Hand-book of punctuation

The first number of each reference refers to the page.

• A
• Abbreviations, how indicated, 29, II.;
• list of, 29, 30;
• additional marks, 30, 1;
• proper names, 30, 2;
• numerals, 30, 3;
• numbering pages, 30, 4;
• letter doubled to indicate the plural, 30, 5;
• how to abbreviate words, 30, 6;
• Mr., Mrs., etc., 74, 1, 2.
• Addressed, person or thing, 13, VIII.;
• strong emotion, 14 Rem.; 33, III.
• Address of envelopes, most important part of letter-writing, 73;
• position, 74;
• punctuation, 74;
• honorary titles, 75;
• large cities, 76;
• small towns and villages, 77;
• addressed envelopes, 77;
• letters with special request, 78;
• stamp, 78;
• forms of address, 78-82.
• Address, inside, definition of, 87;
• punctuation of, 88;
• large cities, 88;
• small towns and villages, 89;
• intimate friends and relatives, 89;
• position, 90.
• Adjectives, two, 17, 2;
• in a series, 18, 1.
• Adverbs, 10, 3.
• Advertisements, capitalization of, 62, 3.
• Almighty God, 64, 2.
• And, or, nor, connecting words in a series, 17, XIV.;
• words and phrases, 19, 3;
• phrases and clauses, 18, XV.; 19, 2;
• or between two words or expressions, the latter explaining the former, 18, 2.
• Answer and question in the same paragraph, 36, 3.
• Apostrophe, the, 47, 48;
• form of, 47, Rem.;
• denotes what, 47, II
• See Possession.
• Appositives, 15, XI.;
• definition of, 16, 1;
• two nouns in apposition, 16, 2, a;
• noun and pronoun, 16, 2, b;
• two pronouns, 16, 2, c;
• parts of a person’s name, 16, 2, d.
• Arabic numbers, 22, XVIII.
• As, 21, 3;
• introducing an example, 24, Rem.;
• as with a dash, 36, 4.
• As it were, 9, IV.;
• as follows, 27, III.
• Aunt, when to commence with a capital, 63, 2, 3; 90, 2; 96, 2.
• Author from whom a quotation is taken, 36, 2;
• manuscript of, 72, 102, 103;
• correction of proof, 102.
• B
• Because, 7, 1.
• Being or having been, 14, Rem.
• Bible, references to. See References.
• Body of the letter, the first word, 94;
• margin, 95;
• paragraphs, 95.
• Books, titles of, 44, II.;
• chapter, 62, 2;
• title-pages, 62, VIII.
• Brackets, 41, 42;
• additional marks, 41, 1;
• reporting speeches, 41, 2;
• parenthetical marks, 42, 3.
• Broken letters in proof, 109, X.
• Broken sentences, 34, I.
• Brother, when to commence with a capital, 63, 2, 3; 90, 2; 96, 2.
• But, 6, 1.
• C
• Capitals, 54-70;
• usage formerly, 55;
• tendency at the present day, 56;
• value of capitals, 56;
• how indicated in writing, 53, V.;
• in proof, 107, VI.;
• title-pages, 62, VIII.
• Caret, 52, II.;
• in proof, 106, III.
• Chapter, first word of, 62, 2.
• Church, when written with a capital, 60, 3.
• Clauses, definition of, 5;
• independent, 6, I.;
• dependent, 6, II.;
• relative, 7, 8, 9;
• participial, 14, IX.;
• series of, 24, III.;
• concluding, 34, II.;
• short, 24, Rem. See Expressions.
• Colon, the, 25-28;
• indicates what, 3, 4;
• not used as much as formerly, 28.
• Comma, the, 5-22;
• indicates a close relationship, 3, 4;
• omitted, 3; 16, 2; 21, 1, 2, 3;
• preferred sometimes to semicolons, 25.
• Commas, two, placed under a word, 52, I.
• Complete sentences, 29, I.;
• title of essay, oration, etc., 29, Rem.
• Compound words, 49, I.;
• definition of, 49, 1.
• Concluding clause, 34, II.;
• emphatic conclusion, 35, 1;
• namely, that is, etc., omitted, 35, 2;
• word or expression repeated, 35, 3.
