Acosta, Fr. José de. Historia natural y moral de las Indias. Sevilla, 1590.
Adam, Lucien. Études sur six Langues Américaines, Paris, 1878.
— Du parler des Hommes et du parler des Femmes. Paris, 1879.
Alcedo, Antonio de. Diccionario geografico-histórico de las Indias occidentales ó América; es á saber; de los reynos del Peru, Nueva España, Tierra Firme, Chile y Nuevo Reyno de Granada. Madrid, 1786-89. 5 vols. An English Translation, with Additions, by G. A. Thompson, was published in London, 1812-15. 5 vols.
Ancona, Eligio. Historia de Yucatan. Merida, 1878.
Andagoya, Pascual de, Narrative of. Translated by C. R. Markham. Hakluyt Soc. London, 1865.
Astaburuaga, Francisco S. Repúblicas de Centre-América o Idea de su Historia i de su Estado actual. Santiago, Chili, 1837.
Baily, John. Central America; describing each of the States of Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. London, 1850.
Baldwin, John D. Ancient America, in notes on American Archæology. New York, 1872.
Bancroft, Hubert H. Native Races of the Pacific States of North America. San Francisco, 1875 et seq.
Barcia, Andres Gonzales. Historiadores primitivos de las Indias occidentales, que juntó, traduxo en parte y sacó á luz, ilustrados con eruditas notas y copiosos índices el Señor Don Andres Gonzales Barcia, del Consejo y Camera de Su Majestad. Madrid, año 1749.
Bard, S. A. Waikna: Adventures on the Mosquito Shore. London, 1855. 12mo.
Bastian, A. Die Culturlander des Alten Amerika. Berlin, 1878. 2 vols.
— Steinsculpturen aus Guatemala. Berlin, 1882.
Bateman, James. Orchidaceæ of Mexico and Guatemala. London, 1843. fol.
Bates, H. W. Central and South America. London, 1878.
Belaez, Garcia. Memorias para la historia del antiguo reino de Guatemala. Guatemala, 1851. 2 vols.
Belly, Felix. À travers l’Amérique Centrale; le Nicaragua et le Canal Interocéanique. Paris, 1867.
Belt, Thomas. The Naturalist in Nicaragua: a Narrative of a residence at the Gold Mines of Chontales; Journeys in the Savannahs and Forests. London, 1874.
Beltran de Santa Rosa, Fr. Pedro. Arte del Idioma Maya reducido a succintas reglas, y semilexicon Yucateco. Mexico, 1746; also Merida, 1859.
Benzoni, Girolamo. History of the new World. Travels 1541-1556. Venice, 1572. (First ed. 1565.) English Translation, Hakluyt Society, London, 1857.
Berendt, Dr. C. H. Analytical Alphabet for the Mexican and Central American Languages. New York, 1869. American Ethnological Society.
— Remarks on the Centres of Ancient Civilization in Central America, and their Geographical Distribution. New York, 1876. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society.
Biologia-Centrali-Americana; or, Contributions to the Knowledge of the Fauna and Flora of Mexico and Central America. London, 1879.
Bodham-Wetham, J. W. Across Central America. London, 1877.
Bonnycastle, R. H. Spanish America; or, a Descriptive, Historical, and Geographical Account of the Dominions of Spain in the Western Hemisphere, Continental and Insular. London, 1818. 2 vols.
Boturini, Benaducci. Idea de una Nueva Historia General de la América Septentrional. Madrid, 1746.
Boyle, Frederick. Wanderings in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. London, 1868.
Bradford, Alexander W. American Antiquities and the Red Race. New York, 1841.
Brasseur de Bourbourg. Histoire des Nations civilisées du Mexique et de l’Amérique Centrale durant les siècles antérieurs a Christophe Colomb, écrite sur les documents originaux et entièrement inédits, puisés aux anciennes archives des Indigènes. Paris, 1859. 4 vols.
— Popul Vuh. Le Livre sacré et les Mythes de l’Antiquité Américaine, avec les Livres héroïques et historiques des Quichés. Ouvrage original des Indigènes de Guatemala, texte Quiché et traduction française en regard. Paris, 1861.
— Bibliotheque Mexico-Guatemalienne, précédé d’un coup d’œil sur les études Américaines. Paris, 1871.
— Grammaire de la langue Quichée; espagnole-française mise en parallel avec ses deux dialectes Cachiquel et Tzutuhil, etc. Paris, 1862.
— Recherches sur les ruines de Palenque et sur les origines de la civilisation du Mexique. Paris, 1866.
— Voyage sur l’Isthme de Tehuantepec dans l’état de Chiapas et la république de Guatemala (1859-1860). Paris, 1861.
Breton, Raymond. Dictionnaire caraibe-français. Auxerre, 1665.
Brinton, Dr. Daniel G. American Hero Myths.
— The Names of the Gods in the Kiche Myths of Central America. Philadelphia, 1881. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. xix.
— The Maya Chronicles. Philadelphia, 1882.
Bülow, A. von. Dcr Freistaat Nicaragua in Mittel-Amerika, und seine Wichtigkeit für den Welthandel, etc. Berlin, 1849.
— Der Freistaat Costa Rica in Mittel-Amerika, etc. Berlin, 1850.
Byam, George. Wild Life in the Interior of Central America. London, 1849.
Cabrera, P. F. Description of an Ancient City discovered near Palenque in Guatemala. Translated from the Report of Antonio del Rio. Followed by a History of the Americans. 1822.
Carillo, Canon Crescentio. Manual de Historia y Geografía de la Peninsula de Yucatan. Merida.
