It is not only of this popularity, a little banal, of which I wish to
speak, which one could not ignore—for it is only a stupid pride and a
small heart which denies great value to the art which pleases humble
people;—what I wish to notice chiefly in the popular character of
Handel’s music is that it is always truly conceived for the people, and
not for an élite dilettanti as was the French Opera between Lully and
Gluck. Without ever departing from his sovereign ideas of beautiful
form, in which he gave no concession to the crowd, he reproduced in a
language immediately “understanded of the people” those feelings in
which all could share. This genial improvisor, compelled during the
whole of his life (a half-century of creative power) to address from the
stage a mixed public, for whom it was necessary to understand
immediately, was like the orators of old, who had the cult of style and
instinct for immediate and vital effect. Our epoch has lost the feeling
of this type of art and men: pure artists who speak to the people and
for the people, not for themselves or for their confrères. To-day the
pure artists lock themselves within themselves, and those who speak to
the people are most often mountebanks. The free England of the
nineteenth century was in a certain measure related to the Roman
republic, and indeed Handel’s eloquence was not without relation to that
of the epic orators, who sustained in the form their highly finished and
passionate discourses, who left their mark on the shuddering crowd of
loiterers. This eloquence did on occasion actually thrust itself into
the soul of the nation as in the days of the Jacobite invasion, where
Judas Maccabæus incarnated the public feeling. In the first
performances of Israel in Egypt some of the auditors praised the
heroic virtues of this music, which could raise up the populace and lead
armies to victory.
By this power of popular appeal, as by all the other aspects of his
genius, Handel was in the robust line of Cavalli and of Gluck, but he
surpassed them. Alone, Beethoven has walked in these broader paths, and
followed along the road which Handel had opened.
LIST OF HANDEL’S WORKS
| I. Operas |
| In chronological order, with the dates and places of the first
performance. |
| (The figures in brackets refer to the number of the Volume in the
Complete Edition of Handel’s Works.) |
| 1. | Almira (55) | Hamburg, 1705. |
| 2. | Nero (lost) | ”1705. |
| 3. | Florinda (lost) | ” about 1706. |
| 4. | Daphne (lost) | ” about 1706. |
| 5. | Roderigo (56) | Florence, 1707. |
| 6. | Agrippina (57) | Venice, 1708. |
| 7. | Rinaldo (58) | London, 1711. |
| 8. | Il Pastor Fido (59) | ”1712. |
| 9. | Teseo (60) | ”1713. |
| 10. | Silla (61). Never performed in
public (probably privately performed at Canons). |
| 11. | Amadigi (62) | London, 1715. |
| 12. | Radamisto (63) | ”1720. |
| | (There are three versions.) |
| 13. | Muzio Scævola (64) | ”1721. |
| 14. | Floridante (65) | ”1721. |
| 15. | Ottone (66) | ”1723. |
| 16. | Flavio (67) | ”1723. |
| 17. | Giulio Cesare (68) | ”1724. |
| 18. | Tamerlano (69) | ”1724. |
| 19. | Rodelinda (70) | London, 1725. |
| 20. | Scipione (71) | ”1726. |
| 21. | Alessandro (72) | ”1726. |
| 22. | Admeto (73) | ”1727. |
| 23. | Riccardo Primo, Re d’Inghilterra | ”1727. |
| 24. | Siroe (75) | ”1728. |
| 25. | Tolomeo, Re d’Egitto (76) | ”1728. |
| 26. | Lotario (77) | ”1729. |
| 27. | Partenope (78) | ”1730. |
