Guatemala

What an attic-room is to the thrifty housewife, an appendix is to the maker of a book. Some things that do not seem to be in place in the parlor or chamber are yet useful, and altogether too good to be thrown away, so they are put into the garret to await the expected use. In a book there are matters that the writer thinks ought to interest some reader, things that will be missed if they are not under the same roof,—I mean between the covers of the volume in hand,—and yet the skill is wanting to incorporate these odd pieces (of furniture, if you wish) in the orderly chapters of the book. And so I give you here several long notes and some longer lists.

A LIST OF COMMON CABINET WOODS, DYE-WOODS, AND TIMBER.

• Almond (Amygdalus communis).
• Fustic (Maclura tinctoria).
• Funera.
• Mahogany (Swietenia mahogani),—of various kinds, as red, circular, buttress.
• Mangrove (Rhizophora Mangle); the wood is dark red, and very durable.
• Mangrove (R. Candel); the wood is very heavy and takes a fine polish.
• Granadillo,—a very solid dark-red wood, much used for tables.
• Ronron.
• Guachapeli,—a dark, very hard and strong wood, used in boat-building.
• Madre cacao (Erythrina),—soft.
• Alligator wood (Guarea Swartzii).
• Trompillo.
• Tepemís,—yellow.
• Uña de gato (Pithecolobium unguis-cati).
• Blood-wood (Laplacea hæmatoxylon).
• Palo de Cortez.
• Palo de mulatto (Spondias lutea),—a most beautiful and durable wood, very heavy.
• Cola de pava.
• Sangre de perro.
• Cedar (Cedrela odorata).
• Coco-wood (Inga vera).
• Tatascame.
• Saradillo.
• Chaquiro.
• Sechillo.
• Sare.
• Volador.
• Brasiletto (Cæsalpinia crista).
• Tatamite.
• Goyava (Psidium); wood hard and compact, though not of great size.
• Arnotto (Bixa orellana) variety, with white wood.
• Zorra.
• Marillo.
• Medlar.
• Bambu (Bambusa).
• Huiliguiste,—light-colored wood.
• Conacaste.
• Balsam-tree (Clusia rosea).
• Calabash-tree, Guaje (Crescentia cujete).
• Tempisque.
• Pié de paloma.
• Nance,—dye-wood.
• Orange (Citrus),—white and close grained.
• Chichipate.
• Cuaquiniquil.
• Varillo.
• Sunzapote.
• Copinol.
• Sicamite.
• Chaperno.
• Cedar (Bursera).
• Tamiagua.
• Locust, Anime (Hymenæa courbaril); from this tree gum-copal is obtained.
• Locust (Byrsonima cinerea).
• Cambron.
• Gum-thorn (Acacia Arabica).
• Irayol,—yellow and ochre-colored.
• Cotorron.
• Quiebra-hacha (Sloanea Jamaicensis),—black wood.
• Copalchi,—quinine-tree; the bark is used, and the wood is also in demand.
• Mammee (Lucuma mammosa); the wood is very hard and heavy, but splits easily.
• Chipilte.
• Meloncillo,—dark.
• Quita calzon.
• Palo grande.
• Pigeon-wood (Coccoloba diversifolia).
• Rose-apple (Jambosa vulgaris).
• Sebesten (Cordia sebestena).
• Gorrion.
• Canelillo.
• Chicate.
• Rosewood (Dalbergia).
• Guilsinse.
• Guaquilite.
• Sandbox-tree (Hura crepitans).
• Screw-pine (Pandanus); the heart-wood is very hard and ornamental.
• Salm (Jacaranda); light-colored, much used for door-frames.
• Ironwood (Laplacea hæmatoxylon).
• Pine, ocote (Pinus cubensis).
• Pine, long-leaved (P. macrophyllum).
• Poknoboy (Bactris balanoidea).
• Sandpaper-tree (Curatella Americana),—the rough leaves used for sandpaper.
• Hog-gum (Symphonia globulifera).
• Walnut (Picrodendron juglans).
• Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica).
• Melon.
• Espina blanca (Acacia Arabica).
• Copal (Hedwigia balsamifera).
• Copalche, small (Strychnos pseudoquina).
• Pimiento (Pimenta vulgaris).
• Zebra-wood (Eugenia fragrans).
• Mignonette-tree (Lawsonia inermis).
• Totascamite,—yellow.
• Guazuma (G. tomentosa).
• Pepeto.
• Dulcete.
• Oak (Ilex sideroxyloides).
• Tamacillo.
• Zapotillo.
• Caumillo.
• Spanish plum (Spondias purpurea).
• Santa Maria (Calophyllum calaba).
• Filo.
• Macaligua.
• Loro.
• Madrefera.
• Sincho.
• Pomegranate (Punica granatum).
• Sapodilla (Achras sapota).
• Ziricote,—beautifully marked; heavy.
• Pine, mountain (P. Ayacahuite).
• Pine (P. filifolia).
• Maho (Spondias?).
• Sapoton (Pachira macrocarpa).
• Tamarind, wild (Pithecolobium filicifolium).
• White-wood (Oreodaphne leucoxylon).
• Willow, yellow (Salix).
• Ebony, mosaic (Brya ebenus).
• Balsam (Myrospermum salvatoriensis).
• Pimientillo.
• Qualm (Cecropia peltata).