Casas, Bartolomeo de las. Narratio regionum indicarum per Hispanos quosdam devastatarum. Francofort, 1598. De Bry.
— An | Account | Of the First | Voyages and discoveries | Made by the Spaniards in America | Containing | The most Exact Relation hitherto pub | lished of their unparallel’d Cruelties | on the Indians, in the destruction of a | bove Forty Millions of People. | With the Propositions offer’d to the King of Spain, | to prevent the further Ruin of the West Indies. | By Don Bartholomew de las Casas, Bishop of Chiapa, | who was an Eye | -witness of their Cruelties. London, 1699.
Casas, Bartolomeo de las. Historia apologetica de las Indias 5 vols. folio in manuscript, at Madrid. (A copy is in the Force. Library at Washington.)
— Historia de las Indias, ahora por primera vez dada á luz por el Marqués de la Fuensanta del Valle y D. J. S. Rayon. Madrid, 1875-76. 5 vols.
Catherwood, Frederick. Views of Ancient Monuments in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan. London, 1844. Folio. See also Stephens.
Charency, Henri de. Le Mithe de Votan. Paris, 1871.
Charnay, Désiré. Cités et Ruines Américaines, Mitla, Palenqué, Izamal, Chichen-Itza, Uxmal, recueillies et photographiées. Texte par Viollet le Due. Paris, 1863. 49 folio plates.
— Les Anciennes Villes du Nouveau Monde. Voyages d’Explorations au Mexique et dans l’Amérique centrale, 1857-1882. Paris, 1885.
Clavigero, Francisco Yavier. Storia antica del Messico, Cesena, 1780. 4 vols.
— History of Mexico from Spanish and Mexican Historians, MSS., Paintings, etc. Translated, with Dissertations, by Cullen. London, 1807. 2 vols.
— Historia Antigua de Megico traducida por Don J. G. Mara. London, 1826. 2 vols. Maps and curious plates.
Cockburn, John. A Journey over Land from the Gulf of Honduras to the Great South Sea. Performed by J. C. and Five Other Englishmen. London, 1735.
Cogolludo, Diego Lopez. Los tres Siglos de la dominacion Española en Yucatan, ó sea Historia de esta provincia desde la conquista hasta la independencia. 2 vols. 8vo. hf. bd. Campeche, 1842; Merida, 1845.
Cortez, Hernan, Cartas y relaciones de, al Emperador Carlos V. Colegidas é ilustradas por Don Pascual de Gayangos. Paris, 1866.
Davis, W. W. H. The Spanish Conquest of New Mexico. Doyleston, Pa., 1869.
De la Borde. Relation de l’origine des Caraibes. Paris, 1674.
Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva España. Madrid, 1632. Another edition, 1795-6, Madrid, in 4 vols. English editions: True History of the Conquest of Mexico. Translated by Keatinge. London, 1800. Memoirs containing an account of the Conquest of Mexico. Translated by J. G. Lockhart. London, 1844. 2 vols.
Donde, Juan, y Joaquin. Apuntes sobre las plantas de Yucatan. Merida, 1874.
Dunlop, R. G. Travels in Central America. London, 1847.
Dunn, Henry. Guatimala, or the Republic of Central America in 1827-8; being Sketches and Memorandums made during a Twelve-month’s Residence. London, 1829. 8vo. pp. 328.
Dupaix, Capt. Antiquités Mexicaines; contenant les diverses expéditions du capitaine Dupaix entreprises au Mexique, aux ruines de Palenque. Paris, 1834. See Kingsborough.
Duran, Fr. Diego. Historia de las Indias de la Nueva España y Islas de Tierra Firme. Mexico, 1867.
Fabregat. Esposizione del Codice Borgia.
Fancourt, C. St. J. History of Yucatan to the close of the Seventeenth Century. London, 1854.
Fernandez, Manuel. Bosquejo Físico, Político é Histórico de la República del Salvador. San Salvador, 1869. pp. 166.
Flores, Fr. Ildefonso José. Arte de la Lengua Metropolitana del Regno Cakchiquel ó Guatemalteco. Guatemala, 1753.
Foledo. Geografía de Centro-América. Guatemala, 1874.
Frantzius, Dr. A. von. Die Costa Rica Eisenbahn. In “Das Ausland,” 1868, No. 6.
— Der südöstliche Theil der Republik Costa Rica. 1869. In “Petermann’s Mittheilungen.”
— Klimatischen Verhältnisse Central Americas. Berlin, 1869. In “Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde.”
Dr. Frantzius has also translated from Palacio the “San Salvador and Honduras in 1576” (1873).
Fuentes y Guzman. Historia de Guatemala ó recopilacion florida. 1609. New edition. Madrid, 1882.
Gabb, William M. Notes on the Geology of Costa Rica. In American Journal of Science and Art, November, 1874, and March, 1875.
Gage, Fr. Thomas. New Survey of the West Indies. 2d edit. London, 1655, folio; 3d edit. 1677, 12mo; 4th edit. 1699, 8vo.
Gallatin, Albert. Notes on the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico. Trans. of the Amer. Ethnological Soc., vol. i. New York.
Garcia, Gregorio. Origen de los Indios del nuevo mundo. Valencia, 1607; also Madrid. 1729.
Garcia y Garcia, Apolinar. Historia de la Guerra de Castas en Yucatan. Merida, 1865. Not completed.
Gomara, Francisco Lopez de. Historia general de las Indias. Anvers, 1554.
