| 1202 |
Arabic numeration introduced into Europe by
Leonardo of Pisa (Liber Abaci); it spread
slowly, and did not become universal till the middle of the seventeenth century. |
| 1214-1294. |
Roger Bacon. |
| 1265-1321. |
Dante. |
| 1271-1295. |
Travels of Marco Polo. |
| 1304-1374. |
Petrarch. |
| 1324?-1384. |
Wycliffe. |
| 1340?-1400. |
Chaucer. |
| 1410. |
Wood-engraving introduced about this time. |
| 1423. |
Earliest known block-book. |
| 1450? |
Mazarin Bible, printed by moveable types. |
| 1453. |
Taking of Constantinople by the Turks. |
| 1466?-1536. |
Erasmus. |
| 1471-1528. |
Albert Durer. |
| 1472-1543. |
Copernicus. |
| 1475-1564. |
Michael Angelo. |
| 1477-1576. |
Titian. |
| 1483-1520. |
Raphael. |
| 1483-1546. |
Martin Luther. |
| 1492. |
First voyage of Columbus. |
| 1497-1498. |
Voyage of Vasco da Gama to India by the Cape. |
| 1516. |
More's Utopia. |
| 1517. |
Luther's theses. |
| 1519-1521. |
Mexico conquered by Cortez. |
| 1519-1522. |
Circumnavigation of the globe by a ship of
Magellan's squadron.
|
| 1530-1536. |
Brunfels' Herbarum vivæ eicones. Confession of
Augsburg. |
| 1532. |
Peru conquered by Pizarro. |
| 1534. |
Society of Jesus founded by Loyola. |
| 1539. |
Bock's New Kreutterbuch (without figures);
2nd ed. (with figures) 1546. |
| 1542. |
Fuchs' Historia Stirpium. |
| 1543. |
Copernicus' De Revolutionibus Orbium Celestium.
Vesalius' Fabrica Humani Corporis. |
| 1545. |
Botanic garden at Padua founded. |
| 1545-1564. |
Council of Trent. |
| 1547. |
Botanic garden at Pisa founded. |
| 1551. |
Belon's Histoire Naturelle des estranges poissons
marins. |
| 1551-1587. |
Gesner's Historia Animalium. |
| 1553. |
Belon's De aquatilibus, etc., and his Observations
de plusieurs singularitez, etc. (Travels
in the Levant.) |
| 1554. |
Rondelet's De piscibus marinis. |
| 1555. |
Belon's Histoire de la nature des Oyseaux.
Rondelet's Universæ aquatilium Historiæ pars
altera. |
| 1564-1616. |
Shakespeare. |
| 1564-1642. |
Galileo. |
| 1566. |
Revolt of the Netherlands. |
| 1571. |
Battle of Lepanto (advance of the Turks
checked). |
| 1571-1630. |
Kepler. |
| 1572. |
Massacre of St. Bartholomew. |
| 1576. |
L'Obel's Plantarum seu Stirpium Historia and
Adversaria. |
| 1577-1580. |
Drake's circumnavigation. |
| 1583. |
Cesalpini's De Plantis. |
| 1588. |
The Invincible Armada. |
| 1596-1650. |
Descartes. |
| 1600. |
Olivier de Serres' Théâtre d'Agriculture. |
| 1601. |
Clusius' Rariorum plantarum Historia. |
| 1605. |
Clusius' Exoticorum libri decem.
|
| 1610. |
Galileo's microscope invented about this time. |
| 1614. |
Napier's Logarithms. |
| 1618-1648. |
Thirty Years' War. |
| 1620. |
Voyage of Mayflower. Bacon's Novum Organum. |
| 1621. |
Aselli re-discovers the lacteals. |
| 1623. |
C. Bauhin's Pinax Theatri Botanici. |
| 1626. |
Jardin des Plantes founded. |
| 1628. |
Harvey's De motu cordis et sanguinis published,
the lectures had been delivered in 1614. |
| 1635. |
French Academy founded. |
| 1638. |
First authenticated cure of fever by chincona
bark (in Peru). |
| 1642. |
New Zealand and Van Dieman's Land discovered by
Tasman. |
| 1642-1727. |
Newton. |
| 1643. |
Barometer invented by Torricelli. |
| 1650? |
Air-pump invented by Otto von Guericke.
Thoracic duct discovered by Pecquet. |
| 1653. |
Lymphatic vessels discovered by Rudbeck. |
| 1660. |
Royal Society founded; incorporated 1662.
Boyle's Spring of Air and its Effects. Ray's
Catalogus Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam
nascentium. |
| 1661. |
Boyle's Sceptical Chemist. Passage of blood
through capillaries observed by Malpighi. |
| 1665. |
Hooke's Micrographia. |
| 1666. |
Académie des Sciences founded. Composition
of white light discovered by Newton. |
| 1668. |
Redi on the Generation of Insects. |
| 1669. |
Swammerdam's Historia Insectorum Generalis.
