CALCUTTA No. of Obs. Place Elev. Hour Tp. D.P. Diff. Tens. ——————————————————————————————————- 40 Colinton* 7179 ft. Misc. 85.5 78.4 7.1 .952 ——————————————————————————————————-
Dorjiling.—Humidity 0.895 Calcutta 0.800
,, Weight of vapour 5.39 gr. ,, 10.17 gr.
JULY
DORJILING
No. of
Obs. Place Elev. Hour Tp. D.P. Diff. Tens.
——————————————————————————————————-
18 Jillapahar, 7430 ft. 9.50 a.m. 63.2 61.4 1.8 .548
25 1848 … Noon 65.0 62.6 2.4 .570
24 … … 2.40 p.m. 64.7 62.3 2.4 .565
16 … … 4 p.m. 63.8 61.5 2.3 .550
31 The Dale,* 6952 ft. 6 a.m. 60.2 58.7 1.5 .537
31 1848 … 2 p.m. 66.3 63.3 3.0 .621
31 … … 6 p.m. 63.0 60.9 2.1 .575
——————————————————————————————————-
176 … … Mean 63.7 61.5 2.2 .567
——————————————————————————————————-
CALCUTTA
No. of
Obs. Place Elev. Hour Tp. D.P. Diff. Tens.
——————————————————————————————————-
18 Jillapahar, 7430 ft. 9.50 a.m. 87.0 79.4 7.6 .983
25 1848 … Noon 89.0 80.0 9.0 1.001
24 … … 2.40 p.m. 88.1 79.4 8.7 .983
16 … … 4 p.m. 87.2 79.5 7.7 .985
31 The Dale,* 6952 ft. 6 a.m. 81.3 79.0 2.3 .969
31 1848 … 2 p.m. 88.0 79.6 8.4 .989
31 … … 6 p.m. 84.8 79.2 5.6 .977
——————————————————————————————————-
176 … … Mean 86.5 79.4 7.0 .984
——————————————————————————————————-
Dorjiling.—Humidity 0.929 Calcutta 0.800
,, Weight of vapour 6.06 gr. ,, 10.45 gr.
AUGUST
DORJILING
No. of
Obs. Place Elev. Hour Tp. D.P. Diff. Tens.
——————————————————————————————————-
23 Jillapahar, 7430 ft. 9.50 a.m. 64.2 62.4 1.8 .567
21 1848 … Noon 64.7 63.3 1.4 .584
17 … … 2.40 p.m. 64.7 62.8 1.9 .574
13 … … 4 p.m. 63.9 62.5 1.4 .568
31 The Dale,* 6952 ft. 6 a.m. 60.5 59.5 1.0 .551
31 1848 … 2 p.m. 65.3 63.6 1.7 .628
31 … … 6 p.m. 62.8 61.8 1.0 .591
——————————————————————————————————-
167 … … Mean 63.7 62.3 1.5 .580
——————————————————————————————————-
CALCUTTA
No. of
Obs. Place Elev. Hour Tp. D.P. Diff. Tens.
——————————————————————————————————-
23 Jillapahar, 7430 ft. 9.50 a.m. 85.8 79.1 6.7 .973
21 1848 … Noon 87.2 79.2 8.0 .976
17 … … 2.40 p.m. 87.4 79.3 8.1 .979
13 … … 4 p.m. 86.5 79.5 7.0 .984
31 The Dale,* 6952 ft. 6 a.m. 80.8 78.8 2.0 .962
31 1848 … 2 p.m. 87.2 79.2 8.0 .976
31 … … 6 p.m. 83.7 78.7 5.0 .959
——————————————————————————————————-
167 … … Mean 85.5 79.1 6.4 .973
——————————————————————————————————-
Dorjiling.—Humidity 0.955 Calcutta 0.818
,, Weight of vapour 6.25 gr. ,, 10.35 gr.
SEPTEMBER
DORJILING
No. of
Obs. Place Elev. Hour Tp. D.P. Diff. Tens.
——————————————————————————————————-
28 Jillapahar, 7430 ft. 9.50 a.m. 60.8 59.3 1.5 .511
23 1848 … Noon 62.4 60.3 2.1 .528
23 … … 2.40 p.m. 62.4 59.6 2.8 .516
21 … … 4 p.m. 62.0 59.6 2.4 .516
30 The Dale,* 6952 ft. 6 a.m. 57.4 56.2 1.2 .495
30 1848 … 2 p.m. 64.9 60.8 4.1 .573
30 … … 6 p.m. 60.8 59.0 1.8 .543
——————————————————————————————————-
185 … … Mean 61.5 59.3 2.3 .526
——————————————————————————————————-
CALCUTTA
No. of
Obs. Place Elev. Hour Tp. D.P. Diff. Tens.
——————————————————————————————————-
28 Jillapahar, 7430 ft. 9.50 a.m. 87.0 78.4 8.6 .952
23 1848 … Noon 88.5 78.1 10.4 .943
23 … … 2.40 p.m. 88.1 77.4 10.7 .922
21 … … 4 p.m. 86.9 77.1 9.8 .914
30 The Dale,* 6952 ft. 6 a.m. 80.9 78.3 2.6 .948
30 1848 … 2 p.m. 88.8 77.4 11.4 .923
30 … … 6 p.m. 84.7 76.6 8.1 .899
——————————————————————————————————-
185 … … Mean 86.4 77.6 8.8 .929
——————————————————————————————————-
Dorjiling.—Humidity 0.932 Calcutta 0.760
,, Weight of vapour 5.72 gr. ,, 9.88 gr.
OCTOBER DORJILING No. of Obs. Place Elev. Hour Tp. D.P. Diff. Tens. ——————————————————————————————————- 6 Jillapahar, 7430 ft. Noon 55.9 55.3 0.6 .446 6 1848 … 2.40 p.m. 55.7 54.9 0.8 .440 6 … … 4 p.m. 55.6 54.9 0.7 .441 4 Goong. 7436 ft. Misc. 48.3 48.3 0.0 .352 8 ditto 7441 ft. ditto 51.2 50.2 1.0 .376 8 The Dale* 6952 ft. 6 a.m. 55.2 52.7 2.5 .439 17 … … 2 p.m. 61.4 56.3 5.1 .497 19 … … 6 p.m. 56.9 54.2 2.7 .463 ——————————————————————————————————- 74 … … Mean 55.0 53.4 1.7 .432 ——————————————————————————————————-
CALCUTTA No. of Obs. Place Elev. Hour Tp. D.P. Diff. Tens. ——————————————————————————————————- 6 Jillapahar, 7430 ft. Noon 84.4 75.3 9.1 .863 6 1848 … 2.40 p.m. 86.0 73.3 12.7 .808 6 … … 4 p.m. 85.2 74.4 10.8 .837 4 Goong. 7436 ft. Misc. 81.2 73.7 7.5 .819 8 ditto 7441 ft. ditto 80.7 66.9 13.8 .657 8 The Dale* 6952 ft. 6 a.m. 76.1 74.2 1.9 .834 17 … … 2 p.m. 87.0 71.2 15.8 .756 19 … … 6 p.m. 82.8 73.9 8.9 .824 ——————————————————————————————————- 74 … … Mean 82.9 72.9 10.1 .800 ——————————————————————————————————-
Dorjiling.—Humidity 0.950 Calcutta 0.658
,, Weight of vapour 4.74 gr. ,, 8.55 gr.
NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER DORJILING No. of Obs. Place Elev. Hour Tp. D.P. Diff. Tens. ——————————————————————————————————- 4 The Dale,* 6952 ft. 6 a.m. 45.6 41.4 4.2 .277 8 Nov. & Dec. … 2 p.m. 60.0 48.3 11.7 .355 6 1848 … 6 p.m. 50.6 44.7 5.9 .311 9 December, … 2 p.m. 49.7 41.7 8.0 .280 19 1848 … 6 p.m. 44.0 40.5 3.5 .269 ——————————————————————————————————- 46 … … Mean 49.9 43.3 6.7 .298 ——————————————————————————————————-
CALCUTTA No. of Obs. Place Elev. Hour Tp. D.P. Diff. Tens. ——————————————————————————————————- 4 The Dale,* 6952 ft. 6 a.m. 67.9 64.7 3.2 .610 8 Nov. & Dec. … 2 p.m. 83.3 65.2 18.1 .621 6 1848 … 6 p.m. 77.3 63.1 14.2 .579 9 December, … 2 p.m. 79.3 59.0 20.3 .505 19 1848 … 6 p.m. 75.8 62.6 13.2 .569 ——————————————————————————————————- 46 … … Mean 76.7 62.9 13.8 .577 ——————————————————————————————————-
Dorjiling.—Humidity 0.798 Calcutta 0.640
,, Weight of vapour 3.40 gr. ,, 6.27 gr.
Comparison of Dorjiling and Calutta.
HUMIDITY
No. of Diff. Obs. Month Dorjiling Calcutta Dorjiling ————————————————————————————- 102 January -.795 .571 +.224 97 February .828 .590 +.238 40 March .940 -.438 +.502 23 April .684 .523 +.161 48 May .926 .698 +.228 40 June .895 .800 +.095 176 July .929 .800 +.129 167 August +.955 +.818 +.136 185 September .932 .760 +.172 74 October .950 .658 +.292 46 Nov. and Dec. .798 .640 +.158 ————————————————————————————— 998 Mean 0.876 0.663 +.212
WEIGHT OF VAPOUR IN CUBIC FOOT OF AIR
No. of Diff. Obs. Month Dorjiling Calcutta Calcutta ———————————————————————————— 102 January -2.68 -4.80 +2.12 97 February 2.75 5.40 +2.65 40 March 3.42 5.72 +2.30 23 April 3.98 7.65 +3.67 48 May 5.22 9.90 +4.62 40 June 5.39 10.17 +4.78 176 July 6.06 10.05 +3.99 167 August +6.25 +10.35 +4.10 185 September 5.72 9.88 +4.16 74 October 4.74 8.55 +3.81 46 Nov. and Dec. 3.40 6.27 +2.87 ———————————————————————————— 998 Mean 4.51 8.07 +3.55
It is hence evident, from nearly 1,000 comparative observations, that the atmosphere is relatively more humid at Dorjiling than at Calcutta, throughout the year. As the southerly current, to which alone is due all the moisture of Sikkim, traverses 200 miles of land, and discharges from sixty to eighty inches of rain before arriving at Dorjiling, it follows that the whole atmospheric column is relatively drier over the Himalaya than over Calcutta; that the absolute amount of vapour, in short, is less than it would otherwise be at the elevation of Dorjiling, though the relative humidity is so great. A glance at the table at the end of this section appears to confirm this; for it is there shown that, at the base of the Himalaya, at an elevation of only 250 feet higher than Calcutta, the absolute amount of vapour is less, and of relative humidity greater, than at Calcutta.
SERIES II.—Observations at various Stations and Elevations in the Himalaya of East Nepal and Sikkim.
ELEVATION 735 TO 2000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————- 3 Katong Ghat. 735 Dec. 60.2 55.3 4.9 .447
Teesta river
2 Great Rungeet, at bridge 818 April 82.8 63.5 19.3 .588
1 Ditto 818 May 77.8 60.3 17.5 .528
3 Tambur river, E. Nepal 1388 Nov. 60.6 57.0 3.6 .473
1 Ditto 1457 Nov. 64.2 59.1 5.1 .507
6 Bhomsong, Teesta river 1596 Dec. 58.6 52.0 6.6 .399
1 Ditto 1596 May 68.2 66.4 1.8 .647
5 Little Rungeet 1672 Jan. 51.0 50.2 0.8 .377
5 Pemiongchi,
Great Rungeet 1840 Dec. 54.6 53.7 0.9 .424
11 Punkabaree 1850 March 70.1 55.6 14.5 .472
Ditto 1850 May 73.5 68.3 5.2 .687
10 Guard house 1864 April 73.7 63.8 9.9 .592
(Gt. Rungeet)
——————————————————————————————————-
48 Mean 66.3 58.8 7.5 .512
CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
3 Katong Ghat. 735 Dec. 73.2 56.7 16.5 .468
Teesta river
2 Great Rungeet, at bridge 818 April 95.8 61.9 33.9 .557
1 Ditto 818 May 91.7 78.3 13.4 .947
3 Tambur river, E. Nepal 1388 Nov. 73.3 62.7 10.6 .571
1 Ditto 1457 Nov. 77.3 63.4 13.9 .585
6 Bhomsong, Teesta river 1596 Dec. 71.6 57.0 14.6 .474
1 Ditto 1596 May 82.6 77.4 5.2 .923
5 Little Rungeet 1672 Jan. 58.5 58.0 0.5 .489
5 Pemiongchi,
Great Rungeet 1840 Dec. 73.5 66.2 7.3 .642
11 Punkabaree 1850 March 79.2 62.6 16.6 .570
Ditto 1850 May 83.7 77.9 5.8 .938
10 Guard house 1864 April 92.4 67.0 25.4 .660
(Gt. Rungeet)
——————————————————————————————————-
48 Mean 79.4 65.8 13.6 .652
Humidity 0.717 Calcutta 0.663
Weight of vapour 5.57 gr. ,, 6.88 gr.
ELEVATION 2000 TO 3000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
2 Singdong 2116 Dec. 60.5 53.4 7.1 .419
8 Mywa Guola, E. Nepal 2132 Nov. 66.2 57.5 8.7 .481
3 Pemmi river, E. Nepal 2256 Nov. 55.6 53.9 1.7 .426
3 Tambur river, E. Nepal 2545 Nov. 57.3 51.6 5.7 .394
2 Blingbong (Teesta) 2684 May 72.6 64.0 8.6 .597
8 Lingo (Teesta) 2782 May 75.8 67.3 8.5 .666
12 Serriomsa (Teesta) 2820 Dec. 64.1 56.8 7.3 .469
8 Lingmo (Teesta) 2849 May 68.6 64.6 4.0 .610
3 Ditto 2952 Dec. 56.4 53.5 2.9 .420
——————————————————————————————————-
49 Mean 64.1 58.1 6.1 .498
ELEVATION 2000 TO 3000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
2 Singdong 2116 Dec. 72.1 52.9 19.2 .411
8 Mywa Guola, E. Nepal 2132 Nov. 75.7 68.7 7.0 .697
3 Pemmi river, E. Nepal 2256 Nov. 62.9 62.3 0.6 .566
3 Tambur river, E. Nepal 2545 Nov. 75.0 63.7 11.3 .591
2 Blingbong (Teesta) 2684 May 81.7 73.6 8.1 .817
8 Lingo (Teesta) 2782 May 90.7 77.7 13.0 .932
12 Serriomsa (Teesta) 2820 Dec. 70.8 62.4 8.4 .567
8 Lingmo (Teesta) 2849 May 87.9 74.9 13.0 .851
3 Ditto 2952 Dec. 69.5 66.5 3.0 .647
——————————————————————————————————-
49 Mean 76.3 67.0 9.3 .675
Humidity 0.820 Calcutta 0.740
Weight of vapour 5.45 gr. ,, 7.13 gr.