— Pleasant Historie of the Conquest of the West Indies, now called New Spayne, atcheived by the worthy Prince Hernando Cortez, Marquis of the Valley of Huaxacac, most delectable to read. Translated by T. Nicholas anno 1578. Black letter.
Gonzales, Darío. Compendio de Geografía de Centro-América. Guatemala, 1881.
Granados y Galvez, José Joaquin. Tardes Americanos. Mexico, 1778.
Grimm, W. Die Staaten Central-Americas. Berlin, 1871.
Grisebach, A. H. R. Flora of the British West Indian Islands. London, 1864.
Guzman. Apuntamientos sobre la geografía física de la república del Salvador. 1883.
Habel, Dr. The Sculptures of Santa Lucia Cozumalhuapa. Washington, 1879. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.
Haefken, I. Reize naar Guatemala. Gravenhage, 1828.
Hakluyt Society’s Publications. Discovery of America; Cortez’s Expedition to Honduras, etc. London, 1868.
Hassaurek, F. Four Years among Spanish-Americans. London, 1868.
Helps, Arthur. The Spanish Conquest in America, and its relation to the History of Slavery and to the Government of the Colonies. London, 1855-1861. 4 vols.
Henderson, G. An Account of the British Settlement of Honduras. Being a Brief View of its Commercial and Agricultural Resources, Soil, Climate, Natural History, etc. To which are added Sketches of the Manners and Customs of the Mosquito Indians. London, 1809. Second edition, 1811.
Herran, V. Notice sur les Cinque États du Centre-Amérique. Bordeaux, 1853.
Herrera, Antonio de. Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas y tierra firme de el mar oceano, 1492-1531. Madrid, 1615. General History of the continent and islands of America called the West Indies. Translated by J. Stevens. London, 1740. 6 vols. (Only decades 1-3.)
Humboldt, Alexander von. Vues des Cordilleres, et Monumens des Peuples Indigènes de l’Amérique. Paris, 1810. 69 Pl. fol.
— Essai politique sur le Royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne. Paris, 1611. 2 vols. 4to, Atlas folio. Another edition, 5 vols. 8 vo.
Humboldt, Alexander Von. Kleinere Schriften. Umrisse von Vulkanen aus den Cordilleran von Quito und Mexico. Stuttgart, 1853. 8 vols. 4to. Atlas.
Ixtlilxochtl. Histoire des Chichimeques ou des anciens rois de Tezcuco, par Fernando d’Alva Ixtlilxochtl. Traduit par H. Ternaux-Compans. Paris, 1840.
Juarros, Domingo. Compendio de la Historia de la Ciudad de Guatemala. Guatemala, 1808. 2 vols. English translation by Bailly. London, 1823.
Kingsborough’s Antiquities of Mexico. 9 vols. folio. London, 1830-1848.
Laferrière. De Paris à Guatemala. Paris, 1867.
Landa, Diego de. Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan. Edited by Brasseur de Bourbourg. Paris, 1864.
Larenaudière. Mexique et Guatemala. (L’Univers.) Paris, 1843.
Larrazabal. Apuntamientos sobre la Agricultura y Commercio del Reyno de Guatemala. Republished by the Sociedad Económica. Guatemala, 1860.
Leclerc, Charles. Grammaire caraibe, suivie du catéchisme caraibe. Paris, 1877.
— Bibliotheca Americana; Histoire, Géographie, Voyages, Archéologie et Linguistique des deux Amériques et des îles Philippines. Paris, 1878.
Leclercq. Dictionnaire Caraibe-français. See Breton-Raymond. Rennes, 1665.
Lemale, Carlos. Guia geográfica descriptiva de los Centros de Poblacion de la República de Guatemala. Guatemala, 1881.
Levy, S. Notas geograficas y económicas sobre la República de Nicaragua. Paris, 1873.
Lizana. Historia de Nuestra Señora de Izamal.
Long, R. C. The Ancient Architecture of America. New York, 1849.
Lorenzano, Francisco Antonio. Historia de Nueva-España escrita por su esclarecido conquistador, Hernan Cortez, aumentada con otros documientos y notas. Mexico, 1770.
Mahogany-Tree: Its Botanical Qualities, and how to select and cut in the Regions of its Growth. 1850.
Margil. El Perigrino Septentrional Atlante; delineado en la Vida del P. F. Antonio Margil, escribela Is. F. de Espinoza. Mexico, 1737.
Martyr, Petrus. Petri Martyris ab Anghiera de rebus Oceanicis, et de orbe novo decades III. Basileae, 1533.
Marure, A. Apuntamientos para la historia de la revolucion de Centro América, publicados en San Cristoval de Chiapa, 1829.
Maudslay, A. P. Explorations in Guatemala, and the Examination of the Newly-Discovered Indian Ruins of Quirigua, Tikal, and the Usumacinta. London, 1883. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society.
Mechlin and Warren. Report of a Journey from Belize to the city of Guatemala. Belize, 1872.
Mendieta, Geronimo de. Historia Ecclesiastica Indiana. Publicado por Joaquin G. Icazbalceta. Mexico, 1870.
Meye, Heinrich, und Schmidt, Julius. Die Steinbildwerke von Copan und Quirigua. Berlin, 1883. Folio. The Stone Sculptures of Copan and Quirigua. New York, 1883. (Very incorrect; drawings poor.)
Milla y Vidaurre, José. Historia de la América Central desde el descubrimiento del pais por los Españoles (1502) hasta su independencia de la España (1821), precidida de una “Noticia Histórica” relativa á las naciones que habitaban la América Central á la llegada de los Españoles. Guatemala, 1879. 2 vols. (A very valuable work, extending only to the year 1686, owing to the death of the author.)
Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l’Amérique Centrale. (Incomplete.) v. d.
Moke. Histoire des Peuples Américains. (Cited by Brasseur de Bourbourg.)
Molina, Alonso de. Vocabulario en lengua Castellana y Mexicana. Mexico, 1571. Folio.
Molina, Felipe. Bosquejo de la República de Costa Rica. Madrid, 1850.
Montgomery, G. W. Narrative of a Journey to Guatemala, etc., in 1838. New York, 1839.
Morelet, Arthur de. Voyage dans l’Amérique Centrale, l’Île de Cuba et le Yucatan. Paris, 1870.
— Travels in Central America, including Accounts of some Regions unexplored since the Conquest. From the French, by Mrs. M. F. Squier. London, 1871.
Morris, D. The Colony of British Honduras, its Resources and Prospects; with Particular Reference to its Indigenous Plants and Economic Productions. London, 1883.
— Cacao; How to Grow, and how to Cure it. London, n. d.
Morris, D. Liberian Coffee; its History and Cultivation. Kingston, Jamaica, n. d.
Mortillet, G. de. Le Signe de la Croix avant le Christianisme. Paris, 1866.
Motolinia, Fr. Toribio de Benavento. Historia de los Indios de Nueva España. Coll. Ed. J. C. Icazbalceta. Mexico, 1858.
— Ritos antiguos y sacrificios. (Kingsborough. IX. Supp.) 1830-48.
Norman, B. M. Rambles in Yucatan; including a Visit to the Remarkable Ruins of Chi-Chen, Kabah, Zayi, and Uxmal. New York, 1843. (Contains a Maya Vocabulary and Grammar.)
Nuñez de la Vega. Constituciones diocesanas del Obispado de Chiapas, etc. Guatemala, 1701.
Ordoñez, Ramón de. Historia del cielo y de la tierra, etc. MS. in the Museo Nacional de Mexico.
Orozco y Berra. Geografía de las lenguas y Carta ethnográfica de Mexico. Mexico, 1866.
Ovieda y Valdez, Gonzalo Hernandez de. Historia general y natural de las Indias Islas y Tierra Firme del Mar Oceano. Sevilla, 1535. Another edition, by Amador de los Rios. Madrid, 1855. 4 vols. folio.
Palacio, Dr. Diego Garcia de. (Oydor de la Real Audiencia de Guatemala.) Carta dirigida al Rey de España, Año de 1576. E. G. Squier. New York, 1860.
Paterson, William. Central America. From a MS. in the British Museum, 1701. Edited by S. Bannister, London, 1857.
Pelaez. Memorias para la historia del antiguo reino de Guatemala, redactados por el Ilmo. Señor Dr. Francisco de Paula Garcia Pelaez, arzobispo de esta santa Iglesia metropolitana. Guatemala, 1851. 3 vols. 8vo.
Peralta, Manuel M. de. Costa Rica, Nicaragua y Panama en el siglo XVI (1552-1610), su historia y sus limites. Madrid, 1883.
Perez, Pio. Diccionario Maya.
Perrey, Alexis. Documents sur les Tremblements de terre en Mexique et l’Amérique centrale. (Annales de la Société d’émulation des Vosges, t. 6, 1847.)
Pim, Bedford, and Seemann, Bertold. Dottings on the Roadside in Panama, Nicaragua and Mosquito. London, 1869.
Pimentel, Francisco. Cuadro descriptivo y comparativo de las lenguas indigenas de Mexico. Mexico, 1862. Second edition, 1875. 3 vols.
Polakawsky, Dr. H. Central America. In “Das Ausland,” Nov. 1876.
Rau, Charles. The Palenque Tablet in the United States National Museum at Washington. (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 1879, p. 331.)
Rayon, D. Ignacio. Proceso de Pedro de Alvarado y Nuño de Guzman, con notas del Licenciado D. J. Fernando Ramirez. Mexico, 1847.
Reichardt, C. F. Centro-Amerika. Nach den gegenwärtigen Zuständen des Landes und Volkes, in Beziehung der beiden Oceane und im Interesse der deutschen Auswanderung, bearbeitet von C. F. R. Braunschweig, 1851.
— Nicaragua, nach eigener Anschauung im Jahre 1852. Braunschweig, 1854.
Remesal, Fr. Antonio. Historia general de las Indias Occidentales, y particular de la governacion de Chiapa y Guatemala. Madrid, 1620.
Reynoso, Fr. Diego de. Arte y Vocabulario de la lengua Mame o Zaklohpakap. Mexico, 1644.
Rio, Antonio del. Description of the Ruins of an Ancient City (Palenque). London, 1822. 4to. (See Cabrera.)
Ritter, Carl. Ueber neue Entdeckungen und Beobachtungen in Guatemala und Yucatan. Berlin. (“Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde.” Bd. I.)
Rivero. Atlas Guatemalteco en ocho cartas. 1832.
Roberts, Orlando W. Narrative of Voyages and Excursions on the East Coast and in the Interior of Central America, describing a Journey up the River San Juan, and Passage across the Lake of Nicaragua to the City of Leon; pointing out the Advantages of a Direct Commercial Intercourse with the Natives. Edinburgh, 1827.
Rockstroh, Edwin. Informe de la comision científica del Instituto Nacional de Guatemala, para el estudio de los fenómenos volcanicos en el Lago de Ilopango, de la República del Salvador. Guatemala, 1880.
Roman, Hieronimo. Repúblicas del Mundo; Tercera Parte, De la República de las Indias Occidentales. Salamanca, 1595.
