Comparison between Temperature and Humidity of the Sikkim Terai and Calcutta, in March and April, 1849.
Elev.
No. above TEMP. D.P. TENSION SAT.
of sea.
Obs. Locality Feet C. T. C. T. C. T. C. T.
——————————————————————————————————-
4 Rummai 293 82.2 70.6 61.7 60.5 .553 .532 .517 .717
4 Belakoba 368 92.8 85.5 62.6 63.0 .570 .578 .382 .485
3 Rangamally 275 84.2 75.0 68.7 62.5 .695 .568 .605 .665
3 Bhojepore 404 90.1 81.2 54.1 44.3 .429 .308 .313 .295
4 Thakyagunj 284 84.9 77.1 61.3 60.8 .547 .537 .466 .588
3 Bhatgong 225 87.4 74.9 64.7 54.6 .611 .436 .480 .512
2 Sahigunj 231 80.2 68.0 66.2 53.1 .642 .414 .635 .409
8 Titalya 362 85.5 80.0 55.4 56.1 .448 .459 .376 .459
——————————————————————————————————-
31 Means 305 85.9 79.0 61.8 56.9 .562 .479 .472 .516
May, 1850 ) 131 89.7 K78.6 76.7 K71.4 .904 K.759 .665 K.793
Kishengunj)
——————————————————————————————————-
Vapour in a cubic foot—Kishengunj 8.20 Terai 5.08
Calcutta 9.52 Calcutta 5.90
Mean difference of temperature between Terai and Calcutta, from
31 observations in March, as above,
excluding minima Terai—6.9
Mean difference from 26 observations in March,
including minima Terai—9.7
Mean difference of temperature at Siligore on May 1, 1850— 10.9
Mean difference of temperature at Kishengunj on May 1, 1850— 11.1
From the above, it appears that during the spring months, and before the rains commence, the belt of sandy and grassy land along the Himalaya, though only 3.5 degrees north of Calcutta, is at least 6 degrees or 7 degrees colder, and always more humid relatively, though there is absolutely less moisture suspended in the air. After the rains commence; I believe that this is in a great measure inverted, the plains becoming excessively heated, and the temperature being higher than at Calcutta. This indeed follows from the well known fact that the summer heat increases greatly in advancing north-west from the Bay of Bengal to the trans-Sutledge regions; it is admirably expressed in the maps of Dove's great work "On the Distribution of Heat on the Surface of the Globe."
APPENDIX H.
ON THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SOIL AT VARIOUS ELEVATIONS.
These observations were taken by burying a brass tube two feet six inches to three feet deep, in exposed soil, and sinking in it, by a string or tied to a slip of wood, a thermometer whose bulb was well padded with wool: this, after a few hours' rest, indicates the temperature of the soil. Such a tube and thermometer I usually caused to be sunk wherever I halted, if even for one night, except during the height of the rains, which are so heavy that they communicate to the earth a temperature considerably above that of the air.
The results proved that the temperature of the soil at Dorjiling varies with that of the month, from 46 degrees to 62.2 degrees, but is hardly affected by the diurnal variation, except in extreme cases. In summer, throughout the rains, May to October, the temperature is that of the month, which is imparted by the rain to the depth of eleven feet during heavy continued falls (of six to twelve inches a day), on which occasions I have seen the buried thermometer indicating a temperature above the mean of the month. Again, in the winter months, December and January, it stands 5 degrees above the monthly mean; in November and February 4 degrees to 5 degrees; in March a few degrees below the mean temperature of the month, and in October above it; April and May being sunny, it stands above their mean; June to September a little below the mean temperature of each respectively.
The temperature of the soil is affected by:—1. The exposure of the surface; 2. The nature of the soil; 3. Its permeability by rain, and the presence of underground springs; 4. The sun's declination; 5. The elevation above the sea, and consequently the heating power of the sun's rays: and 6, The amount of cloud and sunshine.
The appended observations, though taken at sixty-seven places, are far from being sufficient to supply data for the exact estimation of the effects of the sun on the soil at any elevation or locality; they, however, indicate with tolerable certainty the main features of this phenomenon, and these are in entire conformity with more ample series obtained elsewhere. The result, which at first sight appears the most anomalous, is, that the mean temperature of the soil, at two or three feet depth, is almost throughout the year in India above that of the surrounding atmosphere. This has been also ascertained to be the case in England by several observers, and the carefully conducted observations of Mr. Robert Thompson at the Horticultural Society's Gardens at Chiswick, show that the temperature of the soil at that place is, on the mean of six years, at the depth of one foot, 1 degree above that of the air, and at two feet 1.5 degrees. During the winter months the soil is considerably (l degree to 3 degrees) warmer than the air, and during summer the soil is a fraction of a degree cooler than the air.