• Conclusion of a letter, definition, 95;
• punctuation, 96;
• position, 97;
• signature, 97.
• Conclusion, emphatic, 35, I.
• Contrasted expressions or comparisons, 20, XVII.;
• comparison, short, 21, 1;
• so-that, rather-than, etc., 21, 2;
• as, than, 21, 3;
• first expression negative, the other affirmative, 21, 4.
• Consequently, 9, IV.
• Copy, definition of, 104.
• Correction in proof to be disregarded, 109, IX.
• Cousin, when to commence with a capital, 63, 2, 3; 90, 2; 96, 2.
• Crooked words in proof, 110, XII.
• D
• Dagger, double dagger, uses of, 53, VI.
• Dash, 34-38;
• additional punctuation marks, 38, 1, 2.
• Days of the month, 60, VI.;
• spring, summer, etc., 61, Rem.
• Dates, 22, Rem.
• Deity, the, 63, X.;
• difference among writers, 63, 1;
• First Cause, etc., 64, 2;
• King of kings, etc., 64, 3;
• eternal, divine, etc., 64, 4;
• pronouns, 64, 5; 65, 6;
• god, goddess, deity, 65, 7.
• Democrat, 60, V.
• Dependent clauses, 6, II.;
• definition of, 7, 1;
• omission of comma, 7, 2.
• Devil, 59, 3.
• Diæresis, 50, 4.
• Diphthongs, how indicated in proof, 110, XIV.
• Direct question, 31, I.
• Direct quotation. See Quotation.
• Divine, 64, 4.
• Division of words, 50, III.;
• where to divide a word, 51, 1.
• Divisions of sentences, 23, I.; 25, Gen. Rem.
• Divisions of a statement, 69, XVII.;
• how readily recognized, 70, 1;
• usage of some writers, 70, 2;
• sentences broken off to attract attention, 70, 3.
• E
• East, when to commence with a capital, 59, 1.
• Ellipsis, marks of, 52, III.
• Emotion, strong, 32, I.;
• unusual degree, 32, Rem.
• Emphasis, words repeated for, 17, 3;
• use of the dash to give prominence, 37, Gen. Rem.; 35, 1.
• Enumeration of particulars, 27, III.;
• particulars preceded by a colon, 27, 1;
• not introduced by thus, following, etc., 27, 2;
• particulars preceded by a semicolon, 27, 3;
• comma and dash sometimes used, 28, 4.
• Envelopes, addressed, 77;
• with special request, 78;
• with stamp, 78.
• Esq., 74, 3.
• Eternal, referring to the Deity, 64, 4.
• Example, punctuation of words preceding, 24, Rem.;
• first word of, 66, 4.
• Exclamation point, 32, 33;
• inclosed within parenthetical marks, 40, 3.
• Expressions, inverted, 12, VI.;
• two brief, 19, 2;
• contrasted, 20, XVII.;
• complete in themselves, 23, II.; 28, Gen. Rem.;
• series of, 24, III.;
• negative and affirmative, 21, 4;
• at the end of sentences, 22, XIX.;
• equivalent to sentences, 57, 2.
• F
• Father, when to commence with a capital, 63, 2, 3.
• Federalist, 60, V.
• Figures omitted, 36, IV.;
• Arabic, 22, XVIII.
• Finally, 9, IV.
• First Cause, First Principle, 64, 2;
• Father of mercies, Father of spirits, 64, 3.
• First word in a sentence, 57, I.;
• in expressions numbered, 69, XVII.;
• after a period, 57, 3.
• Following, 27, III., 2.
• Foreign words, 43, 2.
• Forms of address, 78-82.
• Friend, when to commence with a capital, 63, 3; 90, 2; 96, 2.
• G
• General remarks, 28, 37, 110.
• God, 63, 64;
• goddess, 65, 7;
• God of hosts, 64, 3.
• Gospel, 61, 3.
• Greeting. See Introductory words.
• H
• Handbills, use of capitals in, 62, 3.
• Heading of letters, 83;
• definition, 83;
• punctuation, 84;
• large cities, 85;
• a small town or village, 86;
• hotels, 86;
• seminaries or colleges, 86;
• position, 86.
