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Hawkins Electrical Guide v. 07 (of 10) / Questions, Answers, & Illustrations, A progressive course of study for engineers, electricians, students and those desiring to acquire a working knowledge of electricity and its applications cover

Hawkins Electrical Guide v. 07 (of 10) / Questions, Answers, & Illustrations, A progressive course of study for engineers, electricians, students and those desiring to acquire a working knowledge of electricity and its applications

Chapter 3: CHAPTER LVI AUXILIARY APPARATUS
By N. Hawkins
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About This Book

The text provides a practical, illustrated course on alternating-current power generation, transmission, and distribution, explaining vector summation and phase relationships while surveying single-, two-, and three-phase arrangements and transformer connections. It outlines system classifications, frequency and phase conversion methods, and factors influencing voltage selection and mixed-current practice. Subsequent sections cover auxiliary and switching apparatus in detail, including types of switches, oil and disconnecting breaks, fuses, circuit breakers, inductances, relays, lightning protection, and regulating devices, and offer installation guidance, operational examples, diagrams, and discussion of economy and safety for a.c. systems.

CHAPTER LVI
AUXILIARY APPARATUS

For the proper control of the alternating current in any of the numerous systems described in the previous chapter, various devices, which might be classed as "auxiliary apparatus," are required. These may be grouped into several divisions, according to the nature of the duty which they perform, as

1. Switching devices;

  • a. Ordinary switches;
  • b. Oil break switches;
  • c. Remote control switches.

2. Current or pressure limiting devices;

  • a. Fuses;
  • b. Reactances;
  • c. Circuit breakers;
  • d. Relays.

3. Lightning protection devices;

  • a. Air gap arresters;
  • b. Multi-gap arresters;
  • c. Horn gap arresters;
  • d. Electrolytic arresters;
  • e. Vacuum tube arresters;
  • f. Choke coils;
  • g. "Static" interrupters.

4. Regulating devices;

  • a. Induction voltage regulators;
  • b. Variable ratio transformer regulators { drum type;
  • { dial type;
  • c. Compensation shunts;
  • d. Pole type regulators;
  • e. Small feeder voltage regulators;
  • f. Automatic voltage regulators;
  • g. Line drop compensators;
  • h. Starting compensators;
  • i. Star delta switches.

5. Power factor regulating devices;

  • a. Condensers;
  • b. Synchronous condensers.

6. Indicating devices;

  • { plunger type;
  • a. Moving iron instruments { inclined coil type;
  • { magnetic vane type;
  • b. Hot wire instruments;
  • c. Induction instruments { shielded pole type;
  • { repulsion type;
  • d. Dynamometers;
  • e. Instrument transformers;
  • { commutator type;
  • f. Watthour meters { induction type;
  • { Faraday disc type;
  • { synchronous motor type;
  • g. Frequency indicators { resonance type;
  • { induction type;
  • { lamp type;
  • h. Synchronism indicators { voltmeter type;
  • { resonance type;
  • { rotating field type;
  • i. Power factor indicators { wattmeter type;
  • { rotating field type;
  • j. Ground detectors;
  • k. Earth leakage cut outs;
  • l. Oscillographs.