In India, the sun's declination being greater, these effects are much exaggerated, the soil on the plains being in winter sometimes 9 degrees hotter than the air; and at considerable elevations in the Himalaya very much more than that; in summer also, the temperature of the soil seldom falls below that of the air, except where copious rain-falls communicate a low temperature, or where forests interfere with the sun's rays.
At considerable elevations these effects are so greatly increased, that it is extremely probable that at certain localities the mean temperature of the soil may be even 10 degrees warmer than that of the air; thus, at Jongri, elevation 13,194 feet, the soil in January was 34.5 degrees, or 19.2 degrees above the mean temperature of the month, immediately before the ground became covered with snow for the remainder of the winter; during the three succeeding months, therefore, the temperature of the soil probably does not fall below that of the snow, whilst the mean temperature of the air in January may be estimated at about 20 degrees, February 22 degrees, March 30 degrees, and April 35 degrees. If, again, we assume the temperature of the soil of Jongri to be that of other Sikkim localities between 10,000 and 14,000 feet, we may assume the soil to be warmer by 10 degrees in July (see Tungu observations), by 8 degrees or 9 degrees in September (see Yeumtong); by l0 degrees in October (see Tungu); and by 7 degrees to l0 degrees in November (see Wallanchoon and Nanki). These temperatures, however, vary extremely according to exposure and amount of sunshine; and I should expect that the greatest differences would be found in the sunny climate of Tibet, where the sun's heat is most powerful. Were nocturnal or terrestrial radiation as constant and powerful as solar, the effects of the latter would be neutralised; but such is not the case at any elevation in Sikkim.
This accumulated heat in the upper strata of soil must have a very powerful effect upon vegetation, preventing the delicate rootlets of shrubs from becoming frozen, and preserving vitality in the more fleshy, roots, such as those of the large rhubarbs and small orchids, whose spongy cellular tissues would no doubt be ruptured by severe frosts. To the burrowing rodents, the hares, marmots, and rats, which abound at 15,000 to 17,000 feet in Tibet, this phenomenon is even more conspicuously important; for were the soil in winter to acquire the mean temperature of the air, it would take very long to heat after the melting of the snow, and indeed the latter phenomenon would be greatly retarded. The rapid development of vegetation after the disappearance of the snow, is no doubt also proximately due to the heat of the soil, quite as much as to the increased strength of the sun's direct rays in lofty regions.
I have given in the column following that containing the temperature of the sunk thermometer, first the extreme temperatures of the air recorded during the time the instrument was sunk; and in the next following, the mean temperature of the air during the same period, so far as I could ascertain it from my own observations.
SERIES I.—Soane Valley
——————————————————————————————————-
Locality Muddunpore
Date Feb. 11 to 12
Elevation 440 feet
Depth 3 ft. 4 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 71.5
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 62.0 to 77.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 67.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +4.5
——————————————————————————-
Locality Nourunga
Date Feb. 12 to 13
Elevation 340 feet
Depth 3 ft. 8 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 71.7
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 57.0 to 71.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 67.3
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. 3.4
——————————————————————————-
Locality Baroon
Date Feb. 13 to 14
Elevation 345 feet
Depth 2 ft. 4 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 68.5
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 53.5 to 76.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 67.6
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. 1.9
——————————————————————————-
Locality Tilotho
Date Feb. 15 to 16
Elevation 395 feet
Depth 4 ft. 6 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 76.5
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 58.5 to 80.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 67.8
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. 8.7
——————————————————————————-
Locality Akbarpore
Date Feb. 17 to 19
Elevation 400 feet
Depth (2 therm.) 4 ft. 6 in.
5 ft. 6 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 76.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 56.9 to 79.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 68.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. 8.0
——————————————————————————-
SERIES II.—Himalaya of East Nepal and Sikkim.
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Base of Tonglo
Date May 19
Elevation 3,000 feet
Depth 2 ft. 0 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 78.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 67.5 to 67.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm.
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Simsibong
Date May 20
Elevation 7,000 feet
Depth 2 ft. 0 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 61.7
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 59.0 to 59.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm.