Rosny, Leon de. Ensayo sobro la interpretacion de la Escritura Hierática de la América Central. (Traslado) Madrid, 1881. Folio. 200 copies. The original Essai sur le Déchiffrement de l’Écriture Hiératique de l’Amérique centrale, Paris, 1876, was also limited to two hundred copies.
— Codex Cortesianus. Paris, 1883. MS. hiératique des anciens Indiens de l’Amérique centrale, conservé au Musée archéologique de Madrid. Avec introduction et un vocabulaire de l’écriture hiératique yucatéque.
Sahagun, Bernardino de. Historia de la Conquista de Mexico. Mexico, 1829.
— Historia de Nueva España. Mexico, 1829-30. 3 vols. 8vo.
— Historia universal de las cosas de Nueva España. 1830-48. (See Kingsborough.)
Saint-Priest et Baradère. Antiquités Mexicaines. Paris, 1804. 2 vols. Folio.
Salisbury, Stephen. The Mayas. Worcester, Mass., 1877.
San Buenaventura, Fr. Gabriel de. Arte de la Lengua Maya. Mexico, 1684. Reprinted in Mission Scientifique au Mexique et à l’Amérique Centrale. 1870.
Sanchez de Aguilar, Dr. Pedro. Informe contra Idolum Cultores del Obispado de Yucatan. Madrid, 1639.
Scherzer, Dr. Karl. Sprachen der Indianer Central-amerikas. Wien, 1855. (In Sitzeber. der kais. Acad. der Wiss. phil. hist. Klasse. Bd. XV, Heft 1.)
— Die Indianer von Santa Catalina Istlavacan; ein Beitrag zur Culturgeschichte der Urbewohner Central Amerikas. Wien, 1856.
— Travels in Central America, Nicaragua, Honduras, and San Salvador. 1857. 2 vols. 8vo.
Schultz, Rev. Theodore. The Arawack Language of Guiana in its Linguistic and Ethnological Relations. Philadelphia, 1871. (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.)
Solis, Antonio de. Historia de la Conquista de Mejico,—“Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards.” Translated by T. Townsend. London, 1753. 2 vols. 8vo.
Solórzano y Pereyra, Juan de. Politica Indiana sacada en Lengua Castellan adelos dos tomos del derecho i govierno municipal de las Indias Occidentales, dividida en seis libros, en los quales se trata todo lo tocante al Descubrimiento, Descripcion, Adquisicion i Retencion de las mesmas Indias. Madrid, 1648. A translation of “Disquisitiones de Indiarum Jure” (1629-39). Another edition in folio, 2 vols. 1776.
Sonnenstern. Descripcion del estado del Salvador. New York, 1859.
Squier, E. G. The Volcanoes of Central America, and the Geographical and Topographical Features of Nicaragua as connected with the proposed Interoceanic Canal. New York, 1850.
— Nicaragua; its People, Scenery, Monuments, and the proposed Interoceanic Canal. New York, 1852. 2 vols. 8vo.
Squier, E. G. Notes on Central America, particularly the States of Honduras and Salvador. New York, 1855.
Stephens, John Lloyd. Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan. New York, 1841. Revised by F. Catherwood, London, 1854.
— Incidents of Travel in Yucatan. London, 1843. 2 vols.
Stoll, Dr. Otto. Zur Ethnographie der Republik Guatemala. Zurich, 1884.
Stout, Peter F. Nicaragua, Past, Present, and Future; a Description of its Habitants, Customs, etc. Philadelphia, 1859.
Strangeways, Thomas. Sketch of the Mosquito Shore. Edinburgh, 1822.
Suckau, Henri de. Une Voie Nouvelle à travers l’Amérique Centrale. Étude Géographique, Ethnographique et Statistique sur le Honduras. Paris, 1866.
Ternaux-Compans, H. Voyages, relations et mémoires originaux pour servir à l’histoire de la découverte de l’Amérique. Paris, 1840. 22 vols. 8vo.
Thompson, George Alexander. Narrative of an Official Visit to Guatemala from Mexico. London, 1829.
Torquemada, J. de. Monarquia Indiana, con el origen y guerras de los indios occidentales, de sus poblaciones, descubrimiento, conquista, conversion, y otras cosas maravillosas de misma tierra. Madrid, 1723. 3 vols. folio. The second edition (1614) is one of the best.
Torrente, M. Historia de la Revolucion Hispano-Americana (1809-29). Madrid, 1829-30.
Tylor, Edward B. Anahuac; or, Mexico and the Mexicans, Ancient and Modern. New York, 1861.
Valentini, Philip J. J. The Katunes of Maya History. A Chapter in the early Chronology of Central America, with special reference to the Pio-Perez Manuscripts. Worcester, Mass., 1879. (Proc. Amer. Antiq. Soc.)
— The Landa Alphabet; a Spanish Fabrication. Worcester, Mass., 1880. (Proc. Amer. Antiq. Soc., April 28.)
Valois, Alfred de. Mexique, Havana et Guatemala. Paris, 1862.
Vandegehuchte. Observations astronomiques et topographiques sur la république de Guatemala. Nouvelles Annales des Voyages. Avril, 1860. Paris.
Verea. Calepino. (Vocabulary.)
Veytia. Historia antigua de Mexico.
Villagutierre Soto Mayor, Juan de. Historia de la Conquista de la Provincia de el Itza, reduccion y progresos de la de el Lacandon, y otras naciones de Indios Barbaros, de la mediacion de el Reyno de Guatemala, á las Provincias de Yucatan, en el América Septentrional. Madrid, 1701.