ELEVATION 3000 TO 4000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
5 Kulhait river 3159 Jan. 49.8 47.0 2.8 .337
9 Ratong river 3171 Jan. 44.2 43.0 1.2 .294
3 Tambur river 3201 Nov. 53.0 50.0 3.0 .373
2 Chingtam 3404 Nov. 54.8 49.0 5.8 .360
2 Tikbotang 3763 Dec. 56.5 53.4 3.1 .419
7 Myong Valley 3782 Oct. 61.4 58.4 3.0 .496
7 Iwa river 3783 Dec. 47.5 45.6 1.9 .321
1 Ratong river 3790 Jan. 56.2 41.1 15.1 .275
3 Tukcham 3849 Nov. 68.8 65.4 3.4 .625
1 Pacheem village 3855 Jan. 54.5 46.3 8.2 .329
1 Yankoon 3867 Dec. 50.0 43.6 6.4 .299
2 Mikk 3912 May 66.1 63.9 2.2 .595
5 Sunnook 3986 Dec. 47.9 45.5 2.4 .320
——————————————————————————————————-
48 Mean 54.7 50.2 4.5 .388
CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
5 Kulhait river 3159 Jan. 65.8 57.3 8.5 .477
9 Ratong river 3171 Jan. 69.9 56.6 13.3 .466
3 Tambur river 3201 Nov. 72.9 63.2 9.7 .582
2 Chingtam 3404 Nov. 74.9 73.0 1.9 .302
2 Tikbotang 3763 Dec. 68.0 61.8 6.2 .555
7 Myong Valley 3782 Oct. 80.7 71.2 9.5 .755
7 Iwa river 3783 Dec. 73.3 64.7 8.6 .611
1 Ratong river 3790 Jan. 75.8 53.0 22.8 .414
3 Tukcham 3849 Nov. 83.7 76.8 6.9 .904
1 Pacheem village 3855 Jan. 73.6 59.4 14.2 .513
1 Yankoon 3867 Dec. 69.1 63.8 5.3 .593
2 Mikk 3912 May 84.3 75.1 9.2 .856
5 Sunnook 3986 Dec. 69.4 61.1 8.3 .542
——————————————————————————————————-
48 Mean 74.0 64.4 9.6 .621
Humidity 0.858 Calcutta 0.732
Weight of vapour 4.23 gr. ,, 6.60 gr.
ELEVATION 4000 TO 5000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
3 Yangyading 4111 Dec. 52.0 43.6 8.4 .300
4 Gorh 4128 May. 66.4 59.0 7.4 .506
2 Namgah 4229 Oct. 57.2 54.1 3.1 .429
3 Taptiatok (Tambur) 4283 Nov. 51.3 45.8 5.5 .323
7 Myong Valley 4345 Oct. 59.1 57.8 1.3 .487
3 Jummanoo 4362 Nov. 60.4 50.0 10.4 .374
6 Nampok 4377 Dec. 49.6 49.1 0.5 .362
7 Chakoong 4407 May 57.8 57.6 0.2 .483
10 Singtam 4426 May 62.4 61.7 0.7 .553
5 Namten 4483 Dec. 44.7 44.3 0.4 .307
5 Purmiokshong 4521 Nov. 60.5 56.5 4.0 .466
2 Rungniok 4565 Jan. 54.7 44.3 10.4 .307
16 Singtam 4575 O.&N. 63.8 60.1 3.7 .525
6 Cheadam 4653 Dec. 51.4 46.6 4.8 .332
4 Sablakoo 4676 Dec. 50.0 44.9 5.2 .314
4 Bheti 4683 Nov. 59.0 52.3 6.7 .405
2 Temi 4771 May 59.8 50.1 9.7 .374
4 Lingtam 4805 May 60.4 56.6 3.8 .467
7 Khersiong 4813 Jan. 51.0 45.2 5.8 .316
6 Ditto 4813 March 53.6 45.5 8.1 .320
3 Tassiding 4840 Dec. 52.0 46.6 5.4 .333
6 Lingcham 4870 Dec. 48.5 46.1 2.4 .327
11 Dikkeeling 4952 Dec. 62.0 55.3 6.7 .447
9 Tehonpong 4978 Jan. 49.4 34.7 14.7 .219
——————————————————————————————————-
137 Mean 55.7 50.4 5.4 .387
CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
3 Yangyading 4111 Dec. 71.1 67.2 3.9 .663
4 Gorh 4128 May. 85.5 74.2 11.3 .834
2 Namgah 4229 Oct. 80.8 73.7 7.1 .819
3 Taptiatok (Tambur) 4283 Nov. 73.3 64.8 8.5 .614
7 Myong Valley 4345 Oct. 81.7 72.9 8.8 .797
3 Jummanoo 4362 Nov. 77.4 70.2 17.2 .731
6 Nampok 4377 Dec. 64.1 56.3 7.8 .462
7 Chakoong 4407 May 83.9 76.2 7.7 .889
10 Singtam 4426 May 88.6 79.0 9.6 .969
5 Namten 4483 Dec. 64.8 58.3 6.5 .495
5 Purmiokshong 4521 Nov. 79.2 69.5 9.7 .715
2 Rungniok 4565 Jan. 66.5 59.7 16.8 .517
16 Singtam 4575 O.&N. 82.5 76.7 5.8 .901
6 Cheadam 4653 Dec. 70.2 55.0 15.2 .442
4 Sablakoo 4676 Dec. 72.9 65.7 7.2 .632
4 Bheti 4683 Nov. 78.3 66.1 12.2 .639
2 Temi 4771 May 81.2 74.1 7.1 .834
4 Lingtam 4805 May 80.0 73.8 6.2 .820
7 Khersiong 4813 Jan. 67.0 49.8 17.2 .370
6 Ditto 4813 March 77.1 70.5 6.6 .738
3 Tassiding 4840 Dec. 79.7 60.8 18.9 .538
6 Lingcham 4870 Dec. 78.5 71.8 6.7 .771
11 Dikkeeling 4952 Dec. 80.8 62.0 18.8 .559
9 Tehonpong 4978 Jan. 71.0 54.7 16.3 .439
——————————————————————————————————-
137 Mean 76.5 66.8 9.7 .675
Humidity 0.837 Calcutta 0.730
Weight of vapour 4.33 gr. ,, 7.12 gr.