LEAF-CUTTING ANTS.

The Œcodoma, Zompopos, or leaf-cutting ants, are such a pest to the fruit-growers of Central America that I have quoted from Mr. Belt the most satisfactory account of their habits that has ever been published. He says:—

I wish I could quote all Mr. Belt’s interesting article; for his conclusion as to the use the ants make of the bits of leaf they are so incessantly collecting, is an ingenious one, and probably true. It is certain that the little fellows are never seen taking a nibble of their burdens, which would probably be the case if this material was intended for food; and Mr. Belt thinks that the smaller ants, who seldom leave the nest and never carry leaves, have the task of cutting the leaves up into very small bits, which serve as manure for a minute fungus, which is the real ant-food. It seems that “some of the ants make mistakes, and carry in unsuitable leaves; thus grass is always rejected by them. But I have seen some ants, perhaps young ones, carrying leaves of grass; but after a while these pieces are always brought out again and thrown away. I can imagine a young ant getting a severe ear-wigging from one of the major-domos for its stupidity.”

QUICHÉ PRAYER.

Here is a translation I have made from the Spanish version given by Milla of a Quiché prayer; and as the petitioner is a supposed Christian, it will serve to illustrate the theological status of the Indio converts, and no less of their descendants of the present day. Compare it with the heathen prayer (p. 249):—

THE NAMES OF GUATEMALTECAN TOWNS.

It is uncertain whether at the present day any of the aboriginal names of places survive, for the successive invaders from the North or from beyond the seas, if they did not utterly destroy towns, imposed new names on the conquered places. We speak of the ruins of Palenque or of Quirigua, but we do not know the former names of these places, and call them, for convenience, by the name of the nearest modern village. Much ingenuity has been expended in the derivation of Indian names still extant, even the name of the republic itself being one of the undetermined ones; for while Guatemala is undoubtedly taken from the name of the Cakchiquel capital, Tecpan Quahtemalan, it is not known whether this was named for Prince Jieutemal, or indeed whether the prince of that name ever existed. Quiché is derived from qui, “many,” and che, “trees;” or from queche, quechelau, meaning “a forest,”—an inappropriate name now. No less questionable are the derivations of Tucurúb, “town of owls;” Es(Itz)cuintla(n), “land of dogs;” Izmachi, “black hair;” and many others.

The termination pan means a “standard” or “chief place;” hence, Mayapan of the Mayas, and Totonicapan of the Totonaques. Tepec is a “mountain,” or “high place;” hence, Alotepeque, Coatepeque, Olintepeque, Jilotepeque, and Quezaltepeque,—all of them in mountainous regions, the second being a volcano of considerable height. Tlan means a “city” or “home;” hence, Atitlan, “the home of the old woman (Atit),” Zapotitlan, etc. The most common termination is tenango, a Mexican word with much the same meaning as tlan,—Huehuetenango being equivalent to “the ancient abode;” Chimaltenango to “the House of the Shield.”

