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Greek in a Nutshell

Chapter 34: LESSON XI.
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A concise manual presenting essential New Testament Greek grammar for beginners, organized as short, progressive lessons. It introduces the alphabet, pronunciation, accentuation, breathings, vowels, diphthongs, and common euphonic changes that affect word forms. The work outlines noun declensions, genders, numbers, and cases with typical endings and uses, and treats verb formation and agreement in a practical, application-focused way. Brief reading lessons and exercises accompany grammatical points to reinforce recognition and early translation skills, with the stated aim of giving learners a workable foundation for engaging the original Greek of the New Testament.

Οὕτως οὖν       προσεύχεσϑε1 ὑμεῖς· (Ὅταν     προσεύχησϑε,2Thus  therefore     pray      YE:  (Whenever    ye pray,

λέγετε·3) Πάτερ4 ἡμῶν   ὁ        ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς,5 ἁγιασϑήτω6      τὸ
say:)     Father of us, the one  in the  heavens, let be hallowed the

ὄνομά7 σου,     έλϑέτω8   ἡ  βασιλεία9 σου,     γενηϑήτω10   τὸ
name   of thee; let come the kingdom   of thee; let be done  the

ϑέλημἄ11 σου      ως ἐν οὐρανῷ12 καὶ  ἐπὶ  τῆς γῆς,13 τὸν ἄρτον14will   of thee,   as in heaven, also upon the earth; the bread

ἡμῶν   τὸν ἐπιούσιον15 δὸς16 (δίδου17) ἡμῖν  σήμερον,18     (τὸ19of us, the  needful,   give  (give)   to us to-day; as to the time
καϑ᾽20 ἡμέραν,21) καὶ ἄφες22  ἡμῖν  τὰ  ὀφειλήματα23 (τὰς ἁμαρτίας24)
by     day;     and forgive to us the debts        (the sins)

ἡμῶν,  ὡς καὶ  ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν25 τοῖς   ὀφειλέταις26 ἡμῶν,  (καὶ
of us, as also we    forgive   to the debtors    of us; (and this do,

γὰρ αὐτοἱ27    ἀφίεμεν25      παντὶ28 ὀφε λοντι29 ἡμῖν,)  καὶ μὴ
for ourselves we forgive to every one owing    to us;) and not

εἰσενέγκῃς30     ἡμᾶς εἰς  πειρασμόν,31 ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι32      ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ
mayest thou lead us   into trial;       but  deliver thou us   away

τοῦ      πονηροῦ·33 [ὅτι     σοῦ     ἐστὶν34 ἡ   βασιλεία,9 καὶ  ἡ
from the evil:      [because of thee is      the kingdom,   and  the

δύναμις,35 καὶ ἡ   δόξα36 εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.37 ἀμήν.38]
power,     and the glory  to  the  ages.     Amen.]

Remark.--The words above in parentheses are the variations in the passage of Luke. The concluding doxology in brackets is not found in the oldest manuscripts, and is probably spurious.

1. προσεύχομαι, lit., pray towards; depon., § 40; pres., § 58; indic., § 42; 2d plur. mid., § 49.

2. Subj., § 42; required by conditional particle preceding, § 44.

3. λέγω; pres., § 65; imper., § 42; 2d plur. act., § 49.

4. πατήρ, (accent irregularly shifted;) 3d decl., § 32; voc. sing., § 27.

5. οὐρανός, § 30; dat. plur., § 88.

6. ἁγιάζω, root ἁγιαδ, from ἅγιος =holy; 1st aor. pass., § 59; σ for δ, § 14; η in imper., § 42; 3d pers. sing., § 53; as if act., § 52.

7. ix, 5; accent, § 3.

8. viii, 8; 2d aor. § 48; imper. § 42; 3d sing. act., § 53.

9. Nom. sing. fem., § 29; cannot take the enclitic's accent (§ 3) like No. 7, as another acute immediately precedes.

10. γίνομαι, vii, 15; 1st aor. pass., No. 6; first η assumed irreg. as if a deriv.

