Grammar of the New Zealand language (2nd edition)

The other compound prepositions may often be rendered very useful by giving them, as in the above, a figurative acceptation according with the nature of the subject. One or two examples will suffice.

Tua is thus employed:

• He tau ki tua, a year is on the other side; this day year, what a long time (you intend to be absent)!
• He mate kei tua, misfortune is on the other side, i. e. awaits you.
• Kei tua o te ra tapu nei, next week.

The student should carefully remember that muri and mua do not exactly correspond with behind and before in English, and that tua is very frequently employed to denote those words.

We have heard the following very erroneous expressions from some old settlers:

• Tutakina to tatau o te aroaro, shut the door of the front, i. e. the front door.
• Kei muri i te whare, behind the house.

Muri and mua (as well as the substantive aroaro) are chiefly employed in connexion with living objects. When allusion is made to the date of events, the student will remember that the prepositions a, mo, mo, a, hei, kei, ko, hei a and ko a, denote future time, and that no, i, and o will always indicate past time.

These prepositions will sometimes take verbal particles into connexion with them, and may be frequently found in other forms to occupy the place of verbs, substantives, and adverbs; vid. ch. 1, § 6. (c), ch. 7. § 1. (b), and ch. 9.

Sometimes we meet with other forms for denoting what would be represented by a preposition in English. Though their proper place belongs to the dictionary, we beg the reader's permission to insert a few here:

• A Mangapouri atu ana, even to Mangapouri.
• I te takiwa, (in the interval);—between.
• I te ritenga atu, (in the line or direction of);—ante and contra—over against.
• Ki tona aroaro, (to his front);—before.
• I tetahi taha ona i tetahi taha, (on one side, on one side);—round about him.
• Ki tera taha, (to the other side);—across (a stream).

The prefix whaka, when in union with a word, will impart the meaning of towards, and change it into an adverb; e. g.,

• Kumea whakarunga, pull upwards.
• Haere whaka tepa, go towards the pa.
• I hoatu ai e ahau i whakaaro ki tona matua, I gave it to him in consideration of his father; (propter.)
• Kihai ahau i whakaae, i whakaaro hoki ki a Hone; I did not assent on account of John; i. e. for John's sake.

CHAPTER IX.
OF THE ADVERBS.

The adverbs of Maori may be considered under two heads, primitive and derivative.

The primitive are but few in number.

The derivative are very numerous, and may be thus ranked:

1st. Those which require some preposition to exhibit their application; e. g.,

• Ki hea, no reira.

2ndly. Those which are derived from words of other parts of speech.

3rdly. Those phrases which supply the place of adverbs.

The last class is very large, Maori being deficient in the variety of adverbs; and though, strictly speaking, most of them cannot claim a place in this chapter, we shall mention them:

1stly. Because many foreigners are much perplexed from not being acquainted with them, and

2ndly. Because, being idiomatic phrases, a knowledge of them is of great importance to the composition of elegant Maori.

Note 1.—Some of the following adverbs might, it will be seen, have been easily classified under other heads. It was necessary, however, to have a classification, and it is not of much consequence under which head a phrase of equivocal character should be classed.

Note 2.—Some of the adverbial particles are fully considered in the next chapter.

Adverbs may be reduced to the following classes:—to those of time, place, order, quantity, quality, manner, affirmation, negation, comparison, interrogation, and intensity.

ADVERBS OF TIME.[18]

• Inaianei-nei-ano, at, or since this present moment.
• Nonai-akenei, a few minutes, days, &c., ago.

While he may be found, might also be rendered by i tona kiteatanga.

• Ahea? at what future time?
• Apopo, to-morrow.
• A tahi ra, the day after to-morrow.
• A mua, hereafter.

• Tenei ake, (this afterwards,) by and bye, hereafter.
• Kei taku kitenga i a ia, when I see him.

• Apopo ake nei, idem.
• A muri ake nei, henceforth.
• Mo a mua, at a future period.
• E takato ake nei, (it lies hereafter,) henceforward.
• A, ake, ake, ake, for ever.
• Kia mo—ata te maranga, rise early; (lit. let the rising be at dawn.)
• Ko reira, on that occasion, then (future.)
• Meake, or perhaps more correctly mea ake, presently, or, was on the point of.
• Kia mea (ka hoki mai au?) (shall I return) after a little while.
• Ka mutu, when finished, by and bye.[19]
• Ka mea, after a little interval, idem; e. g., ka mea ka haere ake, by and bye you will follow us.
• Nonahea? since, or at what time (past)?
• Nonanahi, yesterday.
• Inanahi, yesterday.

• No-tua-iho, time out of mind.
• Inamata (Waikato) immediately, directly, &c.
• E haere ana tenei au, I will go immediately.
• Penei i nanahi ka tae mai a Hone ma, it was this time yesterday when, &c.
• Kia penei apopo ka u, we shall land about this time to-morrow.

• Kahore i puta atu te kupu kua whakatika, I had not spoken, (i. e., immediately, as soon as I had spoken) he arose.
• Haere po, go by night.
• Haere awatea, go by day.

OF PLACE.

Note 2. Ki reira, no reira, hei reira, &c., correspond, in most cases, with ki kona, no kona, hei kona, with this difference, however, that the na and ra follow the rule already noticed. Vide tena, Pronouns.

• Haere iho te tokitoki, haere iho te tahutahu, burn off the felled timber, and immediately as soon as it has been chopped up, (lit. go down the chopping, go down the burning).
• Ko te tahutahu ko te ko, ko te tahutahu ko te ko, immediately as soon as, &c.
• Tokitoki iho, ko atu, dig it immediately as soon as it is chopped up, (lit. chop downwards, dig forwards).

• He mea tatau a tau te utu, the payment is to be a thing counted per year; i. e. it is to be rented yearly.
• I tenei tau i tenei tau, yearly.
• He tau pea mahi atu, he tau pea mahi atu, this (manuring of the tree) is, perhaps, a work of every year, done yearly; kei te hauhake riwai, tuku iho kei te kumara, (we) are now (engaged) at digging up potatoes, afterwards (we shall be) at the kumara.
• Ka maha nga haerenga, many have been his goings, i. e., he has gone frequently.
• Hoki ake ko aua kupu, hoki ake ko aua kupu, he repeats the same words over and over again, (lit. return up, those very words, return up, those very words).
• Na wai-a, at length, so it was, it came to pass.
• Tatari noa, a, waited a long time.
• A oti noa, until finished.
• Kia tae mai ra ano, until he arrives.
• Ka tahi ano, now for the first time.
• Ka tahi ano he mea pai, it is a good thing indeed.
• Ka tahi au ka mea atu, then I said.

OF ORDER.

• I noho ai, he hau tetahi, he kai kore ka rua, (we) remained away 1st, (because of) the wind; 2ndly, (we) had no food.
• Ka rua aku haerenga, I have gone twice, (lit. my goings have been two.)
• Whakatepea te ko, kaua e pokapokaia, dig in regular progression, not here and there, (lit. ordina fossionem.)
• Me haere wakatepe te korero, relate the matter in order, (lit. the speech must go in order.)
• Hurihia ko roto, turn (it) inside out.
• Hurihia kotuatia te papa, turn the board on the other side, upside down.
• Matua, (Ngapuhi) first; kia matua keria, let it be first dug.
• Mataati (Waikato) hopukia mataatitia, caught first.
• Kua huri koaro te tangata wero,[21] the tangata wero has turned adversely.
• Ho mai ki raro nei, give it down here.
• Kei haere ki tawhiti, do not go far.
• Whiua ki tua, throw it to the other side.
• Neke atu ki tahaki, move to one side.
• Kumea whakarunga, pull upwards.
• Whakawaho, outwards.
• Whakaroto, inwards.
• A, tae noa ki te Pukatea, even to the Pukatea.
• Haere iho, come down (to me).
• Piki ake, climb up (to me).
• Makā atu, thrown away.
• Rukea ake e ahau, thrown away by me.
• Makā mai, throw it here.

• Pehea te mataratanga? how far?
• A, hea atu ra ano? How far will you go?
• A, hea noa atu, one knows not where.
• Tautauamoa rawa tana kai, tana kai, each man eats separately (i. e., by himself.)
• Riri tautauamoa, fighting, each by himself.
• Kaua e ururuatia te whangai, don't feed (the child) in rapid succession, without any stop (tout de suite.)
• Me whakahipahipa etahi rangi, (lit. let some days be made uneven,) i. e., do it every alternate day, or, at irregular periods.
• Haere tahi, go together.
• A, te tukunga iho, (well, the letting down, at last, finally,) i. e., the issue of such conduct, &c.
• E kore e roko kainga kua ruaki, he vomits immediately, as soon as he has eaten (it).
• I te orokohangaanga o te ao, when first the world was made.
• Kati inanahi ka haere mai koe, stop yesterday you came here; i. e., you started about this time yesterday.

OF QUANTITY.

• Ho mai kia maha, give abundantly.
• Ho mai katoa mai, give entirely, or wholly.
• Tena hoki te tahi taro, give me also, or besides, some bread.
• Ho mai kia iti, give me (let it be little), paululum.
• Kia penei, let it be so much.
• Poto rawa, consumed totally.
• Koia ano te pai! how excellent!
• Ano! &c., idem.
• Roa poto nei ano, (long short,) i. e., moderately long.
• Kahore atu, no other besides.
• Tikina atu hoki, fetch another besides.
• I ki mai ano hoki ia, he said moreover.

OF QUALITY.

• Haere tupato, go cautiously.
• Kia uaua ki te mahi, be strong to work, i. e., work industriously.
• Kia kaha te hoe, pull (the oar) strong.
• Noho whakaaro kore, sit without thought, i. e., thoughtlessly.
• He aha i aweke ai to mahi? te tuku noa iho te tuku noa iho, why is the work done neatly and not (rather) heedlessly, (lit. and not rather let it down in any way, let it down in any way.)
• Haere wehi, go fearfully.
• Kai haere, go eating, i. e., eat as he walks.
• Tu tahanga,[22] stand nakedly, i. e., naked.
• — kau, idem.
• Haere noa atu, go without guide, fear, &c., &c.
• Tangohia huhua koretia iho, taken without cause, i. e. causelessly.
• Ohia noa iho au ki te patu, I struck (him) unintentionally.
• E hara i te mea totika, not intentionally.
• Patua maoritia, killed intentionally, in the common way, &c.
• — marietia, intentionally (sometimes).
• I tukua whakareretia, let down by a dash, not with care.
• Te kaha te tuku, don't let it down violently, i. e. do it gently.
• Tukua marietia, let it down gently, peaceably.
• Kia ata tuku,  —— gently.
• Kahore ano kia ata maoa, not quite done, (i. e. in cooking).
• Te ata pai marie o te rangi i nanahi! what an exceedingly fine day was yesterday!
• He pupuhi noa, firing without an object.
• Tu kau ana, stand empty, idle, &c.
• Marie ano ahau i haere mai ai i ora ai koe, I have come fortunately, by which you were saved; i. e. I have come just in time to save you, or, it is well that I came to, &c.

OF AFFIRMATION.

Maori is very well supplied with affirmative and negative particles, all of which differ by very slight shades of meaning from each other, and the uses of which will be best learned by practice.

• Ae,[23] yes.
• Ina, idem.
• Aana, idem.
• Koia, idem.
• Ae ra, idem.
• Ae ra hoki, yes truly, &c.
• Ae ra pea, idem.
• Koia ha hoki, idem.
• Ae ko, yes (you are correct).
• Koia pea, yes, perhaps; (sometimes used ironically for a negative) yes indeed!

OF NEGATION.

Negative adverbs partake of the nature of verbal particles. We have given some examples of them in chapter vii., (vid. paradigm of the tenses,) and we shall have occasion also to notice them in the Syntax.

• Kei, do not, and take care lest, or lest.
• Aua hoki, (used in some parts of Waikato for) no, no; not at all.
• E hara koe i te rangatira noku, you are not my master.
• Kiano, (Ngapuhi) not yet.

Haunga,[24] not, (denoting exclusion, or exception); e. g.,

• Haunga tena, not that, (but the other.)
• Aratakina mai te poaka; haunga te mea purepure, lead the pig here; not the speckled, (but the other.)
• Kahore haunga, (Waikato) used sometimes instead of haunga.

OF COMPARISON.

• Penei, kua ora, thus, (in that case, if that had been done) he would have been saved.
• Koia ano tena, exactly so.
• Me mahi motuhake, work separately.
• Haere ana ia, ko tona kotahi, he went by himself, alone.
• Waihoki, likewise, also.
• Ano kua mate, as though he were dead.
• Me te mea, &c. (Waikato) idem.
• Koia ano kei te wai, exactly as if it were water.
• Haere a parera, walk like a duck.[25]
• Kia wakatangata nui, act manfully.
• Wakatupu tangata, idem.

OF INTERROGATION.

Maori has many particles which indicate interrogation, and which correspond, in some particulars, with the enclitic particles ne and num of Latin; e. g.,

• E pai ana? ne? are you inclined? are you?
• Ine, (Waikato,) differs but little in its use from the above.

Ranei, ianei, iana, and iara, are always incorporated into the sentence, and generally denote a question, e. g.,

• E pai ana ranei koe?
• Koia?[26] Indeed? (when used by itself).
• Oti, else.
• Na-te-aha? why?
• Me pehea? How must it be done?

Ranei is very frequently used in the sense of whether.

Ianei, iana, and iara, are sometimes pleonastic in Waikato.

OF INTENSITY.

Pai rawa, tino tika, tino pai rawa, kino whakaharahara, tika pu, he noa iho, tini whakarere, tika tonu; all these adverbs stand for very or some modification of it; e. g.,

• I hoki rawa mai koe ihea? what is the exact, or last place from which you have returned?
• Pokuru iho, pokuru iho te namu, densely clustered the sandflies.
• Kahore kau, not at all.
• Haere ra pea, go now, I say, &c.
• Haere ra, idem.