A troublesome matter is the varying and uncertain orthography of most of the names now in use. Goattemala, Gautemala, Guatimala, are all used by writers. The termination pan is often in official publications spelled pam. Quezaltenango is properly, though seldom, written Quetzaltenango; and Cumarcah or Gumarcah, Izabal or Yzabal, Jutiapa or Xutiapa, are common variations. The omission of the letter n in such words as Montezuma and Montagua, and at the end of Escuintlan, is the rule in Guatemala; but foreign writers do not always regard it. The interchange of b and v is common,—as bejuco or vejuco; benta or venta. So far as sound goes, the name of the large macaw may be Juacamalla or Guacamaya. Tzololà was one form of Sololà; Taltic, of Tactic; and Mictlan, of Mita.

It is quite possible that Soconusco is derived from xoconochtli, a word meaning “wild figs,” and Honduras from fonduras, meaning “depths,” although the application may not be clear at the present day. More satisfactory are Michatoyatl, “a river abounding in fish;” Paxa, “water which separates,”—the Rio Pax, or Paz, having always been the boundary between Guatemala and San Salvador. Tonalá, the “City of the Sun,” and Gumarca(a)h, “ruined houses,” are generally admitted to be correct derivations.

The Spanish invaders exhibited slight inventive powers, and some half a dozen saints were made godfathers and godmothers to all the Indian towns that were important enough to be rechristened; and Santos Juan, José, Tomas, and Marcos, and Santas Maria, Lucia, Ana, and Catarina are the favorites, although Pedro, Esteban, Jago, Miguel, Antonio, Cristoval, Pablo, Izabal, and Clara are by no means neglected. The proper name of the capital city of Guatemala is Santiago (St. James); and if the ambitious projects dear to the late President Barrios should be accomplished, as seems not improbable, England will have to be satisfied with St. George, and leave “The Court of St. James” to the Central American kingdom.

To the Anglo-Saxon such names as True Cross, Holy Cross, Thanks to God, City of Angels, Nativity, and Holy Saviour seem wholly inappropriate as names of places; but to the devout Spaniard they were evidently favorite appellations. Nor are they very different from Praise-God Barebones, Faith, Prudence, and the like, which we know were not uncommon appellatives among the Puritans.

NO RUINS OF DWELLINGS.

In all the remains of ancient cities or holy places hitherto discovered in Central America, there are temples or oratories, and so-called palaces, but not a sign of human habitations; even the palaces are apparently too small for comfortable habitation, and the temples would not admit more than four or five persons at the same time. Herrera says there “were so many and such stately Stone Buildings that it was amazing; and the greatest Wonder is, that, having no Use of any Metal, they were able to raise such Structures, which seem to have been Temples, for their Houses were always of Timber and thatched.” Always of less durable material than stone, the houses have disappeared, and we must not infer that there were no dwellers about the places where we find to-day only monuments of the dead or religious edifices. At the present time there is many a village in Guatemala where the church is the only building of masonry, all the houses being of the most perishable materials, as palm stems and leaves, bark and mud. If the town of Livingston were destroyed to-day and not rebuilt, there would be nothing on the site after two years to show that men had ever lived there.

It would certainly be interesting to learn why many of the temples have doors, passages, and even rooms that a man of average stature cannot stand erect in.

MIXTURE OF RACES IN CENTRAL AMERICA.

To show how difficult the study of race peculiarities must be in a country where there is so much amalgamation, I give a list of the names of some of the crosses:—

GUATEMALTECAN COOKERY.

I do not speak of the tables of the upper classes, where variety is found in Guatemala as well as elsewhere; but of the common cookery that a stranger finds in travelling, it may truly be said that it has not a national character, nor does justice to the abundant material at hand. What there is of it is, however, good; a fresh tortilla is better than the cakes of the Northern backwoods, and the wheaten bread made by the panadero of the village is exceedingly palatable. Frijoles, or beans, the most popular general dish, are always stewed over an open fire, and are much better than the baked beans of New England. Eggs are always present, either fried, poached, or baked in the shell (huevos tibios); when fried, always seasoned with tomato, chillis, and vinegar. Salchichas, or sausages, fried in lard, with plenty of garlic; gigote, or hashed meat; higate, a potage made of figs, pork, fowl, sugar, ginger, cinnamon and allspice, bread, soup, and innumerable ollas,—are present as solid dishes, the meats generally being of poor quality. Besides the vegetables of Northern gardens, there are chiotes, palm-cabbage, and, best of all, plantain. For verduras, or greens, there are many plants,—none, however, better than spinach or dandelions; and the ensaladas are not remarkable. In the shore region one can have most delicious turtle-steak, white and tender as veal, iguanas fricasseed,—perhaps the best native dish,—javia-steaks, armadillo (which I am sorry to say I have not eaten), and fish of many kinds and flavors.

