THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF EDUCATION
While the United States has no national system of education, each state having entire charge of its own educational affairs, there is a national bureau whose office is twofold; namely: (1) to collect statistics, and (2) to diffuse information concerning educational affairs. This bureau was established by Congress in 1867, and since 1869 it has been a bureau of the Department of the Interior. Henry Barnard was appointed the first commissioner, and he has been succeeded in that office by John Eaton, N. H. R. Dawson, William T. Harris, and Elmer E. Brown, the present incumbent.
This bureau fosters the interests of education in three important directions: (1) by its publications; (2) by its maintenance of a pedagogical library, the most extensive in the country; and (3) by its pedagogical museum, in which every feature of educational enterprise is exhibited.
The most valuable service rendered, however, is through its publications. It issues an annual report which has grown to two large volumes of more than twenty-four hundred pages, in which are found statistics concerning all kinds of schools and educational enterprises throughout the United States. Nor are its investigations limited to our own country and its territories. Educational movements in other countries are described from time to time by experts with a view to furnish complete information concerning current educational history throughout the world. These reports are recognized as by far the best furnished by any country.
In addition to the annual report the bureau issues many pamphlets bearing upon special topics and furnishing valuable information.
In view of the fact that such vast interests are involved,—the instruction of over twenty million pupils, requiring the service of more than half a million teachers, involving the expenditure of nearly three hundred million dollars per annum, and of vital interest to the whole population,—many educators believe that the bureau should be elevated to the dignity of a department of the government with a cabinet officer at its head.
THE QUINCY MOVEMENT
In 1873 the School Board of Quincy, Massachusetts, took a new and very important departure, namely, that of calling an educational expert to take charge of their schools. They realized that the office of a school board is to administer the external matters, but trained experts should have entire direction of the internal affairs of the schools, such as discipline, methods of instruction, course of study, etc. They called Colonel Francis W. Parker (1837-1902) to the superintendency and said to him practically: "We will furnish the equipment and the teachers, and it is your business to run the schools. We will not interfere with your methods or your plans, but will hold you responsible for results." Colonel Parker, who had just returned from a careful study of European schools, accepted this responsibility and at once began reforms in primary education not second in importance to those of Horace Mann a generation earlier. The "New Education" and "Quincy Methods" began to be discussed everywhere, and Quincy became the educational Mecca for teachers from every part of the land. Some of the reforms inaugurated were the following: Text-books were abolished, the learning of the alphabet discontinued, mere memorizing of facts discountenanced, nature work was emphasized, concrete methods employed, and all school work made natural and interesting. The results in comparison with those of other schools were phenomenal, and it was recognized that a great reform movement had been started.
Doubtless, like reformers generally, Colonel Parker was too extreme. Some of his innovations were later modified, even by the originator himself. Nevertheless, the Quincy Movement did incalculable good by breaking up the formalism that prevailed, by making the work practical and interesting, by offering suitable material, by improving the methods of instruction, and by awakening great interest in educational problems among both the teachers and the public at large. For this great work at Quincy, for his many years' service as the head of the Chicago Normal School, and for his stimulating influence upon elementary education throughout the country, Colonel Parker deserves a place among the foremost educators of recent times. The example of the Quincy School Board in placing an educational expert over their schools has been followed by many cities. The office of city superintendent has been created, and to him is now committed duties that formerly were undertaken by members of the School Board who were without professional training. This change marks a decided step forward in the educational progress of our country.
THE HERBARTIAN MOVEMENT
One of the most important educational movements of recent years, is that inaugurated by the disciples of Herbart[184] in this country. At the meeting of the New England Association in Denver in 1895 a number of men, most of whom had studied under Stoy and Rein in Germany, formed the National Herbart Society, whose purpose was declared to be "the aggressive discussion and spread of educational doctrines." This society was the outgrowth of the Herbart Club, formed three years before at Saratoga. It is now known as the National Society for the Scientific Study of Education. It holds semiannual meetings in connection with the National Association, but is not a department of said Association. It issues "Yearbooks" which contain the results of the investigations of its members and which are valuable contributions to current educational literature.
Among the most important educational theories brought forward by this school may be mentioned that of Apperception, the Doctrine of Interest, the Correlation of Studies, Concentration, the Culture Epoch Theory, and Character Building as an end of education. The practical application of these theories to school problems has not been neglected. There is no doubt that the Herbartian teachings have served to bring education in this country to a scientific basis. The members of this society have been among the foremost contributors to the pedagogical literature of the last decade.
VARIOUS TENDENCIES
Child Study.—The old psychologists based their theories and deductions upon a study of the activities of the adult mind. Modern educators have turned their attention to the being whom they are to educate—the child. Questionnaires have been issued and syllabi formulated concerning many characteristics of children, such as their fears, their imaginations, their lies, their views of God, etc., for the purpose of discovering laws governing the same. While as yet the movement cannot claim to have added much to educational theory, it has stimulated careful study and observation of children, brought teachers into more genuine sympathy with them, suggested suitable material for instruction, and fostered rational discipline. It offers an unlimited and fruitful field for further investigation.