• Heaven and hell, 59, 3.
• Heavenly, applied to the Deity, 64, 4.
• Hers, 48, 3.
• Hesitation, how indicated, 34, I.
• His, Him, referring to the Deity, 64, 5.
• His Excellency, 76, 5; 62, IX.;
• address of envelope, 80.
• Hon., 75, 4; 62, IX.
• However, 9, IV.
• Hyphen, the, 49-51;
• connecting several words, 49, 2;
• omitted, 49, 3;
• doubt as to the use, 49, 5.
• I
• I, 68, XV.
• If, 7, 1.
• Indeed, 9, IV.
• Independent clauses, 6, I.;
• definition of, 6, 1;
• comma omitted, 6, 2;
• separation by a semicolon, 6, 3.
• Infinite One, 64, 2.
• In short, in fact, in reality, 9, IV.
• Interjections, 32, II.;
• exclamation point at the end of a sentence, 33, 1, 2.
• Interrogation point, 31, I.;
• inclosed in parenthetical marks, 40, 2.
• Introductory words of letters, definition, 90;
• punctuation, 91;
• position, 91;
• forms of salutation, 92;
• salutations to young ladies, 93;
• to married ladies, 94.
• Introductory remarks, 5, 73.
• Inverted expressions, 12, VI.;
• explanation, 12, 1;
• omission of comma, 12, 2.
• Inverted letter in proof, 107, IV.
• Italics, how indicated, 53, V.; 107, VI.;
• words from a foreign language, 43, 2;
• written with or without a capital, 60, Rem.
• Its, 48, 3.
• K
• King of kings, 64, 3.
• L
• Leaders, 53, IV.
• Letters or figures omitted, 36, IV.;
• 3-9 equivalent to, 37, Rem.
• Letters omitted, 47, I.;
• the apostrophe, 47, Rem.
• Letters, care in writing, some facts, 73.
• Letter-forms, 71-100.
• List of abbreviations, 29, 30; 30, 7.
• LL. D., 30, 5; 75, 3.
• Logical subject, 19, XVI.;
• definition of, 20, 1;
• custom of some writers, 20, 2.
• Long sentences, 25, I.
• Lord of lords, 64, 3.
• M
• Madame, 93, 94.
• Marks of parenthesis, 39, 40;
• additional marks, 39, 1;
• dashes, 37, V.;
• comma, 40, 4.
• Mark of attention in proof, 110, XV.
• Members of sentences, 25, Gen. Rem.
• Miscellaneous marks, 52, 53.
• Miss, 74, 1; 93.
• Months and days, names of, 60, VI.;
• autumn, spring, etc., 61, Rem.
• More—than, 21, 2.
• Moreover, 9, IV.
• N
• Name, person’s, 16, 2, d.;
• abbreviated, 30, 2; 74, 2; 96, Rem.
• period used after name, 29, Rem.
• See Signature.
• Namely, 9, IV.; 35, 2.
• Nations, names of, 59, IV.;
• Italics and Italicized, 60, Rem.
• Negative expressions, 21, 4.
• Nevertheless, 9, IV.
• Nor, 6, 1.
• Not, contrasted expressions, 21, 4.
• North, when to commence with a capital, 59, 1.
• Nouns in apposition, 15, 16. See Words.
• Numeral figures, 22, XVIII.;
• dates, 22, Rem.
• O
• O, 68, XV.;
• not followed by an exclamation point, 32, II.
• Of which, 9, 3;
• of course, 9, IV.
• Omitted, letters or figures, 36, IV.; 47, I.
• Omissions, how indicated, 52, II.;
• in proof, 106, III.
• Or, 6, 1; 18, 2.
• Ours, 48, 3.
• P
• Pages, numbering of, 30, 4.
• Paragraphs, quoted, 46, IV.;
• sign of, 53, VI.;
• in proof, 108, VIII.
• Parallel lines, 53, VI.
• Parenthesis, 39, I.;
• additional marks, 39, 1, a, b, c;
• comma and dash often preferred, 37, V.; 40, 4;
• doubtful assertion, 40, 2;
• irony or contempt, 40, 3.
• Parenthetical words and phrases, 9, IV.;
• definition of, 10, 1;
• when commas are omitted, 10, 2;
• parenthetical words and adverbs, 10, 3.
• Parenthetical expressions, 11, V.;
• distinction between parenthetical expressions and parenthetical words, 11, 1, a, b;
• when commas are omitted, 11, 2.
• Parties, names of, 60, V.
• See Sects.
• Participial clauses, 14, IX.;
• sign of, 14, Rem.
• Perhaps, 9, IV.
• Period, indicates what, 3;
• uses of, 29, 30.
• Persons and places, names of, 58, III.;
• North, South, etc., 59, 1;
• words derived from names of persons, 59, 2;
• Satan, devil, 59, 3.
• Person or thing addressed, 13, VIII.;
• strong emotion, 14, Rem.
• Personification, 67, XIV.
• Phrases and clauses, 18, XV.;
• definition of a phrase, 19, 1;
• of a clause, 5;
• when commas are omitted, 19, 2;
• words and phrases in a series, 19, 3;
• parenthetical phrases, 9, 10.
• Poetry, first word of each line, 58, II.
• Political parties, 60, V.
• Possession, 47, II.;
• singular of nouns, 47, 1;
• plural of nouns, 48, 2;
• ours, yours, etc., 48, 3.
• Prefixes, 50, II.;
• definition of, 50, 1;
• vowel and consonant 50, 2;
• vice-president, etc., 50, 3;
• when to use the diæresis, 50, 4.
• Prince of life, Prince of kings, 64, 3.
• Projecting leads in proof, 110, XIII.
• Pronouns referring to the Deity, 64, 5; 65, 6.
• Proof-reading, 101-114;
• its importance, 102;
• preparation of manuscript, 102, 103;
• copy, proof-sheet, revise, 104;
• wrong letters and punctuation marks, 105, I.;
• wrong words, 106, II.;
• omissions, 106, III.;
• inverted letter, 107, IV.;
• strike out, 107, V.;
• capitals and italics, 107, VI.;
• spacing, 108, VII.;
• paragraphs, 108, VIII.;
• correction to be disregarded, 109, IX.;
• broken letters, 109, X.;
• transpose, 109, XI.;
• crooked words, 110, XII.;
• projecting leads, 110, XIII.;
• diphthongs, 110, XIV.;
• mark of attention, 100, XV.;
• Gen. Rem., 110.
• Proof-sheet, definition of, 104;
• specimen proof, 111, 112;
• corrected proof, 113, 114.
• Punctuation, its importance, iii., iv.;
• how to teach it, iv., v.;
• principal punctuation marks, 3;
• other marks, 4;
• punctuation marks, why used, 3, 4.
• Q
• Question, direct, 31, I.;
• question and answer in the same paragraph, 36, 3.
• Quotation, short, 12, VII.;
• long, 13, 5; 26, II.; 27, 1;
• expressions resembling a quotation, 13, 1;
• introduced by that, 13, 2; 65, 1;
• single words quoted, 13, 3; 65, 2; 66, 3;
• quotation divided, 13, 4;
• quotation in the middle of a sentence, 27, 2;
• quotation within a quotation, 45, 1; 46, 2;
• parts of a quotation omitted, 46, IV., 2;
• first word of a quotation, 65, XI.;
• examples as illustrations, 24, Rem.; 66, 4.
• Quotation marks, 43-46;
• direct quotation, 43, I.;
• exact words not given, 43, 1;
• words from a foreign language, 43, 2;
• quotation followed by a comma, semicolon, colon, period, 44, 4;
• by an exclamation or interrogation point, 44, 5, 6;
• titles of books, 44, II.;
• quotation within a quotation, 45, III.;
• paragraphs, 46, IV.
• Quoted passage, 41, I.
• R
• Republican, Radical, 60, V.
• Rather—than, 21, 2.
• Reference marks, 53, VI.
• References, 68, XVI.;
• volume and chapter, 69, 1;
• to the Bible, 69, 3;
• volume and page sufficient, 69, 2.
• Relative clauses, 7, III.;
• commas when used, 7, III., 1;
• when omitted, 7, III., 2;
• introduced by who, etc., 8, 1;
• exceptions, 8, 2, 3.