| 28. | Rinaldo (new version) (58) | ”1731. |
| 29. | Poro (79) | ”1731. |
| 30. | Ezio (80) | ”1732. |
| 31. | Sosarme (81) | ”1732. |
| 32. | Orlando (82) | ”1733. |
| 33. | Arianna (83) | ”1734. |
| 34. | Terpsichore (84) |
| 35. | Ariodante (85) | ”1735. |
| 36. | Alcina (86) | ”1735. |
| 37. | Atalanta (87) | ”1736. |
| 38. | Giustino (88) | ”1737. |
| 39. | Arminio (89) | ”1737. |
| 40. | Berenice (90) | ”1737. |
| 41. | Faramondo (91) | ”1738. |
| 42. | Serse (92) | ”1738. |
| 43. | Imeneo (93) | ”1740. |
| 44. | Deidamia (94) | ”1741. |
| 45. | Jupiter in Argos (MS. Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Advertised but never performed), 1739. |
| 46. | Tito. Unperformed and unpublished. |
| 47. | Alfonso Imo. Unperformed and unpublished. |
| 48. | Flavio Olibrio. Unperformed and unpublished. |
| 49. | Honorius. Unperformed and unpublished. |
| 50. | An unnamed opera (MS. Fitzwilliam Museum). |
| 51. | Eleven Pasticcios, arranged at various times between 1730 and 1747. |
| II. Oratorios |
| 1. | Passion according to St. John (9) | Hamburg. 1704. |
| 2. | Resurrezione (32) | Rome. 1708. |
| 3. | Il Trionfo del Tempo (24) | ” 1708. |
| 4. | The Passion of Christ (15) | Hamburg. 1717. |
| 5. | Esther (First Version) | Canons. 1720. |
| 6. | Esther (Second Version) | King’s Theatre, London, 1733. |
| 7. | Deborah (29) | King’s Theatre, London, 1733. |
| 8. | Athaliah (5) | Oxford. 1733 |
| 9. | Saul (13) | King’s Theatre, London, 1739. |
| 10. | Israel in Egypt (16) ” | ”1739. |
| 11. | Messiah | Dublin, 1742. |
| 12. | Samson (10) | Covent Garden, 1743. |
| 13. | Joseph (42) ” | ”1744. |
| 14. | Belshazzar (19) | King’s Theatre, 1745. |
| 15. | Occasional Oratorio (43) | Covent Garden, 1746. |
| 16. | Judas Maccabæus (22) | ””1747. |
| 17. | Joshua (17) | ””1748. |
| 18. | Alexander Balus (33) | ””1748. |
| 19. | Solomon (26) | ””1749. |
| 20. | Susanna (1) | ””1749. |
| 21. | Theodora (8) | ””1750. |
| 22. | Jephtha (44) | ””1752. |
| 23. | Triumph of Time and Truth (20) | ””1757. |
| III. Odes, Serenatas, and Occasional Pieces |
| 1. | Acis, Galatea e Polifemo (53) | Naples. 1708. |
| 2. | Birthday Ode for Queen Anne (46a) | St. James’ Palace, 1713. |
| 3. | Acis and Galatea (3) | Canons, 1720. |
| 4. | The Alchemist | Covent Garden, 1732. |
| 5. | Il Parnasso in Festa (54) | King’s Theatre, 1734. |
| 6. | Alexander’s Feast (12) | Covent Garden, 1736. |
| 7. | Ode for St. Cecilia’s Day (23) | Lincoln’s Inn Fields, 1739. |
| 8. | Praise of Harmony | ””about 1739. |
| 9. | L’Allegro, Il Penseroso ed Il Moderato (6) | Lincoln’s Inn Fields, 1740. |
| 10. | Hymen | Dublin, 1742. |
| 11. | Semele (7) | Covent Garden, 1744. |
| 12. | Hercules (4) | King’s Theatre, 1745. |
| 13. | Alceste (46b). Incidental music to play. (Never performed) | 1749 or 1750. |
| 14. | Choice of Hercules (18). An Interlude | Covent Garden, 1751. |
| IV. Church Music |
| 1. | Laudate Pueri in F | Halle, 1702. |
| 2. | Dixit Dominus (38) | Rome, 1707. |
| 3. | Nisi Dominus (38) | Rome or Halle. |
| 4. | Laudate Pueri in D (38) | Rome, 1707. |
| 5. | Silete venti (38) | ”1708. |
| 6. | Six Alleluias (38). For voice and harpsichord. |
| 7. | Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate (31) | St. Paul’s Cathedral, 1713. |
| 8. | Te Deum in D (37) | About 1714. |
| 9. | Fifteen Chandos Anthems (34). For chorus, organ | Canons, 1716-18. |
| 10. | Te Deum in B flat (37) | 1716-18. |
| 11. | Four Coronation Anthems (14).