Parents' Meetings.—In the early history of the race parents assumed the entire education of their offspring. When schools became numerous and teachers efficient, parents largely absolved themselves from direct responsibility in the matter of education. To arouse proper interest and to unite all the agencies of the community in this work, parents' meetings have been organized in many places. Thus the patrons of the school have not only been led to coöperate with their teachers, but also to study educational problems. Such organizations have strengthened the hands of the teachers, stimulated educational interest, and aroused a genuine and intelligent pride in the work of the school.
Manual and Industrial Training.—The marvelous industrial development of recent years, together with the attitude of labor unions towards apprenticeships, creates a demand for a reconstruction of courses of study. Much of education that was secured in the shop and field must now be furnished in the school. "Educate the whole child" is the watchword. The motor activities must be trained as well as the mental activities. Indeed, the latter cannot attain their proper development without the former. Hence, manual training has been adopted as a part of the curriculum.
Material Improvements.—A careful study of the ventilation, lighting, seating, and other hygienic conditions, as well as construction of school buildings, has characterized recent times. In many places not only school materials, but also text-books, are furnished free of cost to the pupil. Physicians are also employed periodically to visit the schools and examine the children as to the condition of eyes and ears, as to the prevalence of disease, and as to their general health. Safeguards are inaugurated to prevent the spread of contagious diseases. All of these material measures are founded upon the theory that only under best conditions can the best results be obtained in education, and therefore it is true economy for the community to furnish these conditions.
FOOTNOTES:
[183] The membership at the Boston meeting in 1903 was 34,984. This, however, is far in excess of the average attendance.
[184] See p. 278.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following works have a bearing upon some phase of the many topics considered in this book. Most of them have been mentioned in abbreviated form either in the literature at the beginning of each chapter or in the footnotes. They are here given with their full titles.
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INDEX
- A. B. C. der Anschauung, Herbart's, 281.
- Abelard at University of Paris, 141.
- Académies, in French school administration, 296, 297.
- Agricola, Johannes, school course of, 176 n.
- Agricola, Rudolphus, father of German humanism, 153, 158.
- lectures of, 158.
- Ahriman, principle of darkness in Persian religion, 39.
- Albigenses, reformers in France, 165.
- Alcohol, Arabians discover, 145.
- Alcuin of England, Benedictine teacher, 118.
- teacher of Charlemagne, 127.
- Alexander the Great, pupil of Aristotle, 65.
- Alexandria, catechetical school at, 107, 108.
- Museum of, 50.
- Saracenic school at, 140.
- school of rabbis at, 44.
- seat of philosophy, 107.
- Alexandrian library fostered by the Ptolemies, 50.
- Alfred the Great, becomes king, 130.
- Algebra, modern form of, 145.
- Allgemeine Pädagogik, Herbart's, 281.
- Ambrose, St., bishop of Milan, 114.
- America, discovery of, 165.
- American Revolution, establishes principle of self-government, 239.
- Analects of Confucius, 28.
- Analytical method of Aristotle, 67.
- Anatomy, in Milton's scheme of education, 219.
- Annual Reports, Horace Mann's, 286.
- of Bureau of Education, 310.
- Anselm, founder of scholasticism, 122.
- Antioch, catechetical school at, 107.
- Antioch College, Horace Mann president of, 288.
- Apostles, active in education, 101.
- Apostles' Creed, taught during Charlemagne's reign, 128.
- Apostolic Constitution quoted, 113.
- Apprentice schools, in France, 299.
- Aquinas, Thomas, Benedictine teacher, 118.
- leader of scholasticism, 122.
- Arabians, services to education, 145.
- Architecture, in Milton's scheme of education, 219.
- Aristotle, analytical method of, 67.
- Arithmetic, in Charlemagne's reign, 128.
- Arrondissements, in French school system, 297.
- Art, in Athens, 56.
- in Egypt, 47.
- Arts, seven liberal, 118, 127.
- Aryans, in Greece, 53.
- Asceticism, influence on civilization, 116.
- Ascham, Roger, English educator, 190.
- Assistant teachers, 307.
- Astrology, applications of, 120.
- Astronomy, applications of, 120.
- Astronomy taught in Egypt, 50.
- Athenian education, criticism of, 59.
- Athenian educators, 61-67.
- Athens, 56-60.
- aesthetic education in, 58, 59.
- Aristotle founds Lyceum at, 66.
- art and literature in, 54.
- center of learning, 75.
- contrasted with Sparta, 56.
- criticism of education in, 59.
- democratic government in, 57.
- history of, 56.
- home in, 57.
- laws of Solon, 57.
- Pericles, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, 56.
- philosophers from, at Museum of Alexandria, 50, 51.
- play important factor in child life, 57.
- Romans study at, 74.
- study of poets, 57, 59.
- training of children, 57.
- