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Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals

Chapter 3: LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
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About This Book

A comprehensive study traces the development of Greek athletics from Homeric times through the classical, Hellenistic, and Roman periods up to the late fourth century A.D., examining the rise of public festivals, the Olympic and other great games, and trends such as professionalization and decline. The second part presents technical analyses of venues and events—stadia, the foot-race, jump with halteres, discus and javelin, pentathlon, wrestling, boxing, pankration, chariot-racing, gymnasium and palaestra—drawing on archaeological finds and iconography to reconstruct practices and to consider the cultural role of physical training in education and civic life.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

 
1. Boxer on steatite pyxis. Cnossus. (B.S.A. vii. p. 95) 10
 
2. Armed combat on Clazomenae. Sarcophagus in British Museum. (Murray, Sarcophagi in B.M., Pls. ii., iii.) 21
 
3. Funeral games on Amphiaraus vase. Berlin, 1655. (Mon. d. I. X., Pls. iv., v.) 29
 
4. Funeral games on Dipylon vase. Copenhagen. (Arch. Zeit., 1885, Pl. viii.) 30
 
5. Plan of Olympia (after Dörpfeld) 35
 
6. Statue of girl runner. Copy of fifth-century original. Vatican. (Helbig, Führer, 2nd Ed., 384.) (From a photograph by Alinari) 49
 
7. Apollo, found at Tenea. Munich. (E. A. Gardner, Greek Sculpture, Fig. 20) 87
 
8. Statue by an Argive sculptor. Delphi. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 134; Fouilles de Delphes, ii. 1) 89
 
9. Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo. British Museum. 91
 
10. Figure from E. pediment of temple at Aegina. Munich. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 41) 92
 
11. Bronze statuette from Ligourio. Berlin. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 39) 93
 
12. Bronze statuette of Hoplitodromos. Tübingen. (Jahrb., 1886, Pl. ix.) 94
 
13. Diskobolos, after Myron. (Photograph of bronzed cast made in Munich) 96
 
14. Doryphoros, after Polycleitus. Naples. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 74) 98
 
15. Diadumenos from Vaison, after Polycleitus. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 75) 100
 
16. Bronze head of ephebos. Fifth century. Munich, Glyptothek, 457. (From a photograph by Bruckmann) 102
 
17. Scenes in palaestra. R.-f. kylix. Munich, 795. (Arch. Zeit., 1878, Pl. xi.) 105
 
18. Bronze charioteer. Fifth century. Delphi. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 138; Fouilles de Delphes, II. xlix. 1) 113
 
19. The Apoxyomenos. Rome, Vatican. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 98) 123
 
20. Statue of Agias by Lysippus. Delphi. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 141; Fouilles de Delphes, II. lxiii.) 125
 
21. Farnese Heracles, by Glycon. Naples. (Greek Sculpture, Fig. 125) 147
 
22. Athletics under the Romans. Mosaic found at Tusculum. Imperial period. (Mon. d. I. VI., vii., Pl. 82) 177
 
23. Professional boxer. Mosaic from the Thermae of Caracalla. Rome, Lateran. (G. F. Hill, Illustrations to the Classics, Fig. 400; Secchi, Musaico Antoniniano) 190
 
24. Silver staters of Elis, in British Museum. Fifth century, (a) Head of nymph Olympia; (b) Victory seated, with palm 194
 
25. Judge crowning a victor. Interior of r.-f. kylix. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 532. (Arch. Zeit., 1853, lii. 3; Luynes, xlv.) 206
 
26. Phyllobolia. Interior of r.-f. kylix. Canino Coll. (Gerh. A. V. 274, 1) 206
 
27. Copper coins of Delphi, in British Museum. Imperial period. (a) Prize table, bearing crow, five apples, vase and crown. (b) Ins. Πύθια in crown of bay leaves. (B.M. Coins, Delphi, 39, 38) 208
 
28. Copper coin of Corinth, in British Museum. Imperial period. Ins. Ἵσθμια in crown of pine leaves. (B.M. Coins, Corinth, 603) 214
 
29. 30. Silver vase. Imperial period. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale. (Le Prévost, Mém. sur la collection des Vases de Bernay, Pls. viii., ix.) 220, 222
 
31. Copper coin of Argos, in British Museum. Imperial period. Ins. Νέμεια in crown of celery. (B.M. Coins, Argos, 170) 223
 
32. Flute-players. Small Panathenaic (?) amphora, in British Museum, B. 188. Sixth century 231
 
33. Panathenaic festival. B.-f. kylix, in British Museum, B. 80. (J.H.S. i., Pl vii.) 233
 
34. Apobates. Votive relief. Hellenistic period. Athens, Acropolis Museum. (B.C.H. vii., Pl. xvii.) 238
 
35. Pyrrhic chorus. Monument of Atarbus. Fourth century. Athens, Acropolis Museum. (Hill, Illustrations to the Classics, Fig. 417; Beulé, L’Acropole d’Athènes, ii., Pl. iv.) 240
 
36. Victorious boat on stele of Helvidius. Imperial period. Athens, National Museum. (Ἐφ. Ἀρχ., 1862, Pl. xxix.; von Sybel, Katalog, 3300) 241
 
37. Proclaiming a victor. Panathenaic amphora, in British Museum, B. 144. Sixth century 243
 
38. Crowning a victor. Panathenaic amphora, in British Museum, B. 138. Sixth century 244
 
39. Acrobatic scene. Panathenaic (?) amphora from Camirus. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 243. (Salzmann, Nécropole de Cameiros, Pl. lvii.) 245
 
40. Marble chair of judge at Panathenaea. (Stuart and Revett, Antiquities of Athens, iii. 3, p. 20) 246
 
41. Portion of starting lines at Olympia. (Olympia, Tafelb. i. 47) 253
 
42. The stadium of Epidaurus, S. E. corner, showing starting lines and rectangular end. (From a photograph by Mr. Emery Walker) 255
 
43. Plan of stadium at Epidaurus. (Πρακτικά, 1902, Pl. i.) 258
 
44. Plan of stadium at Delphi. (B.C.H., 1899, Pl. xiii.) 258
 
45. The starting lines at Delphi. (From a photograph by Mr. Emery Walker) 260
 
46. The stadium of Delphi 262
 
47. Hoplitodromos starting. R.-f. amphora. Louvre. (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 270; Bull. Nap. nouv. sér. vi. 7) 274
 
48. Runner starting. R.-f. kylix. Formerly at Naples. (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 271; Dubois-Maisonneuve, Pl. xxv.; Inghirami, Mon. Etrusc. v. 2, Pl. lxx.) 275
 
49. Runner starting. R.-f. kylix. Chiusi. (Hartwig, Meisterschalen, Fig. 6) 276
 
50. Dolichodromoi. Panathenaic amphora. Sixth century. (Mon. d. I. I., xxii. 7 b) 279
 
51. Dolichodromoi. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 609. Archonship of Niceratus, 333 B.C. (Hill, Illustrations to the Classics, Fig. 390) 280
 
52. Stadiodromoi. Panathenaic amphora. Munich, 498. Sixth century. (Mon. d. I. X., xlviii., l, m) 281
 
53. Stadiodromoi. Panathenaic amphora. Fourth century. (Stephani, C. R. Atlas, 1876, Pl. i.) 283
 
54. Hoplitodromoi, boxers, wrestlers. R.-f. kylix of Euphronius. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 523. (Hartwig, Meisterschalen, Pl. xvi.; J.H.S. xxiii. p. 278.) For interior vide Fig. 115 286
 
55. Hoplitodromoi; the turn. R.-f. kylix. Formerly in Berlin. (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 278; Jahrb., 1895, p. 190) 287
 
56. Hoplitodromoi. R.-f. kylix. Berlin, 2307. (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 277; Gerh. A.V. 261) 288
 
57. Hoplitodromoi; the finish. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, E. 818. (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 285) 289
 
58. Hoplitodromoi. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 608. Archonship of Pythodelus, 336 B.C. (Mon. d. I. X., xlviii. e, 3) 290
 
59. Hoplitodromoi. R.-f. kylix. Munich, 1240. (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 284) 292
 
60. Leaden halter from Eleusis. Athens, National Museum, 9075. (Ἐφ. Ἀρχ., 1883, 190; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 1) 298
 
61. Photograph of halteres in British Museum, (a) Cast of stone halter from Olympia (Jüthner, Fig. 9). (b) Limestone halter from Camirus (B.M. Guide to Greek and Roman Life, Fig. 41). (c) Leaden halter (J.H.S. xxiv. p. 182) 299
 
62. Stone halter from Corinth. Athens, National Museum. (Ἐφ. Ἀρχ., 1883, p. 103; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 8) 300
 
63. Jumper and flute-player. R.-f. pelike. British Museum, E. 427. (J.H.S. xxiv. p. 185) 302
 
64. Jumpers, akontistes, diskobolos, flute-player. R.-f. krater. Copenhagen (?). (J.H.S. xxiv. p. 185; Annali, 1846, M.) 303
 
65. Jumpers practising and paidotribes. R.-f. kylix. Bologna. (J.H.S. xxiv. p. 186; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 16) 304
 
66. Jumpers, diskobolos, paidotribai. R.-f. kylix. Bourguignon Coll. (Arch. Zeit., 1884, xvi.) For interior vide Fig. 80 305
 
67. Jumper about to land. B.-f. amphora. British Museum, B. 48. (J.H.S. xxiv. p. 183, ii. p. 219; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 15) 306
 
68. Jumper running. R.-f. kylix. Chiusi. (J.H.S. xxiv. p. 188; Klein, Euphronios, p. 306) 307
 
69. Standing jump without halteres. R.-f. pelike belonging to Dr. Hauser. (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 272; Jahrb., 1895, p. 185) 309
 
70. Youth swinging halteres. R.-f. oinochoe. British Museum, E. 561. (J.H.S. xxiv. p. 192) 311
 
71. Diskobolos holding stone diskos. B.-f. amphora. British Museum, B. 271. (J.H.S. xxvii. Pl. i.) For reverse vide Fig. 141 314
 
72. Bronze diskos found at Aegina. Berlin. (Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 20) 315
 
73. Bronze diskos of Exoïdas. British Museum, 3207 317
 
74. Marking the throw of diskos. (a) R.-f. kylix. Chiusi. (b) R.-f. kylix of Hischylus. Würzburg, 357, A. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 11; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 27) 320
 
75. The standing diskobolos. Vatican. Copy of fifth-century original. (From a photograph by Anderson) 321
 
76. Palaestra scene; diskobolos, akontistes. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, E. 6. (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 273) 323
 
77. Diskobolos, flute-player. B.-f. kelebe. British Museum, B. 361. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 15) 324
 
78. Diskobolos. R.-f. krater of Amasis. Corneto. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 16; Hartwig, Meisterschalen, Fig. 56 a) 324
 
79. Diskobolos and paidotribes. R.-f. pelike. British Museum, E. 395. (J.H.S. xxvii. Pl. iii.) 325
 
80. Diskobolos. Interior of Fig. 66 326
 
81. Bronze statuette of diskobolos. Fifth century. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 18; Burlington Fine Arts Club, 1903, Pl. 50) 326
 
82. Diskobolos, paidotribes. B.-f. lekythos. British Museum, B. 576. (J.H.S. xxvii. Pl. ii.) 328
 
83. Bronze statuette of diskobolos. New York. (Bulletin of Metropolitan Museum of Art, iii. p. 32) 329
 
84. Bronze statuette of diskobolos. British Museum, 675. Fifth century. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 22) 330
 
85. Diskobolos. R.-f. kylix. Louvre. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 27; Hartwig, Meisterschalen, lxiii. 2) 331
 
86. Coins of Cos, in British Museum, representing diskobolos. Fifth century. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 30) 332
 
87. Diskobolos. Panathenaic amphora. Naples, Race. Cum. 184. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 32; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 31) 333
 
88. Diskobolos, flute-player, paidotribes, youth fastening amentum, skapanai. B.-f. hydria. British Museum, E. 164. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 32; B.C.H., 1899, p. 164) 334
 
89. Diskobolos. R.-f. kylix. Boulogne, Musée Municipale. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 33; Le Musée, ii. p. 281) 335
 
90. Diskobolos. B.-f. hydria. Vienna, 318. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 34) 336
 
91. Youth fastening amentum. R.-f. kylix. Würzburg, 432. (Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 37) 340
 
92. Various methods of attaching the amentum. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 250) 341
 
93. Warrior holding spear by amentum. B.-f. kylix. British Museum, B. 380. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 252) 342
 
94. Warriors throwing spears with amenta. François vase, Florence. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 253; Furtwängler, Vasenmalerei, Pl. xiii.) 343
 