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Tonglo saddle
Date May 21 to 22
Elevation 10,008 feet
Depth 2 ft. 6 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 50.7*
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 47.5 to 57.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 52.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -1.8
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Tonglo summit
Date May 23
Elevation 10,079 feet
Depth 2 ft. 6 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 49.7
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 47.5 to 53.2
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 52.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -1.8
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Simonbong
Date May 24
Elevation 5,000 feet
Depth 2 ft. 6 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 69.7
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 51.2 to 55.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 52.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -1.8
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Nanki
Date Nov. 4 to 5
Elevation 9,300 feet
Depth 3 ft. 0 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 51.5
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 33.0 to 50.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 41.2
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +9.7
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Sakkiazong
Date Nov. 9 to 10
Elevation 8,353 feet
Depth 3 ft. 0 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 53.2
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 37.8 to 55.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 46.1
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +7.1
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Mywa guola
Date Nov. 17 to 18
Elevation 2,132 feet
Depth 3 ft. 0 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 73.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 41.0 to 85.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 63.4
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +9.6
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Banks of Tambur
Date Nov. 18 to 19
Elevation 2,545 feet
Depth 3 ft. 0 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 71.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 48.0 to 65.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 55.6
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +15.4
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Banks of Tambur
higher up river
Date Nov. 19 to 20
Elevation 3,201 feet
Depth 3 ft. 0 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 64.5
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 44.3 to 60.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 51.6
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +12.9
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Wallanchoon
Date Nov. 23 to 25
Elevation 10,386 feet
Depth 2 ft. 0 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 43.5 to 45.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 25.0 to 49.7
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 37.4
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +7.6
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Yangma village
Date Nov. 30, Dec. 3
Elevation 13,502 feet
Depth 2 ft. 0 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 37.3 to 38.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 20.0 to 46.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 33.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +4.7
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Yangma river
Date Dec. 2 to 3
Elevation 10,999 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 41.4 to 42.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 23.0 to 40.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 27.9
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +3.6
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Bhomsong
Date Dec. 24 to 25
Elevation 1,596 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 64.5 to 65.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 42.8 to 71.3
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 57.1
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +6.6
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Tchonpong
Date Jan. 4
Elevation 4,978 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 55.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 33.0 to 54.8
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 43.9
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +11.1
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Jongri
Date Jan. 10 to 11
Elevation 13,194 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 34.5
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 3.7 to 34.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 15.3
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +19.2
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Buckeem
Date Jan. 12
Elevation 8,665 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 43.2
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 40.0 to 29.8
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 32.4
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +10.8
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Choongtam
Date May 19 to 25
Elevation 5,268 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 62.5 to 62.7
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 48.0 to 78.3
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 63.2
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -0.6
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Junction of Thlonok and Zemu
Date June 13 to 16
Elevation 10,846 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 51.2
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 38.2 to 57.2
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 49.8
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +1.4
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Tungu
Date July 26 to 30
Elevation 12,751 feet
Depth 2 ft. 5 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 59.0 to 56.5
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 38.0 to 62.3
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 50.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +7.7
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Tungu
Date Oct. 10 to 15
Elevation 12,751 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 50.8 to 52.5
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 34.5 to 53.3
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 41.1
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +10.7
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Lamteng
Date Aug. 1 to 3
Elevation 8,884 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 62.2 to 62.5
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 47.5 to 78.2
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 57.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +5.3
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Choongtam
Date Aug. 13 to 15
Elevation 5,268 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 72.1
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 54.8 to 82.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 72.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +0.1
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Lachoong
Date Aug. 17 to 19
Elevation 8,712 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 66.3 to 66.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 43.5 to 68.7
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 57.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +9.2
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Yeumtong
Date Sept. 2 to 8
Elevation 11,919 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 55.5 to 56.1
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 39.5 to 59.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 47.2
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +8.6
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Momay
Date Sept. 10 to 14
Elevation 15,362 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 52.5 to 51.5
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 31.0 to 62.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 4106
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +10.4
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Yeumtso
Date Oct. 16 to 18
Elevation 16,8.8 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 43.5 to 43.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 4.0 to 52.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 30.6
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +12.6
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Lachoong
Date Oct. 24 to 25
Elevation 8,712 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 60.2
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 39.0 to 62.6
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 52.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +8.2
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Great Rungeet
Date Feb. 11 to 13
Elevation 818 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 65.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 56.0 to 71.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 63.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +1.5
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Leebong
Date Feb. 14 to 15