ELEVATION 5000 TO 6000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
4 Nampok 5075 May 65.8 60.8 5.0 .537
4 Tengling 5257 Jan. 44.7 39.1 5.6 .257
2 Choongtam, sunrise 5368 May 54.9 54.7 0.2 .438
7 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, May 71.5 58.9 12.6 .504
5 ,, noon ,, May 71.0 59.4 11.6 .513
3 ,, 2.45 p.m. ,, May 66.4 59.4 7.0 .513
4 ,, 4 p.m. ,, May 63.5 59.2 4.3 .510
6 ,, sunset ,, May 61.4 60.5 0.9 .532
8 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, Aug. 76.3 66.1 10.2 .640
8 ,, noon ,, Aug. 78.8 67.8 11.0 .677
7 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, Aug. 72.9 66.5 6.4 .649
6 ,, 4 p.m. ,, Aug. 69.5 66.8 2.7 .655
8 ,, sunset ,, Aug. 66.9 65.4 1.5 .627
5 Salloobong 5277 Nov. 57.6 51.2 6.4 .390
6 Lingdam 5375 Dec. 44.3 43.0 1.3 .293
3 Makaroumbi 5485 Nov. 52.1 48.1 4.0 .350
8 Khabang 5505 Dec. 55.1 47.3 7.8 .340
6 Lingdam 5554 Dec. 45.0 43.7 1.3 .301
3 Yankutang 5564 Dec. 43.6 41.7 1.9 .280
4 Namtchi 5608 May 67.1 61.2 5.9 .544
6 Yoksun 5619 Jan. 42.7 34.0 8.7 .214
16 Ditto ,, Jan. 43.0 33.9 9.1 .213
2 Loongtoong 5677 Nov. 45.3 42.8 2.5 .292
4 Sakkiazong 5625 Nov. 54.1 50.9 3.2 .358
3 Phadong 8 a.m. 5946 Nov. 51.9 50.8 1.1 .383
3 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, Nov. 55.9 53.0 2.9 .413
3 ,, noon ,, Nov. 60.7 56.5 4.2 .465
3 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, Nov. 57.4 54.7 2.7 .438
2 ,, 4 p.m. ,, Nov. 55.5 52.8 2.7 .410
3 ,, sunset ,, Nov. 53.7 52.6 1.1 .408
3 Tumloong 5368 Nov. 64.2 62.6 1.6 .570
22 ,, 9.50 a.m. 5976) 54.1 50.0 4.1 .375
21 ,, noon ,, ) Nov. 57.3 51.7 5.6 .396
20 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, _ and 57.3 51.4 5.9 .391
21 ,, 4 p.m. ,, ) Dec. 54.7 50.5 4.2 .380
21 ,, sunset ,, ) 51.8 48.5 3.3 .355
——————————————————————————————————-
260 Mean 57.7 53.3 4.5 .438
ELEVATION 5000 TO 6000 FEET.
CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
4 Nampok 5075 May 83.1 74.7 8.4 .845
4 Tengling 5257 Jan. 65.4 38.1 27.3 .247
2 Choongtam, sunrise 5368 May 78.2 73.9 4.3 .826
7 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, May 89.8 80.0 19.8 1.000
5 ,, noon ,, May 92.7 79.9 12.8 .999
3 ,, 2.45 p.m. ,, May 95.4 78.7 16.7 .959
4 ,, 4 p.m. ,, May 93.6 79.0 14.6 .971
6 ,, sunset ,, May 89.1 77.1 12.0 .915
8 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, Aug. 85.3 78.9 16.4 .967
8 ,, noon ,, Aug. 86.6 78.8 17.8 .965
7 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, Aug. 86.4 78.8 7.6 .963
6 ,, 4 p.m. ,, Aug. 85.3 79.3 6.0 .980
8 ,, sunset ,, Aug. 83.6 78.5 5.1 .956
5 Salloobong 5277 Nov. 79.4 65.8 13.6 .634
6 Lingdam 5375 Dec. 68.8 59.9 8.9 .521
3 Makaroumbi 5485 Nov. 72.5 60.5 12.0 .532
8 Khabang 5505 Dec. 75.0 64.7 10.3 .611
6 Lingdam 5554 Dec. 71.0 56.5 14.5 .466
3 Yankutang 5564 Dec. 69.5 63.1 6.4 .579
4 Namtchi 5608 May 87.8 74.9 12.8 .850
6 Yoksun 5619 Jan. 68.2 58.1 10.1 .492
16 Ditto ,, Jan. 66.2 51.9 14.3 .399
2 Loongtoong 5677 Nov. 72.1 63.8 8.3 .595
4 Sakkiazong 5625 Nov. 78.3 66.1 12.2 .639
3 Phadong 8 a.m. 5946 Nov. 75.0 67.5 7.5 .670
3 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, Nov. 80.9 67.9 13.0 .678
3 ,, noon ,, Nov. 85.6 64.8 20.8 .613
3 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, Nov. 86.6 62.2 24.4 .562
2 ,, 4 p.m. ,, Nov. 85.5 61.9 23.6 .557
3 ,, sunset ,, Nov. 80.6 67.4 13.2 .667
3 Tumloong 5368 Nov. 83.8 77.5 6.3 .924
22 ,, 9.50 a.m. 5976) 75.1 61.9 13.2 .557
21 ,, noon ,, ) Nov. 79.7 60.1 19.6 .524
20 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, _ and 81.3 58.0 23.3 .489
21 ,, 4 p.m. ,, ) Dec. 80.2 58.6 21.6 .499
21 ,, sunset ,, ) 76.7 61.2 15.5 .545
——————————————————————————————————-
260 Mean 77.6 67.8 9.8 .700
Humidity 0.865 Calcutta 0.730
Weight of vapour 4.70 gr. ,, 7.34 gr.
ELEVATION 6000 TO 7000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
5 Runkpo 6008 Nov. 57.5 54.8 2.7 .440
11 Leebong 6021 Feb. 47.8 43.7 4.1 .300
11 Ditto ,, Jan. 47.8 43.4 4.4 .297
4 Dholep 6133 May 60.5 59.9 0.6 .520
2 Iwa River 6159 Dec. 41.2 40.5 0.7 .269
4 Dengha 6368 Aug. 66.7 64.0 2.7 .597
4 Kulhait River 6390 Dec. 41.9 41.9 0.0 .283
3 Latong 6391 Oct. 54.0 53.2 0.8 .416
1 Doobdi 6472 Jan. 46.6 36.2 10.4 .231
10 Pemiongchi 6584 Jan. 40.7 35.8 4.9 .228
4 Keadom 6609 Aug. 63.5 60.0 3.5 .523
6 Hee-hill 6677 Jan. 40.8 34.1 6.7 .215
7 Dumpook 6678 Jan. 40.2 31.8 8.4 .198
4 Changachelling 6828 Jan. 50.6 31.8 18.8 .198
——————————————————————————————————-
76 Mean 50.0 45.1 4.9 .337
CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
5 Runkpo 6008 Nov. 79.5 73.4 6.1 .810
11 Leebong 6021 Feb. 74.9 59.7 15.2 .517
11 Ditto ,, Jan. 66.9 56.2 10.7 .460
4 Dholep 6133 May 89.4 81.4 8.0 .046
2 Iwa River 6159 Dec. 69.6 60.2 9.4 .527
4 Dengha 6368 Aug. 86.1 78.8 7.3 .962
4 Kulhait River 6390 Dec. 71.3 60.9 10.4 .539
3 Latong 6391 Oct. 55.5 44.1 11.4 .305
1 Doobdi 6472 Jan. 78.7 58.0 20.7 .490
10 Pemiongchi 6584 Jan. 66.3 54.4 11.9 .434
4 Keadom 6609 Aug. 79.7 77.5 2.2 .925
6 Hee-hill 6677 Jan. 64.0 58.0 6.0 .489
7 Dumpook 6678 Jan. 68.5 53.8 14.7 .426
4 Changachelling 6828 Jan. 68.3 53.6 14.8 .423
——————————————————————————————————-
76 Mean 72.8 62.1 10.6 .597
Humidity 0.845 Calcutta 0.701
Weight of vapour 3.60 gr. ,, 6.11 gr.