I have spoken of the bad coffees served as “esencia,” but have not said enough about the chocolate, which I never found carelessly prepared. Perhaps the best is prepared entirely at home; that is, the beans of cacao are carefully roasted, as coffee might be, and the shells removed by rubbing in the hands. The metatle then serves to crush the oily mass, as corn is prepared in tortilla-making; sugar is added, and enough cinnamon or vanilla to flavor the crushed cacao, which becomes pasty by grinding, and may be run into moulds, or simply dropped on some cool surface to harden. These chocolate-drops are dissolved in boiling milk as wanted, and the whole churned to a froth. Prepared in this way, chocolate is much better than the cake chocolate of the manufacturers. An ancient recipe was much more complicated than this, and although I have never tried it myself, I venture to give it to my readers. It is this: “One hundred cacaos,—treating them as has been described,—two pods of chilli, a handful of anis and orjevala, two of mesachasil or vanilla (this may be replaced by six roses of Alexandria, powdered), two drams of cinnamon, a dozen each of almonds and filberts, half a pound of white sugar, and arnotto to color it.” This mixture must of course be whipped to a froth.

Perhaps the people of Guatemala are as cleanly as others; but according to our observation the common practice was to allow the dogs to lick the dishes, which received no additional washing. It was the custom also at the table d’hôte in the hotels to finish a meal by filling the mouth with water and spurting it on the tiled floor. Once, when we stopped at a way-side house to get some coffee, the señora made a little fire out of doors, put the coffee in a very black pot to boil, and, after fanning the reluctant fire with her straw hat, threw herself on the ground near by to rest and smoke her puro. When the pot was near to boiling, she reached out her bare leg and tested the temperature of the contents with her toe, as a Northern cook might have used his finger. Frank was scandalized; but, after all, it was merely a matter of taste.

PHOTOGRAPHS USED IN ILLUSTRATION.

In stating that the scenes illustrated in this book are all from photographs, it may be added that the clearness of the atmosphere enables a distant view to be taken with great distinctness (unfortunately lost in the mechanical reproductions) even in minute details. The lens used for views not requiring extreme rapidity was the Dallmeyer single landscape,—a lens unsurpassed for its purpose; while for architectural subjects, or those in motion, a Ross rapid rectilinear was generally used. The plates were those prepared by Allen & Rowell, of Boston,—as usual, of the finest quality. For apparatus, the camera was a 5 × 8 size of the American Optical Company’s make, fitted with a changing box containing eighteen plates, and also with an attachment, arranged by the author, for making two or three smaller pictures on the 5 × 8 plate. I carried no tent, but changed my plates at night under a blanket, depending on touch rather than sight. For the stereoscopic pictures, I used a pair of Euryscope No. 0 lenses. The plates were developed months afterwards, with a very small percentage of failures. In later journeys in Guatemala I have used plates of the 8 × 10 size; but for all purposes of illustration the 4 × 5 size is to be preferred. For packing the plates I have used a strong barrel and cork-dust with complete success. It is a matter of deep regret that the method of mechanical reproduction utterly destroys all the beauty of the original photographs. In cases where phototypes are presented from ink-drawings, these have generally been drawn directly from a transparency which I have made from the original negative and projected in the lantern. The drawings are of large size, and reduced to one quarter, or even less, in the phototype. This method insures at least accuracy of outline.

MONEY IN GUATEMALA.

Persons interested in silver coinage might have a good field for collection here; and one of the Government collectors, who had a fancy for numismatics, showed me a curious lot he had received in payment of taxes. Maximilian coins from Mexico were the rarest; but every country of Central and South America was well represented. Among current coins the dollar of Peru and Chili (sols) are most common; and the smaller change is mainly in Guatemalan and Hondureñan currency. The dollar (peso, piece of eight) contains eight reals, and the real two medios, or four cuartillos. This last is the smallest coin used, although the cent (centavo) has been coined. A real is twelve and a half cents, a medio six and a quarter, and a cuartillo three and an eighth; but in the text I have spoken of these coins as valued in gold, or, approximately, ten, five, and three cents.