11. No. 7.

12. No. 5; dat. sing., § 88.

13. γῆ, § 28; gen. sing., of place all over, like time, § 83.

14. ἄρτος. § 30; acc. sing. § 97.

15. ἐπιούσιος, prob. comp. of ἐπί, for, and οὐσία, subsistence; used only here; acc. sing. masc., § 34.

16. From δίδωμι, § 67; irreg,, 2d aor. imp. 2d sing. act.

17. Same verb; irreg. pres. imper. 2d sing. act.

18. Compound adv.

19. Elliptical, § 74; "attrib. acc." § 97.

20. For κατά, §§ 22, 14.

21. From ἡμέρα, § 29; acc. sing. of time, § 97; here distributive, daily.

22. From ἀφίημι=send away; ἀπό and ἵημι, § 69; irreg. 2d aor. imper.; 2d sing. act., like No. 16.

23. From ὀφείλημα, like No. 7; acc. plur. neut., § 32.

24. From ἁμαρτία. § 28.

25. From same as No. 22; pres. ind. 1st plur. act., § 49;

26. From ὀφειλέτης, § 28; dat. plur., § 92.

27. Def. adj. pron., § 39; used as pers. of all persons.

28. From πᾶς, see vii, 12; dat. sing. masc., § 32.

29. Pres. act. part, of ὀφείλω, like ix, 12; dat. sing. masc., § 92.

30. Assigned to εἰσφέρω, but really belonging to the defective cognate, εἰσήνεγκα, irreg. reduplicate, 1st aor., from εἰς, into, and an obsolete ἔγκω, (for ενκω, § 16;) subj., § 41, (dependent end upon an implied verb of wishing or deprecating § 44;) 2d sing. act., § 51.

31. From πειρασμός, § 30; acc. sing., § 94.

32. From ῥύομαι, § 62; depon., § 40; 1st aor., § 59; imper. union-vowel α, § 42; 2d sing. mid., § 53.

33. Noun implied, § 74; 2d decl., § 34; gen. sing. neut., § 81.

34. From εἰμί, § 69.

35. See § 33.

36. See ix, 34.

37. From αἰών, § 32; acc. plur., § 94.

38. Adv. from the Heb., verily.

LESSON XI.

EXERCISE ON LUKE i, 1-4.

Ἐπειδήπερ1  πολλοὶ2 ἐπεχείρησαν3 ἀνατάξασϑαι4 διήγησιν5   περὶ
Inasmuch as many    undertook    to arrange   a narrative about

τῶν πεπλήροφορημένων6 ἐν    ἡμῖν7 πραγμάτων,8   καϑὼς9  παρέδοσαν10the fully believed    among us    transactions, just as transmitted them
ἡμῖν7 οἱ  ἀπ᾽11           ἀρχῆς12   αὐτόπται13    καὶ ὑπηρέται14to us the from the beginning eye-witnesses and ministers

τοῦ    λόγον·15 ἔόοξε16         κάμοί17     παρηκολονϑηκότι18     ἄνωϑεν19of the word;    it seemed good to me also, having followed close from the first

πᾶσιν20        ἀκριβῶς,21 καϑεξῆς22    σοι  γράψαι,23  κράτιστε24to all things carefully, regularly to thee to write,  most excellent

Θεόφιλε,25  ἵνα                ἐπιγνῷς26        περὶ  ὧν27      κατηχήϑης28Theophilus, in order that thou mayest recognize about what thou wast instructed

λόγων τὴν ἀσφάλειαν.29words the certainty.

1. Comp. of ἐπεί, since, (from ἐπί, upon, εἴ, if,) δή, now, and the intensive particle, περ.

2. Irreg. from πολύς, really an old πολλός; nom. plur. masc., § 34; persons understood, § 74.

3. From ἐπιχείρέω, lay hand upon, from ἐπί, upon, and χείρ, a hand; aug., § 61; η, § 66; 1st aor., § 59; Ind., § 42; 3d plur. act.; § 49.