CHAPTER X.
OF THE PARTICLES.

We have thought it better to devote a separate chapter to the consideration of the following particles of Maori; first, because those words, though they strongly partake of the nature of adverbs, are yet sometimes used as conjunctions; secondly, because we are of opinion that a distinct consideration of them will be the best way to impart clear and comprehensive views of their nature.

An accurate acquaintance with these epea pteroenta "winged words" of discourse, is in most languages of very difficult attainment: but in Maori, particularly, do they require our study; that language not conceding to the verb the same prominent place that it occupies in other languages, and rather, (as we have already observed,) transacting the business of predication by pronouns, particles, &c.

They are mainly used for embellishing, defining, and impressing a sentence, and may, with the prepositions, be justly denominated the hinges of Maori.

To enumerate them all would be an endless task, and perhaps a useless one: for, in no part of Maori is there so great a discrepancy in the various districts. The following, we think, are the most general in use, and most deserving of notice: atu, mai, ake, iho, ai, ano, ra, koa, u, hoki, kau.

Atu and mai are, in most respects, exactly opposite; atu indicates an emanation forth of action from—the latter an approach or direction towards—the speaker.

N.B.—Atu will sometimes lose its peculiar meaning after a verb, (vid. verbs, S.) It will also occasionally stand for other: Tera atu ano, that is another; i. e., there are other besides.

Ake and Iho. The general uses of ake and iho are, of the former up, and of the latter down, to the speaker:

• Haere ake, come up (to us).
• Heke iho, come down (to us).
• E tu iho, he stands up there, i. e., down towards (us).
• Te mea e ngangautia ake, the thing about which there is that contention below, (lit. is contended up towards (us)).

Sometimes they will stand, the one for up, the other for down, to the object of the action; e. g.,

• E kore ahau e roa ake, I am not tall enough to reach up (to it).
• Ho ake ki a ia, give it up to him.
• Pataia iho te mate, ask down (to him) his sickness.

Ake and iho will sometimes denote propriety, peculiarity, self-existence, &c.; e. g.,

• Maku ake ano, for myself alone.
• Mona iho ano tena, that is for himself alone.
• E hara i te toka tu ake, not a rock that has stood of itself.

Ake will sometimes signify the other side of the speaker, whether it be before, behind, to one side of, above, below, &c.; e. g., haere ake to a hearer in front will mean come behind me: to a person behind, it will signify come to my front.

N.B.—Iho does not seem to have any corresponding opposite to this meaning of ake.

Sometimes, also, ake is employed to designate a motion by another towards some place with which the speaker is in connexion; e. g.,

• Ka mea, ka haere ake ki Waitemata, follow me by and bye to Waitemata.
• He aha te tikina ake ai he ti ma te turoro nei? why has not tea been fetched (from my residence) for this patient?
• E puta mai, ka karanga ake ki a au, when he comes you will call to me, (who am now going away).

Under these two last rules should, perhaps, be mentioned the following examples:

• Tangohia ake te ngarara i taku tuara, take the insect off my back.
• Ma koutou e urunga ake, do you of the bow of the canoe steer, i. e., so paddle that the stern, where I am, may be directed rightly.

Note 1.—There are other subordinate meanings of ake and iho, of which examples have been given under the adverbs, and which do not, we think, require any further notice.

Note 2.—Ake and iho are often used after verbs, in a manner somewhat corresponding to that of the verbal particles. (vid. verbs. S.)

Ai is a particle of great use. It is chiefly employed as a substitute for the relatives who, which, what, and has reference to the time, place, manner, cause, means, intention, &c., of an action; as in the following examples:

• No te ra horoi whare i haere mai ai, started for here on Saturday.
• I tona kitenga ai, when it was seen.
• Te whare i moe ai ia, the house in which he slept.
• Te peheatanga i meatia ai, the way in which it was done.
• Te take i patua ai, the cause for which he was beaten.
• Ma te aha e ora ai? by what means be saved?
• I tuhituhi ai au nau hoki i utu i ena riwai, I have written to you because you paid for the other potatoes.

Occasionally, however, it is heard as a simple expletive; e. g.,

• I mua ai, formerly.

2ndly. It is employed with the verbs to denote a sequence and, occasionally, an opposition of action, and might be translated by "and then," "to," and sometimes "but."

• Haere, ka hoki mai ai, go, and then return.
• Haere ki reira noho ai, go there to stop.
• Kua hereherea, noho ai, kawea atu ana ki a te Paki, she was enslaved, and remained such for some time, then was carried to Paki.
• Ko te pa ano tera; noho ai ia ki Horotiu, that indeed is his village; but he dwells at Horotiu.