The work traces astronomical thought from early observational and astrological practices through classical geometrical models, including ancient Chinese, Chaldaean and Greek contributions and the Ptolemaic system of epicycles, into a dynamical era marked by the sun-centred reforms and the development of gravitational theory. It surveys key figures and transitions—telescopic discoveries, mathematical reformulations, and advances by later analysts—then examines the growth of precision instrumentation, the telescope and spectroscope, and concludes with physical studies of the Sun, Moon, planets, comets, meteors, stars, and nebulae, emphasizing shifts in methods and viewpoints.