4. From ἀνατάσσομαι, (comp. of ἀνά, up, i.e., thoroughly, and τάσσω, arrange;) depon., § 40; 1st aor., (root, ταγ, str. in pres. by σσ, § 58, which excludes the γ,) § 59, (ξ=γσ, § 13;) infin. mid., § 54; depends, like a nom. (§ 25) in the acc. upon ἐπεχ., § 97.

5. From διήγησις, (like πολις in the paradigm,) § 33; acc. sing. depend. on ἀνατ., § 97.

6. From πληροφορέω, comp. of πλήρης, full, φορέω, bear, i.e., in mind; redupl., § 60; η, § 66; no tense sign, § 59; perf. pass. part., § 55; gen. plur., § 30; agrees with πραγμ., § 73.

7. See § 38.

8. Like σῶμα in the paradigm; gen. plur., see viii, 13.

9. Comp. of κατά, (see x, 20,) down, i.e., exactly, and ὠς, as.

10. From παραδίδωμι, comp. of παρά, near, i.e., from one to another, and δίδωμι, § 68; 2d aor., (δο,) § 57; indic., § 60, also § 42; 3d plur. act., § 49.

11. See § 22.

12. See vii. 2.

13. From αὐτόπτης, comp. of αὐτός, self, and ὄπτομαι, I see; nom. plur. masc., § 28.

14. From ὑπηρέτης, (comp. of ὐπό, under, and ἐρέτης, rower,) § 28.

15. See paradigm.

16. From δοκέω, really an obsol. δόκω; 1st aor., § 59; indic., § 60; 3d sing. act., § 49.

17. Comp. of καί, (§ 22,) and ἐμοί, § 38; case, § 92.

18. From παρακολουϑέω, comp. of παρά, near, and ἀκολονϑέω; aug., (α+ε=η,) § 60; perf. act., § 59; second η, § 66; part., § 55; dat. sing., (§ 32,) masc., § 34; agrees with ἐμοί, § 73.

19. Deriv. adv., lit., from above, i.e., from top to bottom.

20. See viii, 16; dat. plur., § 88.

21. Adv. from ἀκριβής, exact.

22. Adv. comp. of κατά, (as No. 17,) and ἑξῆς, orderly, an old gen., § 31.

23. From γράφω, (not str., § 58;) 1st aor., as No. 4; infin. act., § 54; subj. of ἔδοξε.

24. From κράτιστος, § 34; superl., (§ 35,) of an obsol. κρατύς, strong, assigned to ἀγαϑός, good; Voc. sing. masc., § 30.

25. Nom, Θεόφιλος, § 30.

26. From ἐπιγινώκω, comp. of ἐπί, upon, i.e., by means of some reminding or determining circumstance, and γινώσκω, I know, for γίγνωσκω, § 70, (root γνο, know,) contracted like γίνομαι, vii, 15; 2d aor., § 57; subj., § 44; 2d sing. act., § 51.

27. Rel., § 39; gen. plur., § 30; agrees with λόγων, § 75; for τῶν λόγων, (§ 75,) οἶς, § 91.

28. From κατηχέω, (comp. of κατά, down, as in No. 17, and ἠχέω, I echo,) whence our catechize; 1st. aor. pass., § 59; exception to § 14; second η, § 66; third η, § 42; 2d sing., § 52.

29. From ἀσφάλεια, lit., non-tottering; acc. sing., § 29; depends upon ἐπιγ., § 97.

Paradigms of Nouns of the First Declension.

