirtier (see Vagrancy Report, 335) a universal bed. The idea that "inspection" can keep beds clean without stoving is futile. Some of the vermin most troublesome to get rid of are microscopic. Also the idea that people undress to go to bed, and do not undress in a bunk, is not correct. The class that possess only "what they stand up in" possess no night garments. Women keep some of their garments on. Men may undress (for protection from vermin). All the garments not worn all night are usually tucked into the bed for fear of thefts. I have seen women undressing similarly in a bunk. The Salvation Army keeps its shelters spotlessly clean and free from vermin. Unless cleansing of the person is compelled by law, all that can be done for the lowest class of all is to provide some easily cleansed resting-place (see p. 30. Something must be done to prevent the scandal of "sleeping out" in our wealthy cities.
The popularity of the Shelter shows it meets a social need. Also in connection with public institutions, remedial action and sorting into classes is possible, which is impossible in places provided for private profit. We should aim at getting every individual into a safe and sanitary shelter at night. How can a destitute woman find 3s. 6d. per week for bare shelter? If she pays this should not it entitle her to a place which is clean, where she can keep herself clean, and can keep her self-respect?
INDEX.
Aboriginal Vagrant, 2
Admission, Refusal of, 29
Afforestation, 77
Appenzell, 310
Casual Ward, Admission to, 109, 120, 139-142, 295, 304, 312-315; Bath, 37, 39, 40, 80, 111, 121, 144, 260; Bed, 114, 122, 146, 167, 279; Cleanliness, 34, 37, 39, 80, 111, 114, 144, 145; Cost of, 79; Defects of, 53, 54, 111, 113, 124, 125, 147-149, 168, 172, 274, 294; Detention, 29, 81, 273; Drink, 113, 124, 129, 164, 260; Food, 26, 27, 33, 40, 44, 75, 112, 115, 123, 125, 129, 143, 168, 260, 305; Institution of, 14; Investigation of, 33; Overcrowding, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 80; Task, 22, 28, 33, 34, 40, 45, 96, 117, 126-128, 154, 162-165, 261, 264, 273
Casuals, Statistics of, 17, 18, 19, 20, 65, 67, 68, 294
Central Hall, Manchester, 71, 85, 280
Common Lodging-House, 35, 36, 47, 94-106, 175-177, 232-254, 269-271, 307; Beds in, 48, 49, 101, 102; Cost in, 48; Cleanliness of, 47-49, 103-105, 237, 241, 242, 245, 246, 252, 270; Overcrowding in, 47, 104, 252, 254, 271, 298; versus Shelter, 324-327
Danish Poor Law, 58
Department of Labour, 74
Dietary, Tramp Ward, 26
Ensor, Research by, 25
Fuller on Vagrancy, 3
German Relief Station, 14
Glasgow Municipal Lodging-Houses, 299-300
Herdern, 310
Hibbert, Sir John, 44
Home, Disintegration of the, 12, 288-297, 321, 322
Identification, 81
Incapable, 5, 7, 32, 42, 150, 151, 156, 157, 298
Independent Review, 25
Inefficient, 8, 10, 20, 26, 53, 290
Investigation, Value of, 23
Investigation into Belgian Labour Colonies, 54
Investigation into Manchester poverty, 12
Labour Colonies, 82, 173, 271, 281, 301, 306-311; Cost in, 58, 62, 76, 173, 309-310, 311; English: Hadleigh, 310; Hollesley Bay, 71, 311; Laindon, 71, 311; Lingfield, 71, 310; Foreign: Belgian, 56, 57, 309; Dutch, 62, 309; German, 62, 310; Swiss, 63, 310; Visit to, 34; Wage in, 79
Legislation against Vagrancy, 3, 4, 11-15, 53, 64, 81
Legislation, Faults of, 15, 16
Lodging-houses, 35, 36, 47-49, 76, 94-106, 173, 191, 197-231, 233, 293, 299 (see Shelters); German, 60; Municipal, 49, 74, 89-93, 178, 299, 324-326; (Glasgow), 299; Rowton Houses, 50, 324; Women's, 197-231. 255-259, 280
London Lodging-houses, 48, 254-259, 298, 300; Tramp Ward, 259-268
Low-skilled Labour, 8
Lucerne, 310
Luhterheim, 62
Migration, 9, 19, 29, 35, 38, 51, 66, 72, 287-290, 297
Moritzburg, 310
Nomad, 1
Pastoral Vagrancy, 2
Personality, Theory of, xi.
Prison, 25, 28, 29, 31, 38, 55, 56, 172, 214, 276-279, 299; Cost, 58; Food, 27, 276
Prostitution, 200-203, 206-208, 212-216, 220, 222, 226, 231, 292, 294, 296, 319-327
Relief Station, 14, 60, 61, 63, 65, 173, 275, 279, 306
Rose, "Rise of Democracy", 12
Rosebery, Lord, 12
Rowton Houses, 50
Shelters, 29, 30, 48, 130-135, 173, 190, 195-196, 295, 299, 307, 324-327; Beds in, 133; German, 61; Salvation Army, 175-196, 233; Beds in, 180, 183; Food in, 184, 192
Sleeping Out, 13, 18, 30, 31, 38, 51, 65, 137, 166, 171, 275, 308
Small-pox, 37, 42, 105, 245, 307
Soldiers discharged, 21
Theory of Personality, xi.
Tramp Ward defects, 53, 54 See Casual Ward.
Unemployed, 20, 21, 24, 25, 29-32, 35, 36, 50, 51, 56, 69, 72, 84, 137, 150, 162, 167, 188, 189, 215, 220
Unemployment in England, 73, 76, 77, 301; in Denmark, 59; in Germany, 60-62
Unions, Combination of, 81
Unskilled Labour, 5, 9, 18, 20, 70
Vagrancy Definition of, 1; in early England, 3, 284-285; Agricultural, 5, 11, 83, 85, 285; Industrial, 6, 83, 85, 286; Modern, 7, 16-23; in other countries, 54-64
Vagrancy Committee, Recommendations of, 305-308
Vagrants, Number of, 4, 5, 10, 17, 20, 21-23, 25, 43, 67, 261
Veenhuizen, 209
Way Tickets, 60, 63, 65-69, 80, 81, 306
Westphalia, 310
Wilhelmsdorf, 310
Women, 312-315, 319-327; Dirty Clothing of, 129, 191, 244, 250; Lodging-Houses for, 93, 95, 176, 190, 191, 195, 196-231, 233, 247, 248, 252-259, 280, 300; Sanitation for, 92, 93, 104-105, 235, 242, 243, 257; Vagrants, 80, 114, 116, 135, 160-161, 188, 193, 211, 225, 228, 237, 249, 267, 304, 308, 312-315
Workhouse, Cost in, 58; Austrian, 64; Danish, 58, 59; German, 61