Elevation 6,000 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 50.8 to 52.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 41.5 to 56.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 46.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +5.4
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Kursiong
Date Apr. 16
Elevation 4,813 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 64.5
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 63.0 to 60.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 63.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +1.5
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Leebong
Date Apr. 22
Elevation 6,000 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 61.8 to 62.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 54.0 to 67.8
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 60.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +1.9
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Punkabaree
Date May 1
Elevation 1,850 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 80.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 68.2 to 78.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 76.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +4.0
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Jillapahar (Mr. Hodgson's)
Date Aug. 15 to 16
Elevation 7,430 feet
Depth 5 ft. 0 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 62.0 to 62.8
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 58.0 to 66.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 61.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +0.9
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Jillapahar (Mr. Hodgson's)
Date Aug. 15 to 16
Elevation 7,430 feet
Depth 7 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 61.5 to 62.3
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 58.0 to 66.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 61.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +0.4
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Jillapahar (Mr. Hodgson's)
Date Aug. 20 to 22
Elevation 7,430 feet
Depth 5 ft. 0 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 61.6 to 61.7
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 58.7 to 67.8
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 61.7
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -0.1
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Jillapahar (Mr. Hodgson's)
Date Aug. 20 to 22
Elevation 7,430 feet
Depth 7 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 60.7
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 58.7 to 67.8
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 61.7
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -1.0
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Jillapahar (Mr. Hodgson's)
Date Sept. 9
Elevation 7,430 feet
Depth 5 ft. 0 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 60.2
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 56.2 to 65.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 60.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +0.2
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Jillapahar (Mr. Hodgson's)
Date Sept. 9
Elevation 7,430 feet
Depth 7 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 60.5
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 56.2 to 65.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 60.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +0.5
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Jillapahar (Mr. Hodgson's)
Date Oct. 6
Elevation 7,430 feet
Depth 7 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 60.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 52.0 to 61.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 58.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +1.5
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Jillapahar (Mr. Hodgson's)
Date Oct. 20
Elevation 7,430 feet
Depth 7 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 58.5
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 49.7 to 55.2
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 56.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +2.0
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Jillapahar (Mr. Hodgson's)
Date Feb. 18 to 28
Elevation 7,430 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 46.0 to 46.7
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 36.0 to 52.8
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 43.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +6.4
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Jillapahar (Mr. Hodgson's)
Date March 1 to 13
Elevation 7,430 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 46.3 to 48.3
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 34.5 to 53.3
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 46.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +1.3
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Jillapahar (Mr. Hodgson's)
Date April 18 to 20
Elevation 7,430 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 55.3 to 56.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 46.0 to 61.3
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 54.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +1.7
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Jillapahar (Mr. Hodgson's)
Date April 30
Elevation 7,430 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 57.4
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 46.0 to 61.3
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 55.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +2.4
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Superintendent's house
Date April 21 to 30
Elevation 6,932 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 58.8 to 60.2
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 48.5 to 65.8
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 58.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +1.5
—————————————————————————————————-
*Sheltered by trees, ground spongy and wet.
SERIES III.—Plains of Bengal
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Kishengunj
Date May 3 to 4
Elevation 131 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 82.8 to 83.0 (Dry sand)
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 70.0 to 85.7 (Dry sand)
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 82.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +0.8
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Dulalgunj
Date May 7
Elevation 130 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 81.3 to 83.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 74.3 to 90.3
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 82.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -0.7
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Banks of Mahanuddy river
Date May 8
Elevation 100 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 79.3 to 83.0*
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 75.0 to 91.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 83.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -3.7
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Banks of Mahanuddy river
Date May 9
Elevation 100 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 87.5 to 83.0*
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 77.8 to 92.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 83.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -4.5
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Banks of Mahanuddy river
May 10
Elevation 100 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 88.0 to 83.0*
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 78.5 to 91.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 82.3
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -5.7
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Maldah
Date May 11
Elevation 100 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 88.8 to 83.0*
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 75.3 to 91.3
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 82.3
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -6.5
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Mahanuddy river
Date May 14
Elevation 100 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 87.8 to 83.0*
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 71.0 to 91.7
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 82.3
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -4.5
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Ganges
Date May 15
Elevation 100 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 88.0 to 83.0*
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 73.0 to 87.8
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 82.3
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -5.7
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Bauleah
Date May 16 to 18
Elevation 130 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 87.8 to 89.8
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 78.0 to 106.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 80.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +7.3
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Dacca
Date May 28 to 30
Elevation 72 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 84.9 to 84.3
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 75.3 to 95.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 83.3
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +0.9
—————————————————————————————————-
* Soil, a moist sand.
SERIES IV.—Khasia Mountains.
