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History of Botany (1530-1860)

Chapter 5: ERRATA.
By Julius Sachs
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About This Book

This history surveys the development of botanical knowledge from early herbals through the gradual consolidation of morphology, phytotomy (plant anatomy), and vegetable physiology, showing how classification based on form, internal structure, and life processes developed largely independently before becoming more integrated. The author relies on critical readings of original works to separate enduring contributions from transient reputation, privileging thinkers who converted empirical observation into theoretical insight. By tracing shifting questions, methods, and priorities, the narrative follows the transformation of botany from descriptive compilation toward a more explanatory, theory-driven science.

CONTENTS.

FIRST BOOK.
History of Morphology and Classification.
1530-1860.
PAGE
Introduction 3
CHAPTER I.
The Botanists of Germany and the Netherlands from Brunfels to Caspar Bauhin, 1530-1623 13
CHAPTER II.
Artificial Systems and Terminology of Organs from Cesalpino to Linnaeus, 1583-1760 37
CHAPTER III.
Development of the Natural System under the Influence of the Dogma of the Constancy of Species, 1759-1850 108
CHAPTER IV.
Morphology under the Influence of the Doctrine of Metamorphosis and of the Spiral Theory, 1790-1850 155
CHAPTER V.
Morphology and Systematic Botany under the Influence of the History of Development and the knowledge of the Cryptogams, 1840-1860 182
SECOND BOOK.
History of Vegetable Anatomy.
1671-1860.
Introduction 219
CHAPTER I.
Phytotomy founded by Malpighi and Grew, 1671-1682 229
CHAPTER II.
Phytotomy in the Eighteenth Century 246
CHAPTER III.
Examination of the Matured Framework of Cell-Membrane in Plants, 1800-1840 256
CHAPTER IV.
History of Development of the Cell, Formation of Tissues, Molecular Structure of Organised Forms, 1840-1860 311
THIRD BOOK.
History of Vegetable Physiology.
1583-1860.
Introduction 359
CHAPTER I.
History of the Sexual Theory
1. From Aristotle to R. J. Camerarius 376
2. Establishment of the Doctrine of Sexuality in Plants by R. J.Camerarius, 1691-1694 385
3. Dissemination of the New Doctrine; its Adherents and Opponents, 1700-1760 390
4. The Theory of Evolution and Epigenesis 402
5. Further Development of the Sexual Theory by J. G. Koelreuter and Konrad Sprengel, 1761-1793 406
6. New opponents of Sexuality and their refutation by Experiments, 1785-1849 422
7. Microscopic Investigation into the Processes of Fertilisation in the Phanerogams, the Pollen-Tube and Eggs, 1830-1850 431
8. Discovery of Sexuality in the Cryptogams, 1837-1860 436
CHAPTER II.
History of the Theory of Nutrition of Plants, 1583-1860 445
1. Cesalpino, 1583 450
2. First Inductive Experiments and Opening of New Points of View in the History of the Theory of the Nutrition of Plants, to 1730 453
3. Fruitless Attempts to Explain the Movement of the Sap in Plants, 1730-1780 482
4. The Modern Theory of Nutrition Founded by Ingen-Houss and Theodore de Saussure, 1779-1804 491
5. Vital Force. Respiration and Heat of Plants. Endosmose, 1804-1840 504
6. Settlement of the Question of Food-Material of Plants, 1840-1860 524
CHAPTER III.
History of Phytodynamics
From end of 17th century to about 1860 535
Index 565

ERRATA.

  • Page 18, line 3 from bottom, for Chini read Ghini
  • Page 20, line 7, for Schmiedel read Schmidel
  • Page 160, line 2 from bottom, for many read some
  • Page 160, note, for Robert read Louis Marie Aubert
  • Page 201, line 11, for asexually read sexually.

FIRST BOOK
HISTORY OF MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION
(1530-1860)