CERTAIN HEIGHTS DETERMINED BY THE FRENCH EXPEDITION.

I find it impossible to reconcile some of these measurements of the French Expedition with my own or those of other observers; but usually the difference is not greater than might be expected from observations with the aneroid barometer.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Land is usually bought and sold by caballerias (33.33 acres), hectareas (2.47 acres), manzanas (a square of one hundred yards), or varas (2.78 feet). The most common weights are the quintal (a hundredweight) and the arroba (25 pounds of 16 ounces each). Among the Indios other weights and measures are used, but I could find no trustworthy information about them. They also retain the old cacao currency to some extent, and I have been offered cacao-beans for small change, as the cuartillo is not common away from the large cities.

A LIST OF PLANTS OBSERVED IN GUATEMALA.

I am indebted to my friend Professor Sereno Watson, of Harvard, for the identification of species, which to the number of sixty he has already determined from some five hundred that he collected in the Departments of Livingston and Izabal. I did not myself make any collection, but noted the genera that were familiar to me as I travelled through the country. So little has been published about the Guatemaltecan Flora that I have ventured to add these notes to Professor Watson’s list.

• Clematis americana, Will. Near Izabal.
• dioica, L. Panajachel.
• caripensis, HBK. Sacapulas, Jutiapa.
• polycephala, Bert. V. de Agua.
• sericea, HBK. San José.
• Davilla rugosa, Poir. Banks of Rio Dulce, Rio Chocon.
• lucida, Presl? Chocon.
• Doliocarpus pubens, Mart. Livingston.
• Curatella americana, L. Dry hills near Quirigua.
• Tetracera n. sp. Rio Chocon.
• Guatteria Jurgensenii, Hemsl. Shores of Lago de Izabal, Chocon.
• n. sp.
• Anona squamosa, L. Livingston, muricata, L. Cunen, Uspantán.
• Anona Cherimolia, Mill. Common.
• palustris, L. Sea-shore near Livingston.
• Xylopia frutescens, Aubl., var. glabra. Shores of Lago de Izabal.
• Cissampelus Pareira, L. Izabal, Rio Dulce.
• tropæolifolia, DC.? Izabal.
• Nymphaea ampla, DC. Rio Polochic, mouth of Rio Chocon.
• Argemone mexicana, L.
• Draba vulcanica, Benth. V. de Agua.
• Cleome polygama, L. San Felipe.
• Moringa pterygosperma, Gaertu. Zacapa, Chiquimula.
• Bixa Orellana, L.
• Xylosma nitida, A. G.
• Alsodeia guatemalensis, Watson. Rio Chocon.
• Oncoba laurina, Oliver. Izabal, Rio Chocon.
• Casearia Brighami, Watson. Chocon.
• Polygala asperuloides, HBK. Izabal.
• Jatropha Curcas, L.
• Janipha Manihot, HBK.
• Croton. (Several sp. on coast, not determined.)
• Euphorbia Poinsettii. Uplands.
• Hura crepitans, L. Sacapulas, Zacapa.
• Two euphorbiaceous trees in eastern highlands.
• Drymaria cordata, Willd. Lago de Izabal.
• Quercus (2 sp.). Cunen to Quiché.
• Portulaca oleracea, L. Livingston, Chocon.
• Phytolacca icosandra, L. Antigua, Santa Cruz del Quiché.
• Amaranthus paniculatus, L. Cunen, Jutiapa.
• Sida rhombifolia, L. Chocon.
• Abutilon. (Trees at La Tinta. Several allied sp. banks of Rio Chocon.)