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Churra
Date June 23 to 25
Elevation 4,226 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 71.8 to 72.3*
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 64.8 to 72.2
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 69.9
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +2.2
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Churra
Date Oct. 29 to Nov. 16
Elevation 4,226 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 68.3 to 64.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 70.7 to 49.3
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 61.7
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +4.5
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Kala-panee
Date June 28 to 29
Elevation 5,302 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 69.2
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 64.2 to 71.2
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 67.2
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +2.0
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Kala-panee
Date Aug. 5 to 7
Elevation 5,302 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 70.0 to 70.4
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 72.2 to 61.8
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 64.9
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +5.2
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Kala-panee
Date Sept. 13 to 14
Elevation 5,302 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 70.2*
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 65.5 to 69.8
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 66.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +4.2
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Kala-panee
Date Oct. 27 to 28
Elevation 5,302 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 66.3*
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 64.0 to 56.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 60.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +6.3
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Moflong
Date June 30 to July 4
Elevation 6,062 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 65.0 to 67.3
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 61.0 to 68.3
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 64.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +2.2
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Moflong
Date July 30 to Aug. 4
Elevation 6,062 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 67.3
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 64.0 to 75.8
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 68.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -1.2
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Moflong
Date Oct. 25 to 27
Elevation 6,062 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 63.2
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 63.7 to 55.7
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 64.1
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -0.9
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Syong
Date July 29 to 30
Elevation 5,725 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 69.2 to 69.3
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 60.0 to 78.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 69.2
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +0.1
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Syong
Date Oct. 11 to 12
Elevation 5,725 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 67.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 65.7 to 55.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 62.8
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +4.2
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Myrung
Date July 9 to 10
Elevation 5,647 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 66.2 to 66.3
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 60.0 to 73.8
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 67.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -1.2
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Myrung
Date July 26 to 29
Elevation 5,647 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 68.3
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 78.0 to 64.2
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 71.1
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -2.8
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Myrung
Date Oct. 12 to 17
Elevation 5,647 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 66.0 to 64.8
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 70.0 to 55.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 63.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +2.4
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Myrung
Date Oct. 21 to 25
Elevation 5,647 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 64.8 to 64.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 66.0 to 53.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 60.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +3.9
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Nunklow
Date July 11 to 26
Elevation 4,688 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 70.5 to 71.3
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 65.5 to 81.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 71.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. -0.5
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Nunklow
Date Oct. 17 to 21
Elevation 4,688 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 68.8 to 68.3
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 75.7 to 58.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 6601
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +2.5
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Pomrang
Date Sept. 15 to 23
Elevation 5,143 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 70.3 to 68.5
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 73.0 to 57.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 65.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +3.9
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Pomrang
Date Oct. 6 to 10
Elevation 5,143 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 68.3
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 73.7 to 58.2
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 65.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +3.3
—————————————————————————————————-
* Hole full of rain-water.
SERIES V.—Jheels, Gangetic Delta, and Chittagong.
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Silchar
Date Nov.27 to 30
Elevation 116 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 77.7 to 75.8
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 55.0 to 81.7
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 69.1
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +7.7
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Silhet
Date Dec. 3 to 7
Elevation 133 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 73.5 to 73.7
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 63.0 to 74.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 69.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +3.1
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Noacolly
Date Dec. 18 to 19
Elevation 20 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 73.3
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 58.5 to 76.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 69.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +3.8
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Chittagong
Date Dec. 23 to 31
Elevation 191 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 72.5 to 73.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 53.2 to 75.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 63.8
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +9.0
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Chittagong
Date Jan. 14 to 16
Elevation 116 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 73.3 to 73.7
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 61.3 to 78.7
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 65.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +8.3
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Chittagong flagstaf hill
Date Dec. 28 to 30
Elevation 151 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 72.0 to 71.8
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 55.2 to 74.2
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 65.3
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +6.6
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Hat-hazaree
Date Jan.4 to 5
Elevation 20 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 71.3
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 50.5 to 62.0
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 65.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +6.3
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Sidhee
Date Jan.5 to 6
Elevation 20 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 71.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 52.7 to 70.2
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 65.0
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +6.0
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Hattiah
Date Jan.6 to 9
Elevation 20 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 67.7 (shaded by trees)
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 50.2 to 77.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 64.5
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +3.2
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Seetakoond
Date Jan. 9 to 14
Elevation 20 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 73.3 to 73.7
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 55.2 to 79.5
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 70.2
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +3.3
—————————————————————————————————-
Locality Calcutta*
Date Jan. 16 to Feb. 5
Elevation 18 feet
Depth 2 ft. 7 in.
Temp. of sunk Therm. 76.0 to 77.0
Extreme Temperature of Air observed 56.5 to 82.0**
Approximate Mean Temp. of Air deduced 69.3
Diff. between Air and sunk Therm. +7.2
—————————————————————————————————-
* Observations at the Mint, etc., by Mr. Muller.
** Observations for temperature of air, taken at the Observatory.
APPENDIX I.
ON THE DECREMENT OF TEMPERATURE IN ASCENDING THE SIKKIM HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS AND KHASIA MOUNTAINS.
I have selected as many of my observations for temperature of the sir as appeared to be trustworthy, and which, also, were taken contemporaneously with others at Calcutta, and I have compared them with the Calcutta observations, in order to find the ratio of decrement of heat to an increase of elevation. The results of several sets of observations are grouped together, but show so great an amount of discrepancy, that it is evident that a long series of months and the selection of several stations are necessary in a mountain country to arrive at any accurate results. Even at the stations where the most numerous and the most trustworthy observations were recorded, the results of different months differ extremely; and with regard to the other stations, where few observations were taken, each one is affected differently from another at the same level with it, by the presence or proximity of forest, by exposure to the east or west, to ascending or descending currents in the valleys, and to cloud or sunshine. Other and still more important modifying influences are to be traced to the monthly variations in the amount of humidity in the air and the strength of its currents, to radiation, and to the evolution of heat which accompanies condensation raising the temperature of elevated regions during the rainy season. The proximity of large masses of snow has not the influence I should have expected in lowering the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere, partly no doubt because of the more rapid condensation of vapours which it effects, and partly because of the free circulation of the currents around it. The difference between the temperatures of adjacent grassy and naked or rocky spots, on the other hand, is very great indeed, the former soon becoming powerfully heated in lofty regions where the sun's rays pass through a rarefied atmosphere, and the rocks especially radiating much of the heat thus accumulated, for long after sunset. In various parts of my journals I have alluded to other disturbing causes, which being all more or leas familiar to meteorologists, I need not recapitulate here. Their combined effects raise all the summer temperatures above what they should theoretically be.
In taking Calcutta as a standard of comparison, I have been guided by two circumstances; first, the necessity of selecting a spot where observations were regularly and accurately made; and secondly, the being able to satisfy myself by a comparison of my instruments that the results should be so far strictly comparable.
I have allowed 1 degree Fahr. for every degree in latitude intervening between Sikkim and Calcutta, as the probable ratio of diminution of temperature. So far as my observations made in east Bengal and in various parts of the Gangetic delta afford a means of solving this question, this is a near approximation to the truth. The spring observations however which I have made at the foot of the Sikkim Himalaya would indicate a much more rapid decrement; the mean temperature of Titalya and other parts of the plains south of the forests, between March and May being certainly 6 degrees-9 degrees lower than Calcutta: this period however is marked by north-west and north-east winds, and by a strong haze which prevents the sun's rays from impinging on the soil with any effect. During the southerly winds, the same region is probably hotter than Calcutta, there being but scanty vegetation, and the rain-fall being moderate.
In the following observations solitary readings are always rejected.
I.—Summer or Rainy Season observations at Dorjiling.
Observations taken during the rainy season of 1848, at Mr. Hodgson's (Jillapahar, Dorjiling) alt. 7,430 feet, exposure free to the north east and west, the slopes all round covered with heavy timber; much mist hence hangs over the station. The mean temperatures of the month at Jillapahar are deduced from horary observations, and those of Calcutta from the mean of the daily maximum and minimum.
No. of Obs. Temp. Equiv. of Month at Jillapahar Temp. Calcutta 1 degree F. ——————————————————————————————- July 284 61.7 86.6 364 feet August 378 61.7 85.7 346 feet September 407 58.9 84.7 348 feet October 255 55.3 83.3 316 feet ——————————————————————————————- 1,324 Mean 344 feet
IL—Winter or dry season obaervatians at Dorjiling.
1. Observations taken at Mr. J. Muller's, and chiefly
by himself, at "the Dale;" elev. 6,956 feet; a
sheltered spot, with no forest near, and a free
west exposure. 103 observations. Months: November,
December, January, and February 1 degree=313 ft.
2. Observations at Dr. Campbell's (Superintendent's)
house in April; elev. 6,950 feet; similar exposure
to the last. 13 observations in April 1 degree=308 ft.