Feminine. Masculine.
Cases. Shadow. Door. Root. Honor. Youth. Judge.
Sing.
Nominative. σκιά ϑύρα ῥίζα τιμή νεανίας κριτής
Genitive. σκιᾶς ϑύρας ῥίζης τιλῆς νεανίου κριτοῖ
Dative. σκιᾷ ϑύρᾳ ῥίζῃ τιμῇ νεανίᾳ κριτῇ
Accusative. σκιάν ϑύραν ῥίζαν τιμήν νεανίαν κριτήν
Vocative. σκιά ϑύρα ῥίζα τιμή νεανία κριτά
Plur.
Nominative. σκιαί ϑύραι ῥίζαι τιμαί νεανίαι κριταί
Genitive. σκιῶν ϑυρῶν ῥιζῶν τιμῶν νεανιῶν κριτῶν
Dative. σκιαῖς ϑύραις ῥίζαις τιμαῖς νεανίαις κριταῖς
Accusative. σκιάς ϑύρας ῥίζας τιμάς νεανίας κριτάς
Vocative. σκιαί ϑύραι ῥίζαι τιμαί νεανίαι κριταί

Paradigms of Nouns of the Second Declension.

Masculine. Neuter.
Word. Jesus. Fig.
Cases. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
Nominative. λόγος λόγοι Ἰησοῦς σῦκον σῦκα
Genitive. λόγου λόγων Ἰησοῦ σύκου σύκων
Dative. λόγῳ λόγοις Ἰησοῦ σύκῳ σύκοις
Accusative. λόγον λόγους Ἰησοῦν σῦκον σῦκα
Vocative. λόγε λόγοι Ἰησοῦ σῦκον σῦκα

Paradigms of Nouns of the Third Declension

Masculine and Feminine. Neuter.
Cases. Shepherd. Lion. Hair. City. Body. Light. Wall.
Sing.
Nominative. ποιμήν λέων ϑρίξ πόλις σῶμα φῶς τεῖχος
Genitive. ποιμένος λέοντος τρίχός πόλεως σώματος φωτός τείχους
Dative. ποιμένι λέοντι τριχί πόλει σώματι φωατί τείχει
Accusative. ποιμένα λέοντα τρίχα πόλιν σῶμα φῶς τεῖχος
Vocative. ποιμήν λέον ϑρίξ πόλι σῶμα φῶς τεῖχος
Plur.
Nominative. ποιμένες λέοντες τρίχες πόλεις σώματα φῶτά τείχη
Genitive. ποιμένων λεόντων τριχῶυ πόλεων σωμάτων φωτῶν τειχῶν
Dative. ποιμέσι λέονσι ϑριξί πόλεσι σώμασι φωσί τείχεσι
Accusative. ποιμένας λέοντας τρίχας πόλεις σώματα φῶτα τείχη
Vocative. ποιμένες λέοντες τρίχες πόλεις σώματα φῶτα τείχη

Paradigms of Adjectives, (of three terminations, § 34.)

1st and 2d Decl.--καλός, Fair.

Singular. Plural.
Cases. Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nominative. καλός καλή καλόν καλοί καλαί καλά
Genitive. καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν
Dative. καλῷ καλῇς καλῷ καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς
Accusative. καλόν καλήν καλόν καλούς καλάς καλά
Vocative. καλέ καλή καλόν καλοί καλαί καλά
Similarly, δίκαιος, δικαία, δίκαιον, Just.

1st and 3d Decl.--πᾶς, All.

Singular. Plural.
Cases. Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nominative. πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
Genitive. παντός πάσης παντός πάντων πᾶσών πάντων
Dative. παντί πάσῃ παντί πᾶσι πάσαις πᾶσι
Accusative. πάντα πάσην πᾶν παντας πάσας πάντα
Vocative. πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα

Similarly those ending in

M. F. N. M. & N. M. F. N. M. & N. M. F. N. M. & N.
ας αινα αν G. ανος ούς οῦσα όν G. όντος ώς νῖα ός G. ότος
εις εσσα εν G. εντος ων ουσα ον G. οντος ῶς ῶσα ῶς G. ῶτός
είς εῖσα έν G. έντος ῶν ῶσα ῶν G. ῶντος ύς εῖα ύ G. έος
ην εινα εν G. ενος ῶν οῦσα οῦν G. οῦντος ύς ῦσα ύν G. ύντος

Forms in two terminations are similar; for example:--

M. & F. N. Gen. M. & F. N. Gen. M. & F. N. Gen.
ας αν αντος ις ι ιτος ων ον ονος
ην εν ενος ος ον ου ωρ ορ ορος
ής έν έος ους ουν οδος ως ων ω
υς υ υος

Synopsis (1st sing., etc.) of Regular (Mute) Verbs.--τύπτω, Strike.