ELEVATION 7000 TO 8000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
1 Pemiongchi 7083 Jan. 46.2 33.5 12.7 .210
2 Goong 7216 Nov. 49.0 48.5 0.5 .355
8 Kampo-Samdong 7329 May/ 59.1 58.2 0.9 .493
Aug.
1 Hee-hill 7289 Jan. 51.3 26.4 24.9 .163
1 Ratong river 7143 Jan. 36.5 25.3 11.2 .157
4 Source of Balasun 7436 Oct. 48.3 48.3 0.0 .352
8 Goong ridge 7441 Oct. 51.2 50.2 1.0 .376
——————————————————————————————————-
25 Dorjiling Mean 48.8 41.5 7.3 .301
CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
1 Pemiongchi 7083 Jan. 76.8 51.8 25.0 .396
2 Goong 7216 Nov. 79.7 69.1 10.6 .705
8 Kampo-Samdong 7329 May/ 83.6 77.4 6.2 .922
Aug.
1 Hee-hill 7289 Jan. 72.8 56.6 16.2 .466
1 Ratong river 7143 Jan. 60.0 52.9 17.1 .412
4 Source of Balasun 7436 Oct. 81.2 73.7 7.5 .819
8 Goong ridge 7441 Oct. 80.7 66.9 13.8 .657
——————————————————————————————————-
25 Dorjiling Mean 76.4 64.1 12.3 .625
From mean of above and Dorjiling:
Humidity 0.826 Calcutta 0.668
Weight of vapour 3.85 gr. ,, 7.28 gr.
ELEVATION 8000 TO 9000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
4 Sinchul 8607 Jan. 41.7 34.3 7.4 .216
2 Ditto ,, April 66.8 44.6 22.2 .310
1 Ascent of Tonglo 8148 May 56.2 54.4 1.8 .434
2 Tambur river 8081 Nov. 38.0 33.9 4.1 .213
3 Sakkiazong 8353 Nov. 49.7 37.4 12.3 .241
4 Chateng 8418 Oct. 43.8 43.2 0.6 .299
6 Buckim 8659 Jan. 30.2 22.8 7.4 .143
9 Ditto ,, Jan. 33.9 33.1 0.8 .207
1 Chateng 8752 May 67.2 60.7 6.5 .536
11 Lachoong 7 a.m. 8777) 53.3 51.1 2.2 .388
12 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, ) 60.2 55.3 4.9 .447
7 ,, noon ,, ) Aug. 61.6 57.1 4.5 .475
4 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, and 58.1 56.4 1.7 .464
7 ,, 4 p.m. ,, ) Oct. 58.6 53.8 4.8 .424
10 ,, sunset ,, ) 55.5 54.3 1.2 .432
12 ,, Miscellaneous ,, ) 55.9 49.6 6.3 .368
10 Lamteng 6 a.m. 8884) May 53.9 52.0 1.9 .400
10 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, ) June 62.8 56.2 6.6 .461
4 ,, noon ,, July 62.8 56.2 6.6 .461
5 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, ) and 58.3 54.5 3.9 .435
6 ,, 4 p.m. ,, ) Aug. 56.2 54.7 1.5 .438
8 ,, sunset ,, ) 53.3 52.5 0.8 .407
11 Zemu Sundong 7 a.m. 8976) 55.7 55.3 0.4 .448
11 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, ) June 59.7 52.8 6.9 .412
7 ,, noon ,, ) and 63.1 57.1 6.0 .473
6 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, _ July 61.0 58.6 2.4 .500
8 ,, sunset ,, ) 57.9 56.1 1.8 .459
10 ,, 4 p.m. ,, ) 53.8 52.6 1.2 .407
1 Goong 8999 Nov. 49.0 48.5 0.5 .355
1 Tendong (top) 8663 May 55.5 50.0 5.5 .373
——————————————————————————————————-
193 Mean 54.5 50.0 4.5 .388
CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
4 Sinchul 8607 Jan. 66.3 56.9 9.4 .472
2 Ditto ,, April 96.9 75.4 21.5 .866
1 Ascent of Tonglo 8148 May 86.8 78.9 7.9 .967
2 Tambur river 8081 Nov. 71.7 64.1 7.6 .599
3 Sakkiazong 8353 Nov. 74.0 62.4 11.6 .566
4 Chateng 8418 Oct. 79.2 77.5 1.7 .926
6 Buckim 8659 Jan. 68.6 49.4 19.2 .366
9 Ditto ,, Jan. 69.8 52.2 17.6 .403
1 Chateng 8752 May 89.7 76.8 12.9 .904
11 Lachoong 7 a.m. 8777) 83.0 78.9 4.1 .967
12 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, ) 87.1 79.9 7.2 .999
7 ,, noon ,, ) Aug. 90.1 79.4 10.7 .983
4 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, and 88.0 80.0 8.0 1.007
7 ,, 4 p.m. ,, ) Oct. 87.5 79.4 8.1 .981
10 ,, sunset ,, ) 84.5 78.7 5.8 .959
12 ,, Miscellaneous ,, ) 85.9 75.2 10.7 .858
10 Lamteng 6 a.m. 8884) May 59.5 56.4 3.1 .464
10 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, ) June 88.3 78.7 9.6 .959
4 ,, noon ,, ) July 92.0 78.0 14.0 .939
5 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, and 92.2 78.4 13.8 .950
6 ,, 4 p.m. ,, ) Aug. 92.3 77.1 15.2 .914
8 ,, sunset ,, ) 88.1 77.4 10.7 .922
11 Zemu Sundong 7 a.m. 8976) 80.4 79.8 0.6 .997
11 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, ) June 86.3 79.0 7.3 .969
7 ,, noon ,, _ and 88.0 79.8 8.2 .994
6 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, ) July 89.6 78.2 11.4 .944
8 ,, sunset ,, ) 89.3 79.0 10.3 .970
10 ,, 4 p.m. ,, ) 82.7 77.3 5.4 .920
1 Goong 8999 Nov. 79.7 69.1 10.6 .705
1 Tendong (top) 8663 May 88.6 78.1 10.5 .943
——————————————————————————————————-
193 Mean 83.7 73.7 9.8 .847
Humidity 0.858 Calcutta 0.730
Weight of vapour 4.23 gr. ,, 8.75 gr.
ELEVATION 9000 TO 10,000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
4 Yangma Guola 9279 Nov. 37.8 33.1 4.7 .207
8 Nanki 9320 Nov. 42.3 38.2 4.0 .249
4 Singalelah 9295 Dec. 36.2 35.7 0.5 .227
1 Sakkiazong 9322 Nov. 53.5 33.3 20.2 .209
1 Zemu river 9828 June 60.0 47.6 12.4 .343
——————————————————————————————————-
18 Mean 46.0 37.6 8.4 .247
CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
4 Yangma Guola 9279 Nov. 72.7 61.4 11.3 .549
8 Nanki 9320 Nov. 52.2 48.3 3.9 .352
4 Singalelah 9295 Dec. 70.9 62.1 8.8 .560
1 Sakkiazong 9322 Nov. 80.0 57.3 22.7 .478
1 Zemu river 9828 June 93.3 81.9 11.4 1.062
——————————————————————————————————-
18 Mean 73.8 62.2 11.6 .600
Humidity 0.860 Calcutta 0.760
Weight of vapour 3.46 gr. ,, 9.00 gr.
ELEVATION 10,000 TO 11,000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
13 Tonglo 10,008 May 51.5 50.2 1.3 .376
3 Nanki 10,024 Nov. 42.8 35.5 7.3 .225
4 Yalloong river 10,058 Dec. 37.7 29.6 8.1 .183
2 Tonglo top 10,079 May 49.9 47.9 2.0 .348
2 Yeunga 10,196 Oct. 45.9 44.7 1.2 .311
4 Zemu river 10,247 June 45.4 44.2 1.2 .306
10 Wallanchoon 10,348 Nov. 37.9 30.2 7.7 .187
4 Laghep 10,423 Nov. 46.0 42.4 3.6 .287
3 Ditto ,, Nov. 37.6 37.0 0.6 .238
16 Thlonok river 7 a.m. 10,846 June 48.5 47.2 1.3 .339
17 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, June 57.6 51.4 6.2 .392
9 ,, noon ,, June 56.1 50.6 5.5 .382
8 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, June 54.8 50.6 4.2 .381
9 ,, 4 p.m. ,, June 53.4 50.6 2.8 .381
15 ,, sunset ,, June 49.8 48.9 0.9 .359
4 Yangma Valley 10,999 Dec. 31.6 24.3 7.3 .149
——————————————————————————————————-
123 Mean 46.7 42.8 3.8 .303
CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
13 Tonglo 10,008 May 88.8 80.8 8.0 1.030
3 Nanki 10,024 Nov. 79.5 65.8 13.7 .633
4 Yalloong river 10,058 Dec. 77.7 62.1 15.6 .560
2 Tonglo top 10,079 May 89.4 80.5 8.9 1.018
2 Yeunga 10,196 Oct. 79.5 77.1 2.4 .915
4 Zemu river 10,247 June 84.6 75.1 9.5 .856
10 Wallanchoon 10,348 Nov. 76.5 61.9 14.6 .558
4 Laghep 10,423 Nov. 80.9 68.0 12.9 .681
3 Ditto ,, Nov. 75.3 69.4 5.9 .712
16 Thlonok river 7 a.m. 10,846 June 79.0 75.1 3.9 .856
17 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, June 87.4 78.8 8.6 .965
9 ,, noon ,, June 90.0 79.3 10.7 .979
8 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, June 88.5 79.7 8.8 .991
9 ,, 4 p.m. ,, June 88.7 78.7 10.0 .962
15 ,, sunset ,, June 85.5 78.0 7.5 .938
4 Yangma Valley 10,999 Dec. 74.4 61.9 12.3 .558
——————————————————————————————————-
123 Mean 82.8 73.3 9.5 .826
Humidity 0.878 Calcutta 0.740
Weight of vapour 3.35 gr. ,, 8.70 gr.
ELEVATION 11,000 TO 12,000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
3 Barfonchen 11,233 Nov. 36.8 31.9 4.9 .198
3 Punying 11,299 Aug. 50.2 49.5 0.7 .367
1 Kambachen village 11,378 Dec. 43.3 32.5 10.8 .203
12 Tallum 7 a.m. 11,482 July 50.4 47.8 2.6 .347
6 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, July 58.1 50.5 7.6 .380
8 ,, noon ,, July 57.9 50.8 7.1 .384
5 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, July 55.7 50.2 5.5 .377
6 ,, 4 p.m. ,, July 54.3 50.1 4.2 .375
6 ,, sunset ,, July 48.8 47.3 1.5 .340
2 Kambachen valley 11,484 Dec. 30.4 26.0 4.4 .161
10 Yeumtong 7 a.m. 11,887) 44.4 43.8 0.6 .302
9 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, ) Aug. 53.6 48.9 4.7 .360
5 ,, noon ,, ) Sep. 54.5 48.3 6.2 .353
7 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, _ and 48.8 47.4 1.4 .342
4 ,, 4 p.m. ,, ) Oct. 48.4 47.1 1.3 .338
10 ,, sunset ,, ) 42.0 35.9 6.1 .229
7 ,, Miscellaneous ,, Oct. 43.5 37.1 6.4 .239
——————————————————————————————————-
104 Mean 48.3 43.8 4.5 .311
CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
3 Barfonchen 11,233 Nov. 76.3 69.6 6.7 .719
3 Punying 11,299 Aug. 84.5 78.8 5.7 .963
1 Kambachen village 11,378 Dec. 80.0 61.2 18.8 .544
12 Tallum 7 a.m. 11,482 July 85.0 80.3 4.7 1.010
6 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, July 88.1 79.7 8.4 .993
8 ,, noon ,, July 89.7 81.3 8.4 1.043
5 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, July 89.3 80.6 8.7 1.020
6 ,, 4 p.m. ,, July 90.3 79.4 10.9 .981
6 ,, sunset ,, July 86.6 80.0 6.6 1.001
2 Kambachen valley 11,484 Dec. 69.9 59.5 10.4 .515
10 Yeumtong 7 a.m. 11,887) 83.0 78.9 4.1 .967
9 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, ) Aug. 87.5 78.7 8.8 .959
5 ,, noon ,, ) Sep. 89.7 77.2 12.5 .917
7 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, _ and 87.2 77.2 10.0 .915
4 ,, 4 p.m. ,, ) Oct. 85.2 77.8 7.4 .934
10 ,, sunset ,, ) 60.6 58.5 2.1 .497
7 ,, Miscellaneous ,, Oct. 83.7 69.7 14.0 .720
——————————————————————————————————-
104 Mean 83.3 74.6 8.7 .865
Humidity 0.860 Calcutta 0.760
Weight of vapour 3.46 gr. ,, 9.00 gr.