• Hibiscus Abelmoschus, L. Izabal.
• Gossypium barbadense, L. Livingston.
• Hampea (?) stipitata, Watson. Large tree, Chocon.
• Paritium tiliaceum, A. Juss. Shore near Santo Tomas.
• Pavonia racemosa, Swartz. Rio Dulce.
• Eriodendron ceiba. Sacapulas, Chocon, Quirigua.
• Bernoullia flammea, Oliv. Istapa.
• Cheirostemon platanoides, Hum. & Bon. V. de Fuego, Encuentros.
• Helicteres guazumæfolia, HBK. Cerro del Mico.
• Pachira macrocarpa. Rio Chocon, Motagua.
• insignis, Sav. Red petals at Omoa.
• sp. Chocon.
• Theobroma cacao, L. Chocon, Quirigua, Pansos.
• Guazuma tomentosa, HBK. Chocon.
• Gouania tomentosa, Jacq.
• Gomphia (Ouratea) guatemalensis, Engler. Chocon.
• Vitis sicyoides, var. ovata, Baker. Lago de Izabal.
• lanceolata, Watson. Rio Dulce, Rio Chocon.
• vulpina, L. var. Izabalana, Watson. Izabal.
• Clusia guatemalensis, Hemsl. V. de Fuego.
• Large tree, Chocon.
• Low, wide-spreading tree, Izabal.
• Matapalo tree.
• Symphonia globulifera, L. “Hog-gum.” Large tree, Chocon.
• Calophyllum Calaba, Jacq. Livingston.
• Maregraavia rectiflora, Triana & Planch.
• var. Goudoutiana. Chocon.
• Ruyschia Souroubea, W. Livingston.
• Sauraujia oreophila, Hemsl. V. de Fuego.
• pauciserrata, Hemsl. V. de Fuego.
• Sauvagesia erecta, L. Cerro del Mico.
• tenella, Lam. Barbasco.
• Salix (2 sp.). Lago de Izabal, Rio Polochic, Amatitlan.
• Erythroxylum sp. Livingston.
• Linum guatemalense, Benth. V. de Agua.
• Byrsonima crassifolia, HBK. Cult. Izabal.
• Bunchosia Lanieri, Watson. Tree, Izabal.
• Lindeniana, Juss. Cuilapa.
• Stigmaphyllon Lupulus, Watson. Chocon.
• Hiræa reclinata, Jacq. Rio Dulce.
• sp.? Chocon?
• Cardiospermum grandiflorum, Swartz, var. hirsutum, Radl. Izabal.
• Halicacabum, L. Rio Chocon.
• Serjania mexicana, Willd. Rio Chocon.
• Paullinia sorbilis, Mart. Chocon.
• velutina, DC. Chocon.
• guatemalensis, Turcz.
• Melia Azederach, L. Escuintla, Izabal, naturalized.
• Guarea bijuga, C. DC.? Chocon.
• Swietenia Mahogani, L. Chocon, Quirigua.
• Cedrela odorata, L. Chocon.
• Citrus medica, var. Limonum. Naturalized.
• Oxalis dendroides, HBK. Cerro del Mico, 1500 ft.
• Tribulus cistoides, L. Shores.
• Guaiacum officinale, L.
• guatemalense, Herb. Kew, Zacapa.
• Quassia amara, L. Shores of Lago de Izabal.
• Picræna excelsa, Lindl.? Chocon.
• Alvaradoa amorphoides, Liebm. (?) Chocon.
• Hippocratea ovata, Lam. Rio Dulce.
• Wimmeria discolor, Schlecht. Rio Dulce.
• Zizyphus guatemalensis, Hemsl.
• Ficus (3 + sp.). Chocon.
• Cecropia palmata, W. Rio Chocon.
• Dorstenia contrayerva, L. Chixoy Valley.
• Castilloa elastica, Cervant.
• Maclura aurantiaca, Nutt.
• Peperomia (2 sp.). On trees, Chocon.
• Bursera gummifera, L.? Chocon.
• Spondias lutea, L. Chocon.
• purpurea, L. “Jocote.”
• sp.? “Maho.” Chocon.
• Rourea glabra, HBK. Lago de Izabal.
• Connarus Pottsii, Watson. Shores at Izabal.
• Mangifera indica, L. Naturalized.
• Anacardium occidentale, L. Cayo Paloma, Pacific coast.
• Quercus (2 sp.). Uplands above Cunen.
• Indigofera anil, L.
• Tephrosia toxicaria, Pers.
• Sesbania exasperata, HBK.
• Desmodium. 2 sp. at Chocon, another at El Mico.