Malpighi's De Bombyce. |
| 1671-1677. |
Grew's Anatomy of Plants; collected in one
volume, 1682. |
| 1672-1679. |
Malpighi's Anatome Plantarum; collected in his
Opera Omnia, 1686. |
| 1673. |
Malpighi's De formatione pulli in ovo. Leeuwenhoek's
first paper published by the Royal
Society.
|
| 1675. |
Greenwich Observatory founded. Velocity of
light determined by Roemer. |
| 1676. |
Willughby's Ornithologia. |
| 1677. |
Spermatozoa discovered by Hamm. |
| 1680. |
Yeast-cells discovered by Leeuwenhoek. |
| 1682. |
Ray's Methodus Plantarum. |
| 1683. |
Bacteria discovered by Leeuwenhoek. |
| 1687. |
Newton's Principia. |
| 1691-1694. |
Camerarius on the sexes of flowering plants. |
| 1702. |
Hydra discovered by Leeuwenhoek. |
| 1711-1776. |
Hume. |
| 1723-1790. |
Adam Smith. |
| 1725. |
Vico's Scienza Nuova. |
| 1734-1742. |
Réaumur's Histoire des Insectes. |
| 1736-1810. |
Watt. |
| 1737. |
Linnæus's Systema Naturæ; last edition by
Linnæus, 1766. Linnæus's Genera Plantarum. |
| 1737-1738. |
Swammerdam's Biblia Naturæ published;
written long before. |
| 1738. |
Linnæus's Classes Plantarum. |
| 1740-1761. |
Roesel von Rosenhof's Insecten-Belustigungen
begun. |
| 1744. |
Trembley's Polype d'eau douce (Hydra). |
| 1745. |
Bonnet's Traité d'Insectologie (aphids, Nais). |
| 1748. |
Montesquieu's Esprit des Lois. |
| 1749-1804. |
Buffon's Histoire Naturelle, the last volumes
posthumous. |
| 1752. |
Identity of lightning and electricity demonstrated
by Franklin. |
| 1753. |
British Museum founded. |
| 1755. |
Black's experiments on carbonic acid and
alkalis. |
| 1759. |
C. F. Wolff's Theoria Generationis. |
| 1760. |
Lyonet's Traité Anatomique, etc. (larva of goat-moth). |
| 1770. |
New South Wales discovered by Captain Cook. |
| 1775. |
Priestley's experiments on the restoration by
green leaves of air vitiated by combustion or respiration, and on "dephlogisticated air"
(oxygen). Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations.
|
| 1777. |
Spallanzani's experiments on the spontaneous
generation of minute organisms. |
| 1781. |
Uranus discovered by Herschel. Leroy's Lettres
sur les Animaux (first collected edition). |
| 1784. |
Cavendish's Experiments on Air (composition of
water). |
| 1785. |
Hutton's Theory of the Earth. |
| 1787-1789. |
Lavoisier's Méthode de nomenclature chimique
(1787) and Traité élémentaire de chimie (1789). |
| 1789. |
First French Revolution. A. L. de Jussieu's
Genera Plantarum. White's Natural History
of Selborne. |
| 1790. |
Goethe's Metamorphosen der Pflanzen. |
| 1791. |
Galvani's experiments on animal electricity. |
| 1792. |
Sprengel's Entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur. F.
Huber's Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles. |
| 1796. |
Cuvier on recent and fossil elephants. |
| 1798. |
Jenner's Inquiry (vaccination against small-pox).
Lithography invented by Senefelder. |
| 1799. |
William Smith's Order of the Strata and their
Embedded Organic Remains. |
| 1799-1825. |
Laplace's Mécanique Celeste. |
| 1800. |
Volta's electric pile. |
| 1807. |
Dalton's Atomic theory. Davy's decomposition
of potash and soda. |
| 1811. |
Motor and sensory roots of spinal nerves discovered
by Bell. |
| 1812. |
Cuvier's Ossemens Fossiles. |
| 1816. |
Cuvier's Règne Animal. |
| 1819. |
Electro-magnetism discovered by Œrsted.
Chamisso's De Salpa. |
| 1823-1831. |
Pollen-tubes traced to the ovule (Amici, Brongniart,
Robert Brown). |
| 1827. |
Discovery of mammalian ovum by Baer. |
| 1828-1837. |
Baer's Entwickelungs-geschichte. |
| 1830-1832. |
Lyell's Principles of Geology.
|
| 1835. |
Cell-division in plants observed by Mohl. |
| 1837. |
Caignard-Latour's demonstration that alcoholic
fermentation is due to living organisms. |
| 1839. |
Schwann and Schleiden's cell-theory. |
| 1840-1849. |
Joule's determination of the mechanical equivalent
of heat. |
| 1841. |
Faraday's discovery of electric induction. |
| 1846. |
Discovery of Neptune by Leverrier and Adams.
Agassiz and Buckland's announcement of
extensive glaciation in Scotland. |
| 1848. |
Discovery of the antheridia of ferns by Suminsky. |
| 1849-151. |
Hofmeister's comparative studies of the higher
cryptogams and the flowering plants. |
| 1809-1851. |
Charles Darwin. |
| 1822-1895. |
Louis Pasteur. |