ELEVATION 12,000 TO 13,000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
9 Zemu river 7 a.m. 12,070) 46.6 45.6 1.0 .321
9 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, ) June 51.1 49.0 2.1 .362
7 ,, noon ,, _ and 51.1 50.2 0.9 .376
7 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, ) July 51.2 50.3 0.9 .377
7 ,, 4 p.m. ,, ) 49.7 48.9 0.8 .360
8 ,, sunset ,, ) 48.1 47.6 0.5 .344
2 Yangma Valley 12,129 Nov. 34.8 22.7 12.1 .143
1 Zemu river 12,422 June 49.0 46.6 2.4 .332
3 Chumanako 12,590 Nov. 37.3 28.3 9.0 .174
7 Tungu 7 a.m. 12,751 July 45.1 44.1 1.0 .305
5 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, July 53.1 48.6 4.5 .355
1 ,, noon ,, July 62.3 52.7 9.6 .409
1 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, July 60.0 53.8 6.2 .425
6 ,, sunset ,, July 46.4 45.3 1.1 .317
3 ,, sunrise ,, Oct. 38.2 35.0 3.2 .222
4 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, Oct. 46.5 42.8 3.7 .292
4 ,, noon ,, Oct. 46.1 42.0 4.1 .284
4 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, Oct. 43.8 42.1 1.7 .285
4 ,, 4 p.m. ,, Oct. 42.3 40.8 1.5 .271
6 ,, sunset ,, Oct. 41.0 38.7 2.3 .253
23 ,, Miscellaneous ,, Oct. 43.2 40.8 2.4 .272
13 ,, Ditto ,, July 51.3 47.4 3.6 .345
6 Tuquoroma 12,944 Nov. 26.0 23.4 2.6 .146
——————————————————————————————————-
140 Mean 46.3 42.9 3.4 .303
CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
9 Zemu river 7 a.m. 12,070) 80.6 77.7 2.9 .931
9 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, ) June 84.5 75.1 9.4 .972
7 ,, noon ,, _ and 87.0 82.2 4.8 1.074
7 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, ) July 86.3 80.0 6.3 1.000
7 ,, 4 p.m. ,, ) 86.5 80.2 6.3 1.006
8 ,, sunset ,, ) 81.4 77.5 3.9 .926
2 Yangma Valley 12,129 Nov. 70.6 63.7 16.9 .592
1 Zemu river 12,422 June 93.2 79.6 13.6 .989
3 Chumanako 12,590 Nov. 75.1 73.8 1.3 .822
7 Tungu 7 a.m. 12,751 July 80.5 78.3 2.2 .949
5 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, July 87.1 79.4 7.7 .982
1 ,, noon ,, July 88.9 77.8 11.1 .935
1 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, July 85.3 79.5 5.8 .985
6 ,, sunset ,, July 84.7 79.1 5.6 .974
3 ,, sunrise ,, Oct. 79.4 77.8 1.6 .932
4 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, Oct. 85.0 78.6 6.4 .957
4 ,, noon ,, Oct. 85.0 78.2 6.8 .944
4 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, Oct. 86.4 78.8 7.6 .963
4 ,, 4 p.m. ,, Oct. 85.9 78.5 7.4 .956
6 ,, sunset ,, Oct. 83.3 78.2 5.1 .947
23 ,, Miscellaneous ,, Oct. 84.5 78.4 6.1 .950
13 ,, Ditto ,, July 85.7 79.0 6.7 .971
6 Tuquoroma 12,944 Nov. 75.1 60.8 14.3 .537
——————————————————————————————————-
140 Mean 83.6 77.1 6.5 .926
Humidity 0.890 Calcutta 0.815
Weight of vapour 3.37 gr. ,, 9.75 gr.
ELEVATION 13,000 TO 14,000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
7 Mon Lepcha 13,090 Jan. 27.1 18.5 8.6 .122
4 Ditto 13,073 Jan. 25.6 16.4 9.2 .113
2 Tunkra valley 13,111 Aug. 45.0 43.5 1.5 .298
21 Jongri 13,194 Jan. 22.7 10.5 12.2 .091
1 Zemu river 13,281 June 46.7 46.7 0.0 .334
4 Choonjerma 13,288 Dec. 39.0 11.1 27.9 .093
10 Yangma village 13,502 Nov./ 33.8 18.6 15.2 .123
Dec.
1 Wallanchoon road 13,505 Nov. 28.0 9.5 18.5 .088
3 Kambachen, below pass 13,600 Dec. 40.0 18.6 21.4 .123
——————————————————————————————————-
53 Mean 34.2 21.5 12.6 .154
CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
7 Mon Lepcha 13,090 Jan. 70.0 50.8 19.2 .527
4 Ditto 13,073 Jan. 71.7 49.9 21.8 .373
2 Tunkra valley 13,111 Aug. 81.2 78.7 2.5 .962
21 Jongri 13,194 Jan. 70.6 53.2 17.4 .417
1 Zemu river 13,281 June 92.9 86.6 6.2 1.230
4 Choonjerma 13,288 Dec. 69.8 61.8 28.0 .555
10 Yangma village 13,502 Nov./ 78.9 62.1 16.8 .561
Dec.
1 Wallanchoon road 13,505 Nov. 66.4 61.8 14.6 .555
3 Kambachen, below pass 13,600 Dec. 72.9 62.2 10.7 .563
——————————————————————————————————-
53 Mean 74.9 63.0 11.9 .636
Humidity 0.634 Calcutta 0.678
Weight of vapour 1.61 gr. 6.28 gr.
ELEVATION 15,000 TO 16,000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
1 Yangma valley 15,186 Dec. 42.2 20.7 21.5 .133
1 Choonjerma pass 15,259 Dec. 34.3 10.5 23.8 .091
8 Lachee-pia 15,262 Aug. 42.0 41.6 0.4 .279
12 Momay, 7 a.m. ,, Sept. 39.4 34.7 4.7 .219
6 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, Sept. 50.9 41.7 9.2 .280
4 ,, noon ,, Sept. 51.7 43.6 8.1 .299
8 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, Sept. 49.7 41.9 7.8 .283
10 ,, 4 p.m. ,, Sept. 44.4 41.3 3.1 .276
16 ,, sunset ,, Sept. 41.5 38.6 2.9 .252
8 ,, Miscellaneous ,, Sept. 47.6 41.4 6.2 .277
6 ,, ,, ,, Oct. 40.9 36.5 4.4 .234
3 Sittong 15,372 Oct. 38.6 29.8 8.8 .184
2 Palung 15,676 Oct. 44.6 39.8 4.8 .262
1 Kambachen pass 15,770 Dec. 26.5 15.9 10.6 .111
1 Yeumtong 15,985 Sept. 44.6 43.7 0.9 .300
——————————————————————————————————-
87 Mean 42.6 34.8 7.8 .232
CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
1 Yangma valley 15,186 Dec. 80.8 62.0 18.8 .559
1 Choonjerma pass 15,259 Dec. 77.9 60.6 17.3 .534
8 Lachee-pia 15,262 Aug. 85.5 79.4 6.1 .982
12 Momay, 7 a.m. ,, Sept. 80.5 78.8 1.7 .966
6 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, Sept. 87.6 78.8 8.8 .963
4 ,, noon ,, Sept. 89.5 79.7 9.8 .990
8 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, Sept. 90.0 78.3 11.7 .949
10 ,, 4 p.m. ,, Sept. 88.7 77.6 11.1 .928
16 ,, sunset ,, Sept. 84.2 78.4 5.8 .952
8 ,, Miscellaneous ,, Sept. 87.4 78.6 8.8 .956
6 ,, ,, ,, Oct. 83.9 69.3 14.6 .710
3 Sittong 15,372 Oct. 84.0 77.5 6.5 .926
2 Palung 15,676 Oct. 86.8 78.5 8.3 .954
1 Kambachen pass 15,770 Dec. 78.0 58.5 19.5 .498
1 Yeumtong 15,985 Sept. 88.8 80.5 8.3 1.016
——————————————————————————————————-
87 Mean 84.9 74.4 10.5 .859
Humidity 0.763 Calcutta 0.719
Weight of vapour 2.55 gr. 8.95 gr.