For seven-part chorus and large
orchestra | Westminster Abbey, 1727. |
| 12. | Te Deum in A (37) | About 1727. |
| 13. | O Praise the Lord, Ps. CIII., etc. (36). Anthem for chorus and orchestra. |
| 14. | Wedding Anthem, Ps. XLV., etc. (36). Eight-part chorus, solos, orchestra, and organ | Wedding of Princess Anne, 1734. |
| 15. | Wedding Anthem, Ps. LXVIII., etc.
Chorus, solos, and orchestra | Wedding of the Prince of Wales, 1736. |
| 16. | Funeral Anthem (II) | Death of Queen Caroline, 1737. |
| 17. | Dettingen Te Deum (25) | 1743. |
| 18. | Dettingen Anthem, Ps. X. and XI., | 1743. |
| 19. | Foundling Hospital Anthem, Ps.
XLI., etc. (36) | 1749. |
| 20. | Three Hymns. MS. in Fitzwilliam Museum.
Words
by the Rev. C. Wesley. “Sinners, obey the
Gospel word,” “O Love divine, how sweet thou
art,” “Rejoice, the Lord is King.” |
| V. Vocal Chamber Music |
| 1. | Seventy-two Solo Cantatas for one or two voices
with instruments (52 a, b, c). Italian. No. 8 is
English; No. 18 is Spanish with guitar accompaniment. |
| 2. | Twenty-two Italian Duets and two Trios with
harpsichord and violoncello (32). |
| 3. | Seven Italian Sonatas. Unpublished. MSS. in
Fitzwilliam Museum. |
| VI. Instrumental Music |
| 1. | Six Sonatas for two oboes with thorough-bass for
harpsichord (73) | 1696. |
| 2. | Sonata for viola-da-gamba and cembalo concertata in
C (48) | Hamburg, 1705. |
| 3. | Klavierbuch aus der Jugendzeit (48) | 1710. |
| 4. | Three Sonatas for flute and harpsichord
(48) Probably Hanover, | about 1710. |
| 5. | Water Music (47) | 1715. |
| 6. | Suites de pièces pour clavecin (2) | Published 1720. |
| 7. | Fifteen Solos for a German flute, oboe or violin,
with a thorough-bass for harpsichord or bass violin (27) | 1724. |
| 8. | Six Concertos (21), Op. 3. Concerti grossi con due
violini e violoncello di concertino e due altri violini,
viola e basso di concerto grosso ad arbitrio, known as
the Oboe Concertos | Walsh, 1729. |
| 9. | Nine Sonatas or Trios for two violins, flutes, or
oboes, with a thorough-bass for harpsichord or
violoncello, Op. 2 (27) | Walsh, 1733. |
| 10. | Suites de pièces pour clavecin (2). Second
volume pilfered by Walsh in 1733. |
| 11. | Pièces pour clavecin (2). Five pieces Witvogel
in Amsterdam, 1733. Several clavecin pieces still
remain in MS. at Buckingham Palace and Fitzwilliam
Museum. |
| 12. | Overture for the pasticcio Oreste (48) | 1734. |
| 13. | Six “Fugues or Voluntaries for the organ or harpsichord,”
Op. 3a (2) | Walsh, 1735. |
| 14. | Overture in G minor for the pasticcio Alessandro
Severo (48) | 1738. |
| 15. | Six Organ Concertos, Op. 4 (48) | Walsh, 1738. |
| 16. | Seven Sonatas or Trios for two violins or German flutes,
with a thorough-bass for the harpsichord or violoncello,
Op. 5 (27) | Walsh, 1738. |
| 17. | Hornpipe, composed for the concert at Vauxhall (48).
For strings in three parts | 1740. |
| 18. | Six Concertos for organ arranged by Walsh from the
Orchestral Concertos | 1740. |
| 19. | Twelve Grand Concertos, Op. 6a (30). For strings only,
in seven parts | Walsh, 1740. |
| 20. | Pièces pour le clavecin (2) | Cluer, 1742. |
| 21. | Forest Music (47) | 1742. |
| 22. | Fire Music (47) | 1749. |
| 23. | Concerto for two organs and orchestra in D minor (48).
