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Handel

Chapter 10: INDEX
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About This Book

This biography traces the composer's origins and formative training, follows his migrations through German, Italian, and English contexts, and outlines the arc of his public career. It analyzes technical method and catalogues major genres — operas, oratorios, keyboard, chamber, and orchestral music — arguing that operatic and instrumental achievements have been unduly neglected. The author examines influential teachers and stylistic debts, discusses performance practice and interpretive problems, and offers critical readings of representative works. Appendices supply a systematic list of compositions, a bibliography, illustrations, and editorial notes to aid further study.

It is not only of this popularity, a little banal, of which I wish to speak, which one could not ignore—for it is only a stupid pride and a small heart which denies great value to the art which pleases humble people;—what I wish to notice chiefly in the popular character of Handel’s music is that it is always truly conceived for the people, and not for an élite dilettanti as was the French Opera between Lully and Gluck. Without ever departing from his sovereign ideas of beautiful form, in which he gave no concession to the crowd, he reproduced in a language immediately “understanded of the people” those feelings in which all could share. This genial improvisor, compelled during the whole of his life (a half-century of creative power) to address from the stage a mixed public, for whom it was necessary to understand immediately, was like the orators of old, who had the cult of style and instinct for immediate and vital effect. Our epoch has lost the feeling of this type of art and men: pure artists who speak to the people and for the people, not for themselves or for their confrères. To-day the pure artists lock themselves within themselves, and those who speak to the people are most often mountebanks. The free England of the nineteenth century was in a certain measure related to the Roman republic, and indeed Handel’s eloquence was not without relation to that of the epic orators, who sustained in the form their highly finished and passionate discourses, who left their mark on the shuddering crowd of loiterers. This eloquence did on occasion actually thrust itself into the soul of the nation as in the days of the Jacobite invasion, where Judas Maccabæus incarnated the public feeling. In the first performances of Israel in Egypt some of the auditors praised the heroic virtues of this music, which could raise up the populace and lead armies to victory.

By this power of popular appeal, as by all the other aspects of his genius, Handel was in the robust line of Cavalli and of Gluck, but he surpassed them. Alone, Beethoven has walked in these broader paths, and followed along the road which Handel had opened.

LIST OF HANDEL’S WORKS

I. Operas
In chronological order, with the dates and places of the first performance.
(The figures in brackets refer to the number of the Volume in the Complete Edition of Handel’s Works.)
1. Almira (55)Hamburg, 1705.
2. Nero (lost)1705.
3. Florinda (lost) ” about 1706.
4. Daphne (lost) ” about 1706.
5. Roderigo (56)Florence, 1707.
6. Agrippina (57)Venice, 1708.
7. Rinaldo (58)London, 1711.
8. Il Pastor Fido (59) 1712.
9. Teseo (60)1713.
10. Silla (61). Never performed in public (probably privately performed at Canons).
11. Amadigi (62)London, 1715.
12. Radamisto (63)1720.
 (There are three versions.)
13. Muzio Scævola (64)1721.
14. Floridante (65) 1721.
15. Ottone (66)1723.
16. Flavio (67)1723.
17. Giulio Cesare (68)1724.
18. Tamerlano (69)1724.
19. Rodelinda (70)London, 1725.
20. Scipione (71)1726.
21. Alessandro (72)1726.
22. Admeto (73)1727.
23. Riccardo Primo, Re d’Inghilterra1727.
24. Siroe (75)1728.
25. Tolomeo, Re d’Egitto (76)1728.
26. Lotario (77)1729.
27. Partenope (78)1730.
28. Rinaldo (new version) (58)1731.
29. Poro (79)1731.
30. Ezio (80)1732.
31. Sosarme (81)1732.
32. Orlando (82)1733.
33. Arianna (83)1734.
34. Terpsichore (84)
35. Ariodante (85)1735.
36. Alcina (86)1735.
37. Atalanta (87)1736.
38. Giustino (88)1737.
39. Arminio (89)1737.
40. Berenice (90)1737.
41. Faramondo (91)1738.
42. Serse (92)1738.
43. Imeneo (93)1740.
44. Deidamia (94)1741.
45. Jupiter in Argos (MS. Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Advertised but never performed), 1739.
46. Tito. Unperformed and unpublished.
47. Alfonso Imo. Unperformed and unpublished.
48. Flavio Olibrio. Unperformed and unpublished.
49. Honorius. Unperformed and unpublished.
50. An unnamed opera (MS. Fitzwilliam Museum).
51. Eleven Pasticcios, arranged at various times between 1730 and 1747.