Wagner, M., und Scherzer, Karl. Die Republik Costa Rica. Leipzic, 1857.
Wagner, M. Naturwissenschaftlichen Reisen im tropischen Amerika, Stuttgart, 1870.
Waldeck, Fred. de. Voyage pittoresque et archéologique dans la Province d’Yucatan. Paris, 1838. Folio.
— Recherches sur les ruines de Palenque. Paris, 1866. Folio.
Walker, William. The War in Nicaragua. Mobile, 1860. (This was the filibuster who was shot at Trujillo.)
Wappäus, Dr. J. E. Mittel- und Sud-Amerika. Leipzic, 1870.
Wells, William V. Explorations and Adventures in Honduras; comprising sketches of travel in the Gold Regions of Olancho, and a Review of the History and Resources of Central America. New York, 1857.
— Walker’s Expedition to Nicaragua: a History of the Central American War and the Sonora and Kinney Expeditions, including all the recent Diplomatic Correspondence; together with a new and accurate Map of Central America, and a Memoir and Portrait of General William Walker. New York, 1856.
Ximenes, Fr. Francisco. Las Historias del origen de los indios de esta provincia de Guatemala, traducidas de la lengua Quiché al Castellano para mas comodidad de los ministros del sagrado evangelio. Viena, 1857. Ed. por Karl Scherzer.
From an Ancient Manuscript.
FOOTNOTES
[1] Petermann’s Mittheilungen, 1869.
[2] This business is declining, owing to the inferior cattle produced in Florida and shipped at a cheaper rate.
[3] Guatemala has been accepted (1886) by both Nicaragua and Costa Rica as referee in the boundary dispute.
[4] Another year we climbed the rock and found several interesting plants, but no human remains.
[5] These were vampire bats (Phyllostoma sp.); and several times afterwards we saw cattle that had been so severely bitten that the blood was still dripping from their shoulders the next morning. These little fellows are about the size of an English sparrow; and yet they do as much harm as their much larger relatives of South America. They have ventured into our sleeping-room at Livingston; but would generally awaken us by brushing our faces with their wings,—perhaps because our feet (the part they usually attack) were covered.
[6] “These serpentes are lyke unto crocodiles, saving in bigness; they call them guanas. Unto that day none of owre men durste aduenture to taste of them, by reason of theyre horrible deformitie and lothsomnes. Yet the Adelantado being entysed by the pleasantnes of the king’s sister, Anacaona, determined to taste the serpentes. But when he felte the flesh thereof to be so delycate to his tongue, he fel to amayne without al feare. The which thyng his companions perceiuing, were not behynde hym in greedyness; insomuch that they had now none other talke than of the sweetnesse of these serpentes, which they affirm to be of more pleasant taste than eyther our phesantes or partriches.”—Peter Martyr, decad. i. book v. (Eden’s English translation).
[7] The Naturalist in Nicaragua, by Thomas Belt, p. 222.
[8] Should the new product, saccharine, meet with favor, the planting of cane will follow the fate of indigo; and coal-tar will supply the sweet things of life as well as the flavors and colors. Coal is “sweetness and light”!
[9] Its armament was approved by the Royal Seal, Nov. 7, 1658, and an order of Feb. 26, 1687, provided for its complete repair. The plan is from a sketch by F. E. Blaisdell.
[10] I may add that soon after our arrival in Coban the Jefe politico deposed this unworthy comandante, punishing him with various indignities.
[11] Owing to the heavy duty, iron stoves are seldom seen in Guatemala; but a structure of stone, where that material is at hand, elsewhere of sticks covered with clay, is reared to the height of about two feet. Its size depends, of course, on the wants of the household; but large or small, the form is always the same. Three suitable stones, forming what would correspond to a pot-hole in an ordinary stove, are embedded in the clay-top of this house-altar, and the long slim sticks that furnish fuel serve also as poker, shovel, and tongs. There is no chimney, but the smoke and steam escape by the many cracks in the walls or by the windows. On one stone tripod a comal for tortillas, on another an earthen pitcher of coffee, and on another a stew-pan (cazuela) of frijoles, is the usual kitchen arrangement. Answering its purpose as well as a costly stove, it may be built for a few reals; and if an oven is needed for bread, a stone and earthen dome built over such a table-like hearth makes a capital one, not unlike those so common among the Canadians and in other half-civilized countries.
[12] In 1882, $1,266,042.43, or about one fifth of the total revenue.
[13] The uses of pottery in Central America are almost universal; it supplies not only water-cisterns, flour-barrels, ovens, stoves, wash-tubs, baths, coffee-pots, stew-pans, but dishes, lamps, floors, roofs, and aqueducts. Some made of white clay is exceedingly light, and the patterns are often very tasteful. The tinajas (water-jars) and cántaras are also light, but very strong, while the cazuelas, or flat pans, and the coffee-pots are quite fire proof. I have seen a house-wall built of pots not unlike a Yankee bean-pot in shape, the mouths opening into the house being “pigeon-holes” for the human inhabitants; while those opening out of doors were the nesting-places of pigeons and hens. The roof-tiles are not in great variety, usually semicylindrical or conical, and seldom ornamented; floor-tiles are large, square, and not very thick. The porous water-jars suspended in a current of air keep their contents refreshingly cool.
[14] Calabashes are of great importance and of universal use as household utensils. Some varieties are long and slim, and these, split lengthwise, make ladles; the very spherical ones make boxes, flat ones form bowls and platters, while those of the shape illustrated become chocolate-cups. The black color is permanent, although scarcely penetrating the hard surface; it is made by a bean that I have not been able to identify. Calabash-cups, although very light, are strong and durable. I have one, given me by Don Ramón Viada of Trujillo, which is as delicate as porcelain.