3. Observations by Mr. Muller at Colinton; elev. 7,179
feet; free exposure to north-west; much forest about
the station, and a high ridge to east and south.
38 observations in winter months 1 degree=290 ft.
4. Miscellaneous (11) observations at Leebong;
elev. 6000 feet; in February; free exposure all
round 1 degree=266 ft.
5. Miscellaneous observations at "Smith's Hotel;"
Dorjiling, on a cleared ridge; exposed all round;
elev. 6,863 feet. April and May 1 degree=252 ft.
————————-
Mean of winter observations 1 degree=286 ft.
Mean of summer observations 1 degree=344 ft.
————————-
Mean 310 ft.
III.—Miscellaneous observations taken at different places in Dorjiling, elevations 6,900 to 7,400 feet, with the differences of temperature between Calcutta and Dorjiling.
Number Difference Equivalent
Month of Observ. of Temperature 1 degree F.=
——————————————————————————————-
January 27 30.4 287 ft.
February 84 32.8 265
March 37 41.9 196
April 7 36.0 236
March and April 29 37.3 224
July 83 23.6 389
August 74 22.4 415
September 95 25.7 350
October 18 29.5 297
——————————————————————————————-
Sum 454 Mean 31.1 Mean 296 ft.
These, it will be seen, give a result which approximates to that of the sets I and II. Being deduced from observations at different exposures, the effects of these may be supposed to be eliminated. It is to be observed that the probable results of the addition of November and December's observations, would be balanced by those of May and June, which are hot moist months.
IV.—Miscellaneous cold weather observations made at various elevations between 1000 and 17,000 feet, during my journey into east Nepal and Sikkim, in November to January 1848 and 1849. The equivalent to 1 degree Fahr. was deduced from the mean of all the observations at each station, and these being arranged in sets corresponding to their elevations, gave the following results.
Number of Number of Equivalent
Elevation Stations Observations 1 degree F.=
———————————————————————————————-
1,000 to 4,000 ft. 27 111 215 ft.
4,000 to 8,000 ft. 52 197 315
8,000 to 12,000 ft. 20 84 327
12,000 to 17,000 ft. 14 54 377
———————————————————————————————-
Sum 113 Sum 446 Mean 308 ft.
The total number of comparative observations taken during that journey, amounted to 563, and the mean equivalent was 1 degree=303 feet, but I rejected many of the observations that were obviously unworthy of confidence.
V.—Miscellaneous observations (chiefy during the rainy season) taken during my journey into Sikkim and the frontier of Tibet, between May 2nd and December 25th, 1848. The observations were reduced as in the previous instance. The rains on this occasion were unusually protracted, and cannot be said to have ceased till mid-winter, which partly accounts for the very high temperatures.
Number of Number of Equivalent
Elevation Stations Observations 1 degree F.=
———————————————————————————————-
1,000 to 4,000 ft. 10 45 422 ft.
4,000 to 8,000 ft. 21 283 336
8,000 to 12,000 ft. 18 343 355
12,000 to 17,000 ft. 29 219 417
———————————————————————————————-
Sum 78 Sum 890 Mean 383 ft.
The great elevation of the temperature in the lowest elevations is accounted for by the heating of the valleys wherein these observations were taken, and especially of the rocks on their floors. The increase with the elevation, of the three succeeding sets, arises from the fact that the loftier regions are far within the mountain region, and are less forest clad and more sunny than the outer Himalaya.
A considerable number of observations were taken during this journey at night, when none are recorded at Calcutta, but which are comparable with contemporaneous observations taken by Mr. Muller at Dorjiling. These being all taken during the three most rainy months, when the temperature varies but very little during the whole twenty-four hours, I expected satisfactory results, but they proved very irregular and anomalous.
The means were—
At 21 stations of greater elevation than Dorjiling 1 degree=348 ft.
At 17 stations lower in elevation 1 degree=447 ft.
VI.—_Sixty-four contemporaneous observations at Jillapahar, 7,430 feet, and the bed of the Great Rungeet river, 818 feet; taken in
January and February, give 1 degree=322 feet.
VII.—Observations taken by burying a thermometer two and a half to three feet deep, in a brass tube, at Dorjiling and at various elevations near that station.