95. Illustrations of use of the throwing thong. (a, b) Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Figs. 47, 48. Reconstruction of throw, (c) Detail from B.M. Vases, B. 134. (d) The ounep of New Caledonia. 344
 
96. Palaestra scene; a wrestling lesson, preparations for javelin-throwing. R.-f. psykter. Bourguignon Coll. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 259; Antike Denkmale, ii. 20) 345
 
97. Akontistes. B.-f. stamnos. Vatican. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 261; Mus. Greg. II. xvii.) 346
 
98. Mounted warriors throwing javelins by means of amenta. B.-f. vase. Athens, Acropolis Museum, 606. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 261; B. Graef. Die antiken Vasen v. d. Acropolis, Pl. xxxi.) 347
 
99. Diskobolos, akontistes, boxer fastening himantes. R.-f. amphora, in British Museum, E. 256. (J.H.S. xxvii. Pl. xix.) 348
 
100. Akontistai. R.-f. kylix. Munich, 562 A. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 262; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 41) 349
 
101. Akontistai. R.-f. kylix. Berlin, 3139 inv. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 263; Hartwig, Meisterschalen, Pl. xlvi.) 350
 
102. Akontistes. R.-f. kylix. Torlonia, 270 (148). (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 264; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 49) 351
 
103. Akontistes, diskobolos, skapane. R.-f. amphora. Munich, 408. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 265; Furtwängler, Vasenmalerei, xlv.) 353
 
104. Akontistes. R.-f. kylix. Rome(?) (Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 43) 354
 
105. Akontistes. R.-f. kylix. Berlin, 2728. (J.H.S. xxvii. p. 268; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 42) 355
 
106. Throwing the javelin on horseback. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum. (J.H.S. xxvii. Pl. xx.) 357
 
107. Pentathlon. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 134. Sixth century. (J.H.S. xxvii. Pl. xviii.) 360
 
108. Pentathlon. Panathenaic amphora. Leyden. Sixth century. (Arch. Zeit., 1881, ix.) 361
 
109. Wrestling types on coins, in British Museum. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 271.) (a, b, c) Aspendus, fifth and fourth centuries; (d) Heraclea in Lucania, fourth century; (e, f) Syracuse, circa 400 B.C.; (g) Alexandria, Antoninus Pius 372
 
110. One of a pair of wrestling-boys, generally known as diskoboloi. Hellenistic period. Naples. (From a photograph by Brogi) 379
 
111. Wrestling. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 603. Archonship of Polyzelus, 367 B.C. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 263) 381
 
112. Theseus and Cercyon wrestling. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, E. 84. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 264) 382
 
113. Wrestling group from b.-f. amphora. British Museum. B. 295. Vide Fig. 143. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 270) 383
 
114. The flying mare. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, E. 94. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 268) 384
 
115. The flying mare. Interior of Fig. 54 385
 
116. Wrestling groups. Prize vase. R.-f. krater of Andocides. Berlin, 2159. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 270; American Journal of Archaeology, 1896, p. 11) 386
 
117. Wrestling. R.-f. krater. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum, 288. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 274; Catalogue of Ashmolean Museum, Pl. xiii.) 387
 
118. Reverse of Fig. 143 388
 
119. Peleus and Atalanta. B.-f. amphora. Munich, 584. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 275; Gerh. A. V. 177) 389
 
120. Wrestling, cross-buttock. Panathenaic amphora. Boulogne, Musée Municipale, 441. Sixth century. (Le Musée, ii. p. 275, Fig. 15) 390
 
121. Wrestling groups. B.-f. amphora. Munich, 1336. (J.H.S. xxv. Pl. xii.) 391
 
122. Wrestling group, paidotribes. R.-f. kylix. Philadelphia. (Trans. of University of Pennsylvania, 1907, Pl. xxxv.) 392
 
123. Wrestling groups, brabeutes. B.-f. amphora. Munich, 495. (J.H.S. xxv. Pl. xii.) 393
 
124. Theseus and Cercyon. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, E. 48. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 285) 394
 
125. Theseus and Cercyon. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, E. 36. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 285) 394
 
126. Theseus and Cercyon. Metope of Theseum. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 286; Greek Sculpture, Fig. 66) 395
 
127. Bronze wrestling group. Paris. (Clarac, 802, 2014; Reinach, Musée de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 124) 396
 
128. Wrestling, cross-buttock. B.-f. amphora. Vatican. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 288; Mus. Greg. xvii. 1, a) 397
 
129. Bronze wrestling group. British Museum. (J.H.S. xxv. Pl. xi.) 398
 
130. Bronze wrestling group. St. Petersburg. (Stephani, C.R., 1867, i. 1, 5; J.H.S. xxv. p. 290) 399
 
131. Bronze wrestling group. Constantinople. (J.H.S. xxv. p. 291; Jahrb., 1898, xi.) 400
 
132. Boxers taking the oath. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, E. 63. (Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 54) 403
 
133. Boxing scenes. R.-f. kylix of Duris. British Museum, E. 39. (J.H.S. xxvi. Pl. xii.; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 53) 404
 
134. Interior of Fig. 151 406
 
135. Boxers. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 607. Archonship of Pytliodelus, B.C. 336. (Mon. d. I. X., xlviii. e, 2; Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 67) 407
 
136. Statue of boxer seated. Rome, Terme Museum. (From a photograph by Anderson) 408
 
137. Right hand of boxer from Sorrento. Naples. (Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 63) 409
 
138. Caestus from mosaic in the thermae of Caracalla. Rome, Lateran. (Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 74) 411
 
139. Boxers (?) fighting over prize. Bronze situla. Watsch. (Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 61; Mitth. d. Central. Comm., 1883, Pl. ii.) 412
 
140. Boxers fighting over tripod. Fragment of b.-f. situla from Daphnae. British Museum, B. 124. (Tanis, ii. 30) 413
 
141. Boxer giving signal of defeat. B.-f. amphora in British Museum, B. 271. For reverse vide Fig. 71 416
 
142. Boxers, runners, jumper, wearing loin-cloth. B.-f. stamnos. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 252. (De Ridder, Catalogue des Vases peints, i. p. 160) 418
 
143. Boxers, wrestlers. B.-f. amphora of Nicosthenes. British Museum, B. 295. Vide Figs. 113, 118 420
 
144. Boxers. Panathenaic amphora. Berlin, 1831. Sixth century. (Jüthner, Ant. Turn. Fig. 60) 422
 
145. Boxers. Panathenaic amphora. Campana Coll. Sixth century. (Stephani, C.R., 1876, 109, 44) 423
 
146. Boxers. R.-f. kylix of Pamphaeus. Corneto. (Marquardt, Pentathlon, Pl. i.; Mon. d. I. XI., xxiv.) 424
 
147. Boxers. Panathenaic amphora. Louvre, F. 278. Sixth century. (J.H.S. xxvi. p. 222) 425
 
148. Boxers. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 612. Fourth century 427
 
149. Marble head of boxer, with ear-lappets. Formerly in possession of Fabretti. (Schreiber, Atlas, xxiv. 8; Fabretti, De Columna Trajani, p. 267) 433
 
150. Boxers, akontistes, diskobolos, runners. B.-f. hydria. British Museum, B. 326. (Marquardt, Pentathlon, Pl. ii.) 433
 
151. Pankration, boxing, hoplitodromos. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, E. 78. (J.H.S. xxvi. Pl. xiii.) 436
 
152. Pankration. R.-f. kylix. Baltimore. (J.H.S. xxvi. p. 9; Hartwig, Meisterschalen, Pl. lxiv.) 437
 
153. Pankration. Fragment of R.-f. kylix. Berlin. (J.H.S. xxvi. p. 8; Hartwig, Meisterschalen, Fig. 12) 438
 
154. Pankration. Panathenaic amphora. Sixth century. (Mon. d. I. I., xxii.) 439
 
155. Pankration. Panathenaic amphora. Sixth century. (Mon. d. I. I. xxii.) 440
 
156. Heracles and Antaeus. B.-f. hydria, Munich, 114. (J.H.S. xxvi. p. 21; Arch. Zeit., 1878, x.) 441
 
157. Pankration. Panathenaic amphora of Kittos. British Museum, B. 604. Fourth century. (J.H.S. xxvi. Pl. iii.) 442
 
158. Pankration. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 610. Archonship of Nicetes, 332 B.C. (J.H.S. xxvi. Pl. iv.) 443
 