II. Oratorios
1. Passion according to St. John (9)Hamburg. 1704.
2. Resurrezione (32) Rome. 1708.
3. Il Trionfo del Tempo (24) 1708.
4. The Passion of Christ (15)Hamburg. 1717.
5. Esther (First Version)Canons. 1720.
6. Esther (Second Version) King’s Theatre, London, 1733.
7. Deborah (29) King’s Theatre, London, 1733.
8. Athaliah (5)Oxford. 1733
9. Saul (13) King’s Theatre, London, 1739.
10. Israel in Egypt (16) ”1739.
11. MessiahDublin, 1742.
12. Samson (10) Covent Garden, 1743.
13. Joseph (42) ”1744.
14. Belshazzar (19) King’s Theatre, 1745.
15. Occasional Oratorio (43) Covent Garden, 1746.
16. Judas Maccabæus (22) 1747.
17. Joshua (17) 1748.
18. Alexander Balus (33) 1748.
19. Solomon (26) 1749.
20. Susanna (1) 1749.
21. Theodora (8) 1750.
22. Jephtha (44) 1752.
23. Triumph of Time and Truth (20) 1757.
III. Odes, Serenatas, and Occasional Pieces
1. Acis, Galatea e Polifemo (53)Naples. 1708.
2. Birthday Ode for Queen Anne (46a) St. James’ Palace, 1713.
3. Acis and Galatea (3)Canons, 1720.
4. The Alchemist Covent Garden, 1732.
5. Il Parnasso in Festa (54) King’s Theatre, 1734.
6. Alexander’s Feast (12) Covent Garden, 1736.
7. Ode for St. Cecilia’s Day (23) Lincoln’s Inn Fields, 1739.
8. Praise of Harmony about 1739.
9. L’Allegro, Il Penseroso ed Il Moderato (6) Lincoln’s Inn Fields, 1740.
10. HymenDublin, 1742.
11. Semele (7) Covent Garden, 1744.
12. Hercules (4) King’s Theatre, 1745.
13. Alceste (46b). Incidental music to play. (Never performed) 1749 or 1750.
14. Choice of Hercules (18). An Interlude Covent Garden, 1751.
IV. Church Music
1. Laudate Pueri in FHalle, 1702.
2. Dixit Dominus (38)Rome, 1707.
3. Nisi Dominus (38) Rome or Halle.
4. Laudate Pueri in D (38)Rome, 1707.
5. Silete venti (38)1708.
6. Six Alleluias (38). For voice and harpsichord.
7. Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate (31) St. Paul’s Cathedral, 1713.
8. Te Deum in D (37) About 1714.
9. Fifteen Chandos Anthems (34). For chorus, organ Canons, 1716-18.
10. Te Deum in B flat (37) 1716-18.
11. Four Coronation Anthems (14).
For seven-part chorus and large orchestra
Westminster Abbey, 1727.
12. Te Deum in A (37) About 1727.
13. O Praise the Lord, Ps. CIII., etc.
(36). Anthem for chorus and orchestra.
14. Wedding Anthem, Ps. XLV., etc.
(36). Eight-part chorus, solos, orchestra, and organ
Wedding of Princess Anne, 1734.
15. Wedding Anthem, Ps. LXVIII., etc.
Chorus, solos, and orchestra
Wedding of the Prince of Wales, 1736.
16. Funeral Anthem (II)Death of Queen Caroline, 1737.
17. Dettingen Te Deum (25) 1743.
18. Dettingen Anthem, Ps. X. and XI.,1743.
19. Foundling Hospital Anthem, Ps. XLI., etc. (36)1749.
20. Three Hymns. MS. in Fitzwilliam Museum.
Words by the Rev. C. Wesley. “Sinners, obey the
Gospel word,” “O Love divine, how sweet thou
art,” “Rejoice, the Lord is King.”
V. Vocal Chamber Music
1. Seventy-two Solo Cantatas for one or two voices with instruments (52 a, b, c). Italian. No. 8 is English; No. 18 is Spanish with guitar accompaniment.
2. Twenty-two Italian Duets and two Trios with harpsichord and violoncello (32).
3. Seven Italian Sonatas. Unpublished. MSS. in Fitzwilliam Museum.