[15] It is well to explain that the framework used for carrying small articles on the back is called kataure by the Caribs, and carcaste by the Indios of the interior. Ramón carried in his not only all my photographic apparatus,—the camera and box of plates being carefully wrapped in water-proof material,—but also our cooking utensils and his own luggage. After he left us we found so much trouble in hiring suitable carcastes that we purchased one for a few reals and fitted it up with pita cords, which served our purpose very conveniently. When a desirable view presented, a whistle brought the mozo to our side, and from ten to fifteen minutes only were required to unpack, set up, expose one or two plates, repack, and remount our animals. It may be interesting to state that in all this long journey, where plates were carried in this way, not one was broken, nor was a piece of the apparatus damaged.
[16] There were many similar organs in the old churches,—some, indeed, removed to the lumber-rooms; but they were so securely fastened together that I could not get at the internal mechanism without too much disturbance, and I concluded that the instruments were imported entire. No modern organs of any size were seen outside of the metropolitan cathedrals; and yet even a large organ is very easy to transport. One little instrument that I tried was not in tune, but the pipe-tones were good. In the old church at Trujillo Frank found a modern French cabinet-organ of remarkably sweet tones.
[17] In stumbling over this crooked name, it occurs to me that it would be fair to my readers, who are perhaps less familiar with Indian names, to state briefly how they are pronounced. G is always guttural; ch is like tche; h is strongly aspirate; j is pronounced like h; x is sh; u is the French ou; v is equivalent to w; and the vowels have the Italian values. Of the Indian names the signification is not always known, but there are certain terminations common enough and well understood; as tepec, a mountain or high thing, in Alotepec, Quezaltepec, Coatepeque, Olintepeque, Jilotepeque. Those who are curious in these matters will find another note in the Appendix.
[18] It is the duty of every person to whose house strangers come to pass the night to report to headquarters the name, where from and whither bound, so that we could be tracked all over the republic from the central telegraph office in Guatemala City,—often very useful.
[19] There is no little confusion in the nomenclature of the sapotes, or sapodillas. What is usually called sapote in Guatemala does not belong to the genus Sapota, but to an allied genus Lucuma, and is known in the West Indies as the mammee-apple. The true sapote has several seeds; the mammee only one. An allied genus contains the star-apple (Chrysophyllum cainito). The sapoton, or big sapote, does not even belong to the Sapota family, but is a Pachira.
[20] Sweet peas and geraniums in abundance, carnations, marigolds, campanula, yarrow, pinks, sweet-williams, chrysanthemums, iris, scabious, abutilon, poppy, princess’-feathers, fuchsia, linaria, Lilium candidum, peach, evening-primrose, gilliflowers, amaryllis, gladioli, alyssum, larkspur, brugmansia, mignonette, sunflower, adenanthera, willow, balsams, dahlia, spider-lily, canna, hollyhock, eucalyptus, ragged-lady, roses (4), yellow sweet-clover, asparagus, Hydrangea hortensis, blue African lily, lupine, Boston-pink, wool-pink, cypress, sedum, agave, chelidonium, euphorbia (long-leaved), and broom.
[21] It was here that the Vice-President, Flores, was torn to pieces by women in the last days of the Confederacy, when the Church was in power.
[22] The cases of these rockets were of bambu, and usually three were attached to one stick. As they were fired in daylight, and valued for their effect upon the ear rather than the eye, the proportion of explosive powder was increased,—each discharge giving three sharp cracks.
[23] These little apples—about the size of crab-apples—are tasteless uncooked, but make an excellent dulce; the señoras know how to use them for a sweet pickle.
[24] Palin is the market-garden and orchard of the metropolis, and the fruit is good, but not cultivated with any care; nor is there here or elsewhere in Guatemala any attempt to procure new and choice varieties of either fruits or vegetables.
[25] It was in this garden that the attempt was made to kill President Barrios, on the evening of Sunday, April 13, 1884. He was walking with General Barrundia, the Minister of War, when a bomb exploded, severely wounding both; but to allay public excitement the President bravely walked twice around the garden, and then home. The would-be assassin was captured, and proved to be a former conspirator whom Barrios had generously pardoned. The bomb was loaded with poisoned bullets.
[26] One of these stirrups (seen in the figure), given to me by Don Enrique Toriello, then Jefe at Livingston, now Chargé d’Affaires and Consul-General of Guatemala at New York, weighs five and a half pounds, and is seventeen inches long.
[27] See note on Zompopos in the Appendix.
[28] These acacias not only yield gum-arabic, but the pods contain so much tannin that they are used to make ink.
[29] Another time when Frank was crossing he had to swim for his life, and nearly lost his animals.
[30] Although on the stone, and in the photograph as well, this head has the appearance noted in the text, a more careful examination of the photographic image magnified shows that the upper portion of the seemingly human face is in truth that of a tigre, while the flowing beard is the remaining part of a mutilated human face.
[31] Le mithe de Votan. H. de Charencey, Alençon, 1871.
[32] Pronounced Shibalbay.
[33] Discovered by Spaniards in 1750, but no illustrations were published until 1834.
[34] Meaning dumb, because they could not pronounce certain letters of the Cakchiquel alphabet.
[35] Topiltzin Acxitl, the Tultec king of Copantl.
[36] This recalls the Kahili, or feather standard, the symbol of authority in the Hawaiian Islands.