• Mucuna puriens, DC. Vado Hondo.
• Erythrina velutina, W. Livingston.
• Myroxylon Pereirac, Klotzs. Escuintla.
• toluiferum, HBK. S. Coast.
• Poinciana pulcherrima, L. Antigua.
• Hæmatoxylon campechianum, L. Usumacinta Valley.
• Guilandina bonduc, L. Shores.
• Cæsalpinia (2 sp.). Chocon and Pacific.
• Dalbergia calycina, Benth. Chocon.
• Cassia fistula, L.
• 2 sp. common at Livingston, another at Antigua.
• Tamarindus indica, L.
• Hymenæa courbaril, L. Rio Chocon, Rio Polochic.
• Bauhinia (2 sp.). Chocon, Quirigua.
• Entada scandens, Benth. Chocon.
• Prosopis juliflora, DC. Dry uplands.
• Mimosa pudica, L.
• casta, L. Livingston.
• guatemalensis, Benth.
• Acacia Farnesiana, W. Jutiapa, Cuilapa.
• spadicigera, Schlecht.
• arabica, W. Jutiapa. (4 + others.)
• Calliandra saman, Gr. Santo Tomas.
• Pithecolobium sp. Vado Hondo.
• Inga vera, W. Rio Chocon, Rio Polochic.
• Schizolobium sp. “Wild tamarind.” Rio Dulce, Rio Chocon.
• Chrysobalanus Icaco, L. Shores.
• Hirtella americana, Aublet. Chocon.
• Rubus sp. Alta Verapaz.
• Jambosa vulgaris, DC. Rio Dulce.
• Psidium guava, Radd. Pansos, San Felipe.
• sp. Quirigua, Rio Polochic.
• Jussiæa repens, L. Rio Polochic.
• Rhizophora Mangle, L. Rio Dulce, Santo Tomas.
• Cacoucia coccinea, Aublet. Rio Chocon, common.
• Terminalia Catappa, L. Naturalized, San Pedro Sula.
• Persea gratissima, G. Naturalized.
• Orcodaphne sp. Cunen.
• Sechium edule, Sw. West coast, Cerro Redondo.
• Cucumis Anguria, L. Punta Gorda.
• Luffa acutangula, Roxb. West coast.
• Lagenaria vulgaris, Sw.
• Cyclanthera explodens, Naud. V. de Fuego.
• Microsechium guatemalense, Hemsl. Trujillo, Palin.
• Fevillea, sp.
• Carica Papaya, L.
• sp. with small, unedible fruit. Valleys of Volcan de Fuego.
• Passiflora Brighami, Watson. Livingston, Rio Chocon.
• edulis, Sims.
• guatemalensis Watson. Chocon.
• choconiana, Watson,
• lunata, Willd.
• coriacea, Juss.
• quadrangularis, L. Antigua.
• 3 sp. Rio Chocon, 1 El Mico, small plant with veined leaves, Chocon.
• Turnera sp. San Pedro.
• Aristolochia, sp. with immense blossoms. Roatan.
• Cereus (2 sp.). Jutiapa, Zacapa, Chixoy.
• Opuntia coccinellifera, Mill. Antigua, Amatitlan.
• Begonia scandens, Sw. Chocon.
• 2 sp. Chocon, 1 at Uspantán.
• Ximenia americana, L. Livingston.
• Loranthaceae. 3 sp. observed. Chocon, Zacapa.
• Sambucus sp. Encuentros, Sololà.
• Rondeletia cordata, Benth. Guatemala City.
• gracilis, Hemsl. Coban.
• Psychotria sp. Rio Chocon.
• Bouvardia sp. Cunen.
• leiantha, Benth. Chimaltenango.
• Exostemma sp. Livingston.
• Ageratum conyzoides, L. Common.
• Stevia sp. Quiché, Cunen.
• Mikania guaca. Chocon.
• Wedelia phyllocephala, Kemel. Chixoy Valley.
• Verbesina gigantea, Jacq. Zacapa.
• Dahlia sp. Quiché, Quezaltenango.
• Tagetes micrantha, Cav. V. de Fuego.
• sp. 2. San Cristobal, Patzùn.
• Lobelia fulgens, Willd. Uplands.
• calcarata, Bertol. V. Santa Maria.
• cordifolia, H&A. Coban.
• Lobeliaceæ (3 sp.).
• Chrysophyllum Cainito, L.
• Sapota Achras, Mill.
• Lucuma mammosa, G.
• multiflora, A. DC. (?) Chocon.
• Jasminum officinale, L. Naturalized.