VI. Instrumental Music
1. Six Sonatas for two oboes with thorough-bass for harpsichord (73) 1696.
2. Sonata for viola-da-gamba and cembalo concertata in C (48)Hamburg, 1705.
3. Klavierbuch aus der Jugendzeit (48)1710.
4. Three Sonatas for flute and harpsichord (48) Probably Hanover, about 1710.
5. Water Music (47) 1715.
6. Suites de pièces pour clavecin (2) Published 1720.
7. Fifteen Solos for a German flute, oboe or violin,
with a thorough-bass for harpsichord or bass violin (27)
1724.
8. Six Concertos (21), Op. 3. Concerti grossi con due violini e violoncello di concertino e due altri violini, viola e basso di concerto grosso ad arbitrio, known as the Oboe ConcertosWalsh, 1729.
9. Nine Sonatas or Trios for two violins, flutes, or oboes, with a thorough-bass for harpsichord or violoncello, Op. 2 (27)Walsh, 1733.
10. Suites de pièces pour clavecin (2). Second volume pilfered by Walsh in 1733.
11. Pièces pour clavecin (2). Five pieces Witvogel in Amsterdam, 1733. Several clavecin pieces still remain in MS. at Buckingham Palace and Fitzwilliam Museum.
12. Overture for the pasticcio Oreste (48)1734.
13. Six “Fugues or Voluntaries for the organ or harpsichord,” Op. 3a (2)Walsh, 1735.
14. Overture in G minor for the pasticcio Alessandro Severo (48)1738.
15. Six Organ Concertos, Op. 4 (48)Walsh, 1738.
16. Seven Sonatas or Trios for two violins or German flutes, with a thorough-bass for the harpsichord or violoncello, Op. 5 (27)Walsh, 1738.
17. Hornpipe, composed for the concert at Vauxhall (48). For strings in three parts1740.
18. Six Concertos for organ arranged by Walsh from the Orchestral Concertos1740.
19. Twelve Grand Concertos, Op. 6a (30). For strings only, in seven partsWalsh, 1740.
20. Pièces pour le clavecin (2)Cluer, 1742.
21. Forest Music (47) 1742.
22. Fire Music (47) 1749.
23. Concerto for two organs and orchestra in D minor (48). Movement only exists.
24. Overture in B minor (48). Adapted by Walsh from the Overture to Trionfo del Tempo.
25. Organ Concerto in D minor (48). Two movements.
26. Organ Concerto in F (48).
27. Partita in A (48).
28. Six little Fugues. (Dubious.)
29. Concerto for trumpets and horns.
30. Concerto for horns and side-drums.
31. Sinfonie diverse (48). Eight short pieces for orchestral instruments.
32. Overture in five movements (incomplete) for two clarionets and corno di caccia. MS. in Fitzwilliam Museum.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The COMPLETE HANDEL EDITION contains as supplements several volumes of works by various Italian and German composers, which Handel has utilised in his compositions, namely:—

  • 1. Magnificat said to be by Erba.
  • 2. Te deum said to be by Urio.
  • 3. Serenata by Stradella.
  • 4. Duetti by Clari.
  • 5. Componimenti musicali by G. Muffat.
  • 6. Octavia by Reinhard Keiser.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Friedrich Chrysander, G. F. Handel. 3 vols., 1858-67, Leipzig.

(The name of Chrysander ought to be attached permanently to that of Handel, for his life was entirely devoted to him. It was he who founded in 1856, with Gervinus, the German Handel Society and who accomplished nearly the whole of the Complete Edition of the Works of Handel in one hundred volumes by himself alone. His biography is a monument of science and devotion comparable with Philipp Spitta’s J. S. Bach and Otto Jahn’s Mozart. Unfortunately the work remained unfinished: it stopped at the year 1740. Max Seiffert completed it.)

Schoelcher, The Life of Handel. 1857.

(Schoelcher’s works, anterior to those of Chrysander, are valuable on account of their collection of documents rather than that of the general laying out of the works. As we have seen, the priceless collection of these documents is housed at the Paris Conservatoire.)

Hermann Kretzschmar, Georg Friedrich Handel (published in the Sammlung musikalischer Vorträge by Paul Graf Waldersee).

Fritz Volbach, Georg-Friedrich Hændel (Collection: Harmonie. 1898, Berlin).

(These two last works are excellent little résumés of the life and works of Handel.)

J. A. Fuller-Maitland, The Age of Bach and Handel (The Oxford History of Music, Vol. IV). 1902, Oxford.

R. A. Streatfeild, Handel. 1909, London.

(This book is one of the first in England which has freed the figure of Handel from the false mass of moralising and teaching under which the author of the Messiah was buried. He shows the richness and freedom of Handel’s work and rectifies several points in the German biographies.)

Adimolo, G. F. Handel in Italia.

Sedley Taylor, The Indebtedness of Handel to Works by other Composers. 1906, Cambridge.

P. Robinson, Handel and his Orbit. 1908, London. (These two last books are concerned with the question of Handel’s plagiarisms.)

F. Volbach, Die Praxis der Hændel-Aufführung, 1889. Thesis for Doctorate.

(On the Orchestra of Handel.)

Hugo Goldschmidt, Die Lehre von der vocalen Ornamentik. 1907.

(On the vocal execution of Handel’s works, and particularly on the question of Handel’s ornaments. This matter has been the subject of numerous discussions in the numbers of the International Musical Gazette, especially by Max Seiffert.)

Weitzmann, Geschichte der Klaviermusik, Vol. 1, 1899 (continued and completed by Seiffert and Fleischer). (For the Clavier Works of Handel.)

Ernest David, Handel. 1884.

Camille Bellaigue, Les Époques de la Musique, Vol. I, 1909.

For readers desirous of consulting the sources of the biographies of Handel, the most interesting works written by his contempories are:

Johann Mattheson, Handel (in his Ehrenpforte, 1740).

Mainwaring, Memoirs of the Life of the late G. F. Handel. London, 1760. (Translated into German with annotations by Mattheson, 1761; into French by Arnaud and Suard in 1778.)

Burney, Commemoration of Handel. London, 1785.

Hawkins, General History of Music. London, 1788.

W. Coxe, Anecdotes of G. F. Handel and Smith. London, 1799.

INDEX

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, Z