159. Pankration. Panathenaic amphora. Lamberg Coll. (J.H.S. i. Pl. vi.) 444
 
160. Heracles and Triton. B.-f. amphora. British Museum, B. 223. (J.H.S. xxvi. p. 15) 445
 
161. Heracles and Antaeus. R.-f. kylix. Athens. (J.H.S. x. Pl. i.; xxvi. p. 11) 446
 
162. Wrestling groups on Graeco-Roman gems in British Museum. (J.H.S. xxvi. p. 10) 447
 
163. Marble group of pankratiasts. Uffizi Palace, Florence. (Photograph by Brogi) 449
 
164. Plan of Aphesis in Hippodrome at Olympia. (After Weniger. Clio, 1909, p. 303) 453
 
165. Four-horse chariot-race. Panathenaic amphora found at Sparta. Sixth century. (B.S.A. xiii. Pl. v.) 456
 
166. Two-horse chariot-race. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 132. Sixth century 458
 
167. Coins of Philip II. of Macedon, in British Museum, (a) Silver tetradrachm; victorious jockey with palm branch, (b) Gold stater; two-horse chariot 459
 
168. Silver tetradrachm of Rhegium, in British Museum. Early fifth century. Mule chariot 460
 
169. Riding-race. Panathenaic amphora. British Museum, B. 133. Sixth century 461
 
170. Silver staters of Tarentum, in British Museum. Third century. (a) Mounted torch-bearer. (b) Apobates dismounting 462
 
171. Silver tetradrachms of Catana, in British Museum. Fifth century. Four-horse chariot 464
 
172. Silver decadrachms of Sicily, in British Museum. Four-horse chariot, (a) Agrigentum, 413-406 B.C. (b) Syracuse, 400-360 B.C. 465
 
173. Scenes in gymnasium. Boxers, wrestlers, paidotribai, diskobolos, akontistes. R.-f. kylix. Canino Coll. (Gerh. A. V. 271) 473
 
174. Riding lesson in gymnasium. R.-f. kylix. Munich, 515. (Arch. Zeit., 1885, xi.) 474
 
175. Scenes in apodyterion of gymnasium. R.-f. kylix. Copenhagen. (Gerh. A. V. 281) 475
 
176. Scene in apodyterion. R.-f. krater. Berlin, 2180. (Arch. Zeit., 1879, 4) 476
 
177. Boxing, massage. Bronze cista. Vatican. (Mus. Greg. i. 37) 477
 
178. Korykos. Small r.-f. amphora. St. Petersburg, Hermitage, 1611. (Annali, 1870, R.) 478
 
179. Korykos. Ficoroni cista. Kirchner Museum, Rome. (Müller-Wieseler, Denkmäl. d. alt. Kunst, i. 61, 309) 479
 
180. Men washing at fountain. B.-f. hydria. Leyden, 7794 b. (Roulez, Choix de vases peints du Musée de Leyde, Pl. xix.) 480
 
181. Youths washing at a public basin. R.-f. vase. (Tischbein, Vases Hamilton, i. 58) 481
 
182. Youths washing at a basin. R.-f. kylix. British Museum, E. 83. (Gerh. A. V. 277; Tucker, Life in Ancient Athens, Fig. 36) 482
 
183. Strigil in British Museum, inscribed with owner’s name Κέλων. Fifth century. (B.M. Bronzes, 256) 483
 
184. Plan of gymnasium at Delphi. (B.C.H., 1899, Pl. xiii.) 484
 
185. Plan of palaestra at Olympia. (Olympia, Taf. lxxiii.) 487
 
186. Stele of Diodorus, a gymnasiarch; showing oil-tank, crown, palms, votive tablets, and wrestler’s cap. Found at Prusa. Imperial period. (Berichte d. Sächsischen Gesellschaft d. Wissenschaften, 1873, Pl. i.; Schreiber, Atlas, xxi. 6) 490
 
187. Plan of lower gymnasium, Priene. (Priene, Fig. 271) 493
 
188. Bath-room in gymnasium, Priene. (Priene, Fig. 278) 495
 
189. Plan of gymnasia at Pergamum. (Simplified from Ath. Mitth. xxix. Pl. viii.; xxxiii. Pl. xviii.) 499
 
190. Stele representing victorious crew. Athens. Hellenistic period. (J.H.S. xi. p. 149) 508