• Allamanda cathartica, L. Rio Chocon, Rio Polochic.
• Vinca rosea, L.
• Plumeria rubra L. (?) Several members of this family on Rio Chocon.
• Asclepias curassavica, L. Livingston, Uspantán, Antigua.
• Limnanthemum Humboldtianum, Gr. Lagoons, Rio Chocon.
• Datura (Brugmansia) suaveolens, Humb., Bonpl. Izabal.
• Physalis peruviana, L.
• Capsicum frutescens, L.
• annuum, L.
• Crescentia Cujete, L. Jutiapa and dry uplands generally.
• Jacaranda sp. Fine tree, Chocon.
• Bignoniaceae. 3 sp. Chocon forests, 1 sp. Antigua.
• Achimenes coccinea, Pers. Chixoy Valley.
• Martynia sp. Chixoy Valley.
• Jacobinia aurea, Hemsl. Chocon, Quirigua.
• Ipomœa bona-nox, L.
• Batatas, Lam.
• Quamoclit, L.
• Calonyction sp. Eight other convolvulaceæ noticed.
• Cuscuta sp. Zacapa.
• Cordia Sebestina, Jacq. Escuintla.
• Heliotropium curassavicum, L. San José.
• Salvia coccinea, L. Santa Cruz del Quiché. 3 other sp.
• Lantana sp. Esquipulas.
• Avicennia nitida, Jacq. Golfete.
• Pinus cubensis, Griseb.
• macrophylla, Parlat.
• Ayacahuite, Erenb.
• filifolia, Lindl.
• Abies sp.
• Monstera (2 sp.). Livingston, Chocon.
• Aroids of many sp. and several genera.
• Wolfia punctata, Gr. Rio Chocon.
• Typha sp.
• Euterpe oleracea, Mart.
• edulis.
• Oreodoxa oleracea.
• Manicaria Plukenetii, Gr. and Wendl.
• Livingston.
• Desmoncus sp.
• Acrocomia vinifera, Oersted. Izabal, Chixoy Valley.
• Acrocomia sclerocarpa.
• Cocos nucifera, L.
• Attalea cohune, Mart.
• Bactris balanoidea, Wendl. Izabal.
• cohune, Watson. Chocon.
• Twenty-five sp. palms were collected at Chocon, but have not been determined yet.
• Commelyna cayennensis, Rich. San Felipe, 2 sp. Cunen.
• Pontederia sp. pink flowers. Livingston.
• Bambusa (2 sp.). Motagua, Chocon.
• Zea Mays, L.
• Agave americana, L.
• ixtli, Karw.
• Fourcroya gigantea, Vent.
• Pancratium caribæum, L. (?) Cayo Grande, Rio Polochic.
• Crinum sp. Rio Dulce.
• Smilax officinalis. Chocon.
• Ananassa sativa, Lindl. Izabal, Chixoy Valley.
• Bromelia Pinguin, L. Jutiapa.
• Karatas, Lemair. Jutiapa.
• Pita.
• Tillandsia (2 sp.).
• Bromeliaceæ (several sp.). Rio Dulce.
• Heliconia Bihai, L. Pansos, Quirigua.
• sp. Quirigua, Rio Dulce.
• Renealmia sp.
• Zinziber sp.
• Maranta (2 sp.).
• Vanilla planifolia, Andr. Chocon.
• Epidendrum bicornutum, Hook.
• Schomburgkia tubicina, Lindl.
• Oncidium citrinum, Lindl. Los Amates.
• iridifolium. HBK.
• Notylia guatemalensis, Watson.
• Ornithocephalus Pottsiæ, Watson.
• Bletia Pottsii, Watson.
• Salvinia auriculata, Aubl.
• The number of Orchidaceæ in Guatemala is very large.

A LIST OF WORKS RELATING TO CENTRAL AMERICA.

A full bibliography of works that contain information about the region through which we have been travelling together would fill a volume much larger than the present; but the following brief list of some of the more important titles may aid those who are interested in the past history or the future prospects of the tropical part of this continent. I have not thought it worth while to mention those unprinted works not at present accessible to the public, nor the ephemeral publications of simple tourists:—