• Reporter, remarks by, 41, 2.
• Resolutions, 66, XII.;
• Resolved and That, 66, Rem.
• Revise, definition of, 104.
• S
• Salutations. See Introductory words.
• Scriptures, sacred writings, 61, 3.
• Sects, names of, 60, V.;
• Republican, etc., 60, 1, 2;
• Church, 60, 3.
• Section mark, 53, VI.
• Semicolon, 23-25;
• indicates distant relationship, 3, 4;
• often preferred to a colon, 28;
• semicolon and comma, 25.
• Sentence, definition of, 5; 57, 1;
• long sentences, 23, I.;
• members of, 23, II.; 25, Gen. Rem.; 28, Gen. Rem.;
• complete sentences, 29, I.;
• broken sentences, 34, I.;
• first word of, 57, I.;
• expressions equivalent to a sentence, 57, 2;
• word following a period, 57, 3;
• word following an interrogation or an exclamation, 58, 4.
• Series of words, 17, XIV.;
• commas, when not used, 17, XIV., 1;
• when used, 18, XIV., 2, 3;
• last word preceding a single word, 18, 1;
• two words connected by or, 18, 2;
• series of phrases and clauses, 18, XV.;
• of expressions, 24, III.
• Short quotations. See Quotations.
• Signatures, 29, Rem.; 97, 98.
• Since, 7, 1.
• Sister, when to commence with a capital, 63, 2; 90, 2; 96, 2.
• Sir, 63, 3.
• Son of man, 64, 3.
• So—that, so—as, 21, 2.
• South, 59, 1.
• Spacing in proof, 108, VII.
• Specimen proof, 111, 112.
• Special words, capitalization of, 66, 67.
• Spring, summer, 61, Rem.
• Stamp, 78.
• Star, reference mark, 53, VI.
• Strike out in proof, 107, V.
• Strong emotion, 32, I.;
• unusual emotion, 32, Rem.
• Subject, logical, 19, XVI.;
• definition of, 20, 1;
• subject of statement or quotation, 35, III.;
• definition of, 36, 1;
• author, 36, 2;
• question and answer, 36, 3;
• as, thus, etc., 36, 4.
• Summary of letter-forms, 98-100.
• Supreme Being, 64, 2;
• Son of man, 64, 3.
• T
• Titles, annexed, 16, 3;
• of essays, orations, etc., 29, Rem.; 61, 2;
• of books, 44, II.; 61, VII.;
• of magazines, 45, 1, 2;
• of persons, 62, IX.;
• sacred writings, 61, 3.
• Title-pages, 62, VIII.;
• first word of a chapter, 62, 2;
• handbills and advertisements, 62, 3.
• Than, 21, 3.
• That, 8, 1; 13, 2;
• quotation introduced by that, 65, 1;
• in resolutions, 66, Rem.
• That is, 35, 2.
• Theirs, 48, 3.
• Therefore, 9, IV.
• Thus, this, these, 27, III.; 27, 2; 36, 4.
• To-day, to-night, to-morrow, 49, 4.
• Too, 10, 3.
• Transpose in proof, 109, XI.
• U
• Until, 7, 1.
• Unconnected words, 16, XIII.,
• comma, when used, 17, 1, 3;
• when not used, 17, 2.
• Uncle, when to commence with a capital, 63, 2, 3; 90, 2; 96, 2.
• V
• Verb omitted, 15, X.;
• main clauses separated by a semicolon, 15, 1;
• comma omitted, 15, 2.
• Vice-president, 50, 3.
• W
• What, 8, 1.
• When, 7, 1.
• Words, parenthetical, 9, IV.;
• in apposition, 15, XI.;
• unconnected, 16, XIII.;
• series of, 17, XIV.;
• repeated for emphasis, 17, 3; 35, 3;
• two connected by or, 18, 2;
• words and phrases in a series, 19, 3;
• from a foreign language, 43, 2;
• compound, 49, I.;
• division of, 50, III.;
• repeated, 52, I.;
• special, 66, XIII.
• Words personified, 67, XIV.;
• caution, 68, Rem.
• Wrong letters and punctuation marks in proof, 105, I.;
• wrong words, 106, II.
• Y
• Yours, 48, 3.