ELEVATION 16,000 TO 17,000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
1 Kanglachem pass 16,038 Dec. 32.8 16.3 16.5 .110
3 Tunkra pass 16,038 Aug. 39.8 38.7 1.1 .252
1 Wallanchoon pass 16,756 Nov. 18.0 -6.0 24.0 .046
5 Teumtso 16,808 Oct. 32.4 25.1 7.3 .156
6 Cholamoo lake 16,900 Oct. 31.4 20.2 11.2 .130
1 Donkia mountain 16,978 Sept. 40.2 25.9 14.3 .160
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17 Mean 32.4 20.0 12.4 .142
CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
1 Kanglachem pass 16,038 Dec. 80.7 61.1 19.6 .543
3 Tunkra pass 16,038 Aug. 86.0 78.7 7.3 .959
1 Wallanchoon pass 16,756 Nov. 79.9 57.6 22.3 .483
5 Teumtso 16,808 Oct. 85.0 75.7 9.3 .872
6 Cholamoo lake 16,900 Oct. 79.8 68.4 11.4 .690
1 Donkia mountain 16,978 Sept. 87.6 78.8 18.8 .963
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17 Mean 83.2 70.1 13.3 .752
Humidity 0.640 Calcutta 0.658
Weight of vapour 1.53 gr. 7.80 gr.
ELEVATION 17,000 TO 18,500 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
1 Kinchinjhow 17,624 Sept. 47.5 30.9 16.6 .191
1 Sebolah pass 17,585 Sept. 46.5 34.6 11.9 .218
1 Donkin mountain 18,307 Sept. 38.8 35.3 3.5 .224
3 Bhomtso 18,450 Oct. 54.0 4.4 49.6 .072
2 Donkia pass 18,466 Sept. 41.8 30.3 11.5 .188
2 Ditto 18,466 Oct. 40.1 25.0 15.1 .155
——————————————————————————————————-
10 Mean 44.8 26.8 18.0 .175
CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
——————————————————————————————————-
1 Kinchinjhow 17,624 Sept. 85.7 79.7 16.0 .991
1 Sebolah pass 17,585 Sept. 88.8 80.0 18.8 1.002
1 Donkin mountain 18,307 Sept. 90.7 79.3 11.4 .981
3 Bhomtso 18,450 Oct. 91.1 61.1 20.0 .543
2 Donkia pass 18,466 Sept. 84.1 78.4 15.7 .950
2 Ditto 18,466 Oct. 86.5 65.5 21.0 .627
——————————————————————————————————-
10 Mean 87.8 74.0 12.2 .849
Humidity 0.532 Calcutta 0.648
Weight of vapour 1.90 gr. 8.78 gr.
SUMMARY.
HUMIDITY WEIGHT OF VAPOUR
No. of Elevations Sta- Sik- Cal- Diff. Sik- Cal- Diff.
Obs. in Feet tions kim cutta Sikkim kim cutta Sikkim
———————————————————————————————————
48 735 to 2000 9 .717 .663 +.054 5.57 6.88 -1.31
49 2000 to 3000 9 .820 .740 .080 5.45 7.13 1.68
48 3000 to 4000 13 .858 .732 .116 4.23 6.60 2.37
137 4000 to 5000 23 .837 .730 .107 4.33 7.12 2.79
260 5000 to 6000 15 .865 .730 .135 4.70 7.34 2.64
76 6000 to 7000 13 .845 .701 .144 3.60 6.71 3.11
1023 7000 to 8000 14 .826 .668 .158 3.85 7.28 3.43
193 8000 to 9000 13 .858 .730 .128 4.23 8.75 4.52
18 9000 to 10,000 5 .747 .724 .023 2.80 6.28 3.48
123 10,000 to 11,000 10 .878 .740 .138 3.35 8.70 4.35
104 11,000 to 12,000 6 .860 .760 .100 3.46 9.00 5.54
140 12,000 to 13,000 6 .890 .815 .075 3.37 9.75 6.38
53 13,000 to 14,000 9 .634 .678 -.044 1.61 6.28 4.67
87 15,000 to 16,000 8 .763 .719 +.044 2.55 8.95 6.40
17 16,000 to 17,000 6 .640 .658 .018 1.53 7.80 6.27
10 17,000 to 18,500 5 .532 .648 -.116 1.90 8.78 6.88
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2386 154
Considering how desultory the observations in Sikkim are, and how much affected by local circumstances, the above results must be considered highly satisfactory: they prove that the relative humidity of the atmospheric column remains pretty constant throughout all elevations, except when these are in a Tibetan climate; and when above 18,000 feet, elevations which I attained in fine weather only. Up to 12,000 feet this constant humidity is very marked; the observations made at greater elevations were almost invariably to the north, or leeward of the great snowy peaks, and consequently in a drier climate; and there it will be seen that these proportions are occasionally inverted; and in Tibet itself a degree of relative dryness is encountered, such as is never equalled on the plains of Eastern Bengal or the Gangetic delta. Whether an isolated peak rising near Calcutta, to the elevation of 19,OOQ feet, would present similar results to the above, is not proven by these observations, but as the relative humidity is the same at all elevations on the outermost ranges of Sikkim, which attain 10,000 feet, and as these rise from the plains like steep islands out of the ocean, it may be presumed that the effects of elevation would be the same in both cases.
The first effect of this humid wind is to clothe Sikkim with forests, that make it moister still; and however difficult it is to separate cause from effect in such cases as those of the reciprocal action of humidity on vegetation, and vegetation on humidity, it is necessary for the observer to consider the one as the effect of the other. There is no doubt that but for the humidity of the region, the Sikkim Himalaya would not present the uniform clothing of forest that it does; and, on the other hand, that but for this vegetation, the relative humidity would not be so great.* [Balloon ascents and observations on small mountainous islands, therefore, offer the best means of solving such questions: of these, the results of ballooning, under Mr. Welsh's intrepid and skilful pioneering (see Phil. Trans. for 1853), have proved most satisfactory; though, from the time for observation being short, and from the interference of belts of vapour, some anomalies have not been eliminated. Islands again are still more exposed to local influences, which may be easily eliminated in a long series of observations. I think that were two islands, as different in their physical characters as St. Helena and Ascension, selected for comparative observations, at various elevations, the laws that regulate the distribution of humidity in the upper regions might be deduced without difficulty. They are advantageous sites, from differing remarkably in their humidity. Owing partly to the indestructible nature of its component rock (a glassy basalt), the lower parts of Ascension have never yielded to the corroding effects of the moist sea air which surrounds it; which has decomposed the upper part into a deep bed of clay. Hence Ascension does not support a native tree, or even shrub, two feet high. St. Helena, on the other hand, which can hardly be considered more favourably situated for humidity, was clothed with a redundant vegetation when discovered, and trees and tree-ferns (types of humidity) still spread over its loftiest summits. Here the humidity, vegetation, and mineral and mechanical composition reciprocate their influences.]
The great amount of relative humidity registered at 6000 to 8000 feet, arises from most of the observations having been made on the outer range, where the atmosphere is surcharged. The majority of those at 10,000 to 12,000 feet, which also give a disproportionate amount of humidity, were registered at the Zemu and Thlonok rivers, where the narrowness of the valleys, the proximity of great snowy peaks, and the rank luxuriance of the vegetation, all favour a humid atmosphere.
I would have added the relative rain-fall to the above, but this is so very local a phenomenon, and my observations were so repeatedly deranged by having to camp in forests, and by local obstacles of all kinds, that I have suppressed them; their general results I have given in Appendix F.
I here add a few observations, taken on the plains at the foot of the
Sikkim Himalaya during the spring months.