Active Voice.

Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part.
Pres. τύπτω τύπτε τύπτω τύπτειν τύπτων
Imp'f. ἔτυπτον τύπτοιμι
1st A. τύψω τύψοιμι τύψειν τύψων
1st F. ἔτυψα τύψον τύψαιμι τύψω τύψαι τύψας
Perf. τέτυφα τέτυφε τετύφω τετυφέναι τετυφώς
Plup. ἐτετύφειν τετύφοιμι
2d A. ἔτυπον τύπε τύποιμι τύπω τυπεῖν τυπών
2d F. τυπῶ τυποῖμι τυπεῖν τυπῶν

Passive Voice.

Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part.
Pres. τύπτομαι τύπτου τύπτωμαι τύπτεσϑαι τυπτόμενος
Imp'f. ἐτυπτόμην τυπτοίμην [ὠ
Perf. τέτυμμαι τέτυψο [εἴην τετυμμένος τετύφϑαι τετυμμένος
Plup. ἐτετύμμην τετυμμένος
1st A. ἐτύφϑην τύφϑητι τυφϑείην τυφϑὼ τυφϑῆναι τυφϑείς
1st F. τυφϑήσομαι τυφϑησοίμην τυφϑήσεσϑαι τυφϑησόμενος
2d A. ἐτύπην τύπηϑι τυπείην τυπῶ τυπῆναι τυπείς
2d F. τυπήσομαι τυπησοίμην τυπήσεσϑαι τυπησόμενος
3d F. τετύψομαι τετυψοίμην τετύψεσϑαι τετυψόμενος

Middle Voice.

Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part.
Pres. Same throughout at the Passive
Imp'f.
Perf. τέτυπα τέτυπε τετύπω τετυπέναι τετυπώς
Plup. ἐτετύπειν τετύποιμι
1st A. ἐτυψάμην τύψαι τυψαίμην τύψωμαι τύψασϑαι τυψάμενος
1st F. τύψομαι τυψοίμην τύψεσϑαι τυψόμενος
2d A. ἐτυπόμην τυποῦ τυποίμην τύπωμαι τυπέσϑαι τυπόμενος
2d F. τυποῦμαι τυποίμην τυπεῖσϑαι τυπούμενος

Regular Verb-Endings, (including mood-vowel.)

Active (includ. § 52.) Mid. and Pass. (except § 52.)
1 2 3 1 2 3
Ind.of Pres. and Fut. s. ω εις ει Ind. of Pres. and Fut. s. ομαι εται
p. ομεν ετε ουσι p. όμεϑα εσϑε ονται
Subjunctive throughout s. ω ης Subj. throughout (exc. Perf. Pass.4) s. ωμαι ηται
p. ωμεν ητε ωσι p. ώμεϑα ησϑε ωνται
Ind. of Perf. and 1 Aor. s. α ας ε Ind. of 1 Aor. Mid. s. άμην ω ατο
p. αμεν ατε ασι1 p. άμεϑα ασϑε αντο
Ind. of Imp. and 2 Aor. s. ον ες ε Ind. of Imp. and 2 Aor. Middle. s. όμην ου ετο
p. ομεν ετε ον p. όμεϑα εσϑε οντο
Ind. of Aor., Pass., & Opt.2 s. ην ης η Ind. of Perf. Pass.4 s. μαι σαι ται
p. ημεν ητε ησαν p. μεϑα σϑε νται
Indic. of Plup. s. ειν εις ει Ind. of Plup. Pass.4 s. μην σο το
p. ειμεν ειτε εισαν p. μεϑα σϑε ντο
Opt., exc. as ab've & bel'w s. οιμι οις οι Opt., exc. as bel'w (and Perf. Pass.4) s. οίμην οιο οιτο
p. οιμεν οιτε οιεν p. οίμεϑα οισϑε οιντο
Opt. of 1 Aor. s. αιμι αις αι Opt. of 1 Aor. Mid. s. αίμην αισο αιτο
p. αιμεν αιτε αιεν p. αίμεϑα αισϑε αιντο
Imp. of Pres., 2 Aor., & Perf. s. .... ε έτω Imper. of Pres. and 2 Aor. (Mid.) s. .... ου έσϑω
p. .... ετε έτωσαν p. .... εσϑε έσϑωσαν
Imper. of 1 Aor. s. .... ον άτω Imper. of 1 Aor. Mid. s. .... αι άσϑω
p. .... ατε άτωσαν p. .... ασϑε άσϑωσαν
Imper. of Aor. Pass. s. .... ηθι3 ήτω Imper. of 1 Perf. Pass.4 s. .... σο ϑω
p. .... ητε ήτωσαν p. .... σϑε σϑωσαν