Month February and March
Upper Stations Jillapahar, 7,430 feet
Lower Stations Leebong, 6000 feet
1 degree= 269 feet
Month February
Upper Stations Jillapahar, 7,430 feet
Lower Stations Guard-house, Great Rungeet, 1,864 feet
1 degree= 298 feet
Month April
Upper Stations Leebong, 6000 feet
Lower Stations Guard-house, Great Rungeet, 1,864 feet
1 degree= 297 feet
Month April
Upper Stations Jillapahar, 7,430 feet
Lower Stations Khersiong, 4,813 feet
1 degree= 297 feet
Month March and April
Upper Stations Khersiong, 4,813 feet
Lower Stations Punkabaree, 1,850 feet
1 degree= 223 feet
Month March, April, May
Upper Stations Jillapahar, 7,430 feet
Lower Stations Punkabaree, 1,850 feet
1 degree= 253 feet
Mean 1 degree=273 feet
The above results would seem to indicate that up to an elevation of 7,500 feet, the temperature diminishes rather more than 1 degree Fahr. for every 300 feet of ascent or thereabouts; that this decrement is much leas in the summer than in the winter months; and I may add that it is less by day than by night. There is much discrepancy between the results obtained at greater or less elevations than 7000 feet; but a careful study of these, which I have arranged in every possible way, leads me to the conclusion that the proportion map be roughly indicated thus:—
1 degree=300 feet, for elevations from 1000 to 8000 feet. 1 degree=320 feet, for elevations from 8000 to 10,000 feet. 1 degree=350 feet, for elevations from 10,000 to 14,000 feet. 1 degree=400 feet, for elevations from 14,000 to 18,000 feet.
VIII.—Khasia mountain observations.
Churra Poonji
Date June 13 to 26
Calcutta Observations 86.3 degrees
Number of Observations 63
Churra Observations 70.1 degrees
Number of Observations 67
1 degree= 300 feet
Altitude above the Sea 4,069 feet
Date August 7 to September 4
Calcutta Observations 84.6 degrees
Number of Observations 196
Churra Observations 69.2 degrees
Number of Observations 214
1 degree= 331 feet
Altitude above the Sea 4,225 feet
Date October 29 to November 16
Calcutta Observations 80.7 degrees
Number of Observations 85
Churra Observations 63.1 degrees
Number of Observations 133
1 degree= 282 feet
Altitude above the Sea 4,225 feet
Total Calcutta Observations 354
Total Churra Observations 414
Mean 1 degree= 304 feet
Kala-panee
Date June, Aug., Sept.
Calcutta Observations 85.5 degrees
Number of Observations 35
Khasia Observations 67.4 degrees
Number of Observations 35
1 degree= 345 feet
Altitude above the Sea 5,302 feet
Moflong
Date June, July, Aug., Oct.
Calcutta Observations 85.9 degrees
Number of Observations 73
Khasia Observations 68.8 degrees
Number of Observations 74
1 degree= 373 feet
Altitude above the Sea 6,062 feet
Syong
Date
Calcutta Observations 85.1 degrees
Number of Observations 4
Khasia Observations 65.0 degrees
Number of Observations 6
1 degree= 332 feet
Altitude above the Sea 5,734 feet
Myrung
Date August
Calcutta Observations 89.1 degrees
Number of Observations 42
Khasia Observations 69.7 degrees
Number of Observations 41
1 degree= 343 feet
Altitude above the Sea 5,632 feet
Myrung
Date October
Calcutta Observations 82.9 degrees
Number of Observations 21
Khasia Observations 63.2 degrees
Number of Observations 58
1 degree= 336 feet
Altitude above the Sea 5,632 feet
Nunklow
Calcutta Observations 86.4 degrees
Number of Observations 139
Khasia Observations 70.9 degrees
Number of Observations 139
1 degree= 372 feet
Altitude above the Sea 4,688 feet
Mooshye
Date September 23
Calcutta Observations 78.5 degrees
Number of Observations 9
Khasia Observations 66.3 degrees
Number of Observations 12
1 degree= 499 feet
Altitude above the Sea 4,863 feet
Pomrang
Date September 23
Calcutta Observations 82.7 degrees
Number of Observations 51
Khasia Observations 65.8 degrees
Number of Observations 51
1 degree= 369 feet
Altitude above the Sea 5,143 feet
Amwee
Date September 23
Calcutta Observations 79.9 degrees
Number of Observations 15
Khasia Observations 67.1 degrees
Number of Observations 11
1 degree= 396 feet
Altitude above the Sea 4,105 feet
Joowy
Date September 23
Calcutta Observations 79.5 degrees
Number of Observations 11
Khasia Observations 69.0 degrees
Number of Observations 7
1 degree= 567 feet
Altitude above the Sea 4,387 feet