Movement only exists. |
| 24. | Overture in B minor (48). Adapted by Walsh from the
Overture to Trionfo del Tempo. |
| 25. | Organ Concerto in D minor (48). Two movements. |
| 26. | Organ Concerto in F (48). |
| 27. | Partita in A (48). |
| 28. | Six little Fugues. (Dubious.) |
| 29. | Concerto for trumpets and horns. |
| 30. | Concerto for horns and side-drums. |
| 31. | Sinfonie diverse (48). Eight short pieces for orchestral instruments. |
| 32. | Overture in five movements (incomplete) for two clarionets
and corno di caccia. MS. in Fitzwilliam Museum. |
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
The COMPLETE HANDEL EDITION contains as supplements several volumes of
works by various Italian and German composers, which Handel has utilised
in his compositions, namely:—
- 1. Magnificat said to be by Erba.
- 2. Te deum said to be by Urio.
- 3. Serenata by Stradella.
- 4. Duetti by Clari.
- 5. Componimenti musicali by G. Muffat.
- 6. Octavia by Reinhard Keiser.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Friedrich Chrysander, G. F. Handel. 3 vols., 1858-67, Leipzig.
(The name of Chrysander ought to be attached permanently to that of
Handel, for his life was entirely devoted to him. It was he who founded
in 1856, with Gervinus, the German Handel Society and who accomplished
nearly the whole of the Complete Edition of the Works of Handel in one
hundred volumes by himself alone. His biography is a monument of science
and devotion comparable with Philipp Spitta’s J. S. Bach and Otto
Jahn’s Mozart. Unfortunately the work remained unfinished: it stopped
at the year 1740. Max Seiffert completed it.)
Schoelcher, The Life of Handel. 1857.
(Schoelcher’s works, anterior to those of Chrysander, are valuable on
account of their collection of documents rather than that of the general
laying out of the works. As we have seen, the priceless collection of
these documents is housed at the Paris Conservatoire.)
Hermann Kretzschmar, Georg Friedrich Handel (published in the
Sammlung musikalischer Vorträge by Paul Graf Waldersee).
Fritz Volbach, Georg-Friedrich Hændel (Collection: Harmonie. 1898,
Berlin).
(These two last works are excellent little résumés of the life and
works of Handel.)
J. A. Fuller-Maitland, The Age of Bach and Handel (The Oxford History
of Music, Vol. IV). 1902, Oxford.
R. A. Streatfeild, Handel. 1909, London.
(This book is one of the first in England which has freed the figure of
Handel from the false mass of moralising and teaching under which the
author of the Messiah was buried. He shows the richness and freedom of
Handel’s work and rectifies several points in the German biographies.)
Adimolo, G. F. Handel in Italia.
Sedley Taylor, The Indebtedness of Handel to Works by other Composers.
1906, Cambridge.
P. Robinson, Handel and his Orbit. 1908, London. (These two last books
are concerned with the question of Handel’s plagiarisms.)
F. Volbach, Die Praxis der Hændel-Aufführung, 1889. Thesis for
Doctorate.
(On the Orchestra of Handel.)
Hugo Goldschmidt, Die Lehre von der vocalen Ornamentik. 1907.
(On the vocal execution of Handel’s works, and particularly on the
question of Handel’s ornaments. This matter has been the subject of
numerous discussions in the numbers of the International Musical
Gazette, especially by Max Seiffert.)
Weitzmann, Geschichte der Klaviermusik, Vol. 1, 1899 (continued and
completed by Seiffert and Fleischer). (For the Clavier Works of Handel.)
Ernest David, Handel. 1884.
Camille Bellaigue, Les Époques de la Musique, Vol. I, 1909.
For readers desirous of consulting the sources of the biographies of
Handel, the most interesting works written by his contempories are:
Johann Mattheson, Handel (in his Ehrenpforte, 1740).
Mainwaring, Memoirs of the Life of the late G. F. Handel. London,
1760. (Translated into German with annotations by Mattheson, 1761; into
French by Arnaud and Suard in 1778.)
Burney, Commemoration of Handel. London, 1785.
Hawkins, General History of Music. London, 1788.
W. Coxe, Anecdotes of G. F. Handel and Smith. London, 1799.
INDEX
A,
B,
C,
D,
E,
F,
G,
H,
I,
J,
K,
L,
M,
N,
O,
P,
Q,
R,
S,
T,
U,
V,
W,
Z