1. But αν in 1st Aor.

2. The Opt. has an extra mood-diphthong, ει, before ending.

3. But ητι in 1st Aor., see § 14.

4. The Perf. and Plup. Pass. are often inflected periphrastically (especially in the Opt. and Subj.) by means of an auxiliary (from εἰμί, to be. with the participle.

Synopsis of Verbs in μι.

Active Voice.

Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part.
Pres. ἵστημι ἵστσϑι ἱστῶ ἱστάναι ἱστάς
Imp. ἵστην ἱσταίην
2 A. ἕστην στῆϑι σταίην στῶ στῆναι στάς
Pres. τίϑημι τίϑετι τιϑῶ τιϑέναι τιϑείς
Imp. ἐτίϑην τιϑείην
2 A. ἔϑην ϑές ϑείην ϑῶ ϑῆναι ϑείς
Pres. δίδωμι δίδοϑι δίδῶ δίδόναι δίδούς
Imp. ἐδίδων διδοίην
2 A. ἔδων δός δοίην δῶ δοῦναι δούς
Pres. δείκνυμι δέικννϑι δεικνύναι δεικνύς
Imp. ἐδείκνυν

Synopsis of Verbs in μι.--(Continued.)

Middle Voice, (including Pres. and Imper. Pass.)

Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part.
Pres. ἵσταμαι ἵστασο ἱστῶμαι ἵστασϑαι ἱστάμενος
Imp. ἱστάμην ἱσταίμην
2 A. ἑσταμην στάσο σταίμην στῶμαι στάσϑαι στάμενος
Pres. τίϑεμαι τιϑεσο τιϑῶμαι τίϑεσϑαι τιϑέμενος
Imp. ἐτιϑέμην τιϑείμην
2 A. ἐϑέμην ϑέτσο ϑείμην ϑῶμαι ϑέσϑαι ϑέμενος
Pres. δίδομαι δίδοσο διδῶμαι δίδοσϑαι διδόμενος
Imp. ἐδιδόμην διδοίμην
2 A. ἐδόμην δόσο δοίμην δῶμαι δόσϑαι δόμενος
Pres. δείκνυμαι δείκνυσο δείκνυσϑαι δεικνύμενοζ
Imp. ἐδείκυμην

All the other tenses are regular, as if from στάω, ϑέω, δόω, δεικνύω, meaning respectively to stand, put, give, and show.

Peculiar Endings of Verbs in μι

Singular. Plural.
ἵστη-
τίϑη-
δίδω-
δέικνυ-
1. -μι
2. -ς
3. -σι
ἵστα-
τιϑε-
δίδο-
δέικνυ-
1. -μεν
2. -τε
3. τιϑεισι
    ἵστασι
    δίδουσι
    δέικνυσι

Λίδωμι has ω as a union-vowel throughout the subj. (pres. and 2d aor.) of both voices, and ἵστημι has α in the 2d and 3d sing., and 2d plur. of the subj. pres. All the other forms follow the inflection of the regular verb.