[37] The signification of these names, as given by a distinguished scholar, is as follows: Hunahpu, the one master of supernatural power; Vuch, opossum; Gucumatz, decorated with feathers; Xmucane, female vigor; Xpiyacoc, membrum virile (xiphil, and ococ, to enter); Huracan, one very great (hun, one, and racan, great); Cabracan, second great one; Chirakan, ostium vaginæ; Tepeu, high.
[38] It is probable that at this time they circumcised their sons, although we have no direct statement to that effect. The Mayas practised this sanatory measure, which seems to have had no religious significance. Stone knives were used, and only once.
[39] I have often had the pleasure of conversing with cannibals, and they always assured me that the hands were the choicest morsel. It will be noted that, the Central American Indios always boiled their cannibal food, while the Pacific Islanders as generally roasted it. In one of the manuscripts preserved in the Vatican Library is a clear picture of this process, and the kettle seems large enough to receive the body whole.
[40] It is the way of Christian communities to speak with holy horror of the human sacrifices these heathen were accustomed to offer at each new year to their gods; the bloodthirsty Christian Spaniards spoke much in the same way of these sacrifices three centuries ago. While the Indios did what they honestly believed was right, and did it in a most merciful manner, without torture, the cruel invaders, in the name of the gentle Jesus of Nazareth and of the Mother of God, burned these poor Indios alive by hundreds (Las Casas says by thousands), or gave them to be torn in pieces by the dogs. Let the Christian nations hold their peace over the human sacrifices of Central America, when they remember the Holy Inquisition, St. Bartholomew, and the tortures of Jews, Turks, witches, Quakers, and other heretics, sanctioned by the Christian Church,—murders so cruel, so unprovoked, that they make the sacrifices of the Indios seem no worse than justifiable homicide. Were the sacrifices to Tohil so much more sinful than the sacrifices so common in this enlightened nation of children born, or unborn, to the Molochs of Comfort or Reputation?
[41] The Spaniards found, according to Herrera (Decade III. lib. iv.), paintings done at Utatlan eight hundred years before the Conquest, in which were represented the three kinds of royal insignia,—indicating an antiquity greater than that of the Aztecs.
[42] Monarquia Indiana, lib. ii. ch. xii.
[43] Among the curious illustrations in the Kingsborough Collection are coats of armor belonging to the nobles, consisting of a shirt of simple body-form, embroidered or painted with various devices. With these are helmets, sometimes of conical shape, but frequently in form of animal heads.
[44] Carrera was a servant in the family of the Marquis de Aycinena; afterwards a drummer-boy in the regiment under his master’s command. A pamphlet was published to prove that this young half-breed was a natural son of Aycinena. From the countenance as represented on the coins there is indication of Negro and Indian, rather than Spanish, blood in his parentage.
[45] “Art. 24. El ejercicio de todas las religiones, sin preeminencia alguna, queda garantizado en el interior de los templos; pero ese libre ejercicio no podrá extenderse hasta ejecutar actos subversivos ó practicas incompatibles con la paz y el órden público, ni da derecho para oponerse al cumplimiento de las obligaciones civiles y políticas.”
[46] “Lectura, nociones practicas de la lengua patria, conocimientos de objectos, escritura y dibujo lineal, geografía e historia, moral y urbanidad.”
[47] A new series of stamps was issued in 1886; and it is reported that they were furnished to the Government free of cost by a private individual, who asked as his only compensation the entire lot of stamps of the old issue then on hand. Evidently the rage for old postage-stamps has a money basis, and this contractor expects to get a corner on old Guatemaltecan stamps; and no doubt he will make profit on his venture.
[48] These are not the edible figs, but many varieties of the fig family that form an important food for monkeys and birds. In the latter part of this book I have given a list of the more important trees of this forest region.
[49] Professor Sereno Watson, of the Harvard College Herbarium, collected, during two winter months in the Department of Izabal, five hundred species of plants, many of them new to science (Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. xxi. pp. 456 et seq.). Notes of some of these will be found in the Appendix. He collected no less than twenty-five species of palms.
[50] In the Appendix will be found a list of the woods under their local names; but as these vary in the different provinces, it will be of little use in determining the trees from which they are obtained. Rosewood is said to be furnished by at least three trees not connected botanically, and the application of the name “cedar” is as puzzling.
[51] Mr. Coffin, the hospitable magistrate at Punta Gorda, gave me some of the best oil; and in the limited experiments I have tried with it, its properties much resemble those of coconut-oil.
[52] Lahaina, Salangore, Elephant, Ribbon.
[53] Even at nine cents per pound it pays as well as the best Jamaica at fourteen cents.
[54] Cacao: How to grow and how to cure it. London: Prepared by the Jamaica Government.
[55] Compendio de la Historia de la Ciudad de Guatemala, t. 2, p. 95, ed. 1818.
[56] The Colony of British Honduras. D. Morris, London, 1883, p. 76.
[57] British Honduras, p. 100.
[58] The Naturalist in Nicaragua, p. 56.
[59] Compendio, t. ii. p. 94, Concerning the Tepulcuat.
[61] Dollfus et Montserrat, Voyage géologique dans les républiques de Guatemala et Salvador. Paris, 1868.
[62] Not for the pseudo-geologists who see glacial action on every bed of recent lava or in every railroad embankment.
[63] Vandegehuchte.
[64] Rockstroh.
[65] Brasseur de Bourbourg, ii. 44.
[66] La Sociedad Económica, No. 6, March 14, 1880.
[67] Thomas Belt, The Naturalist in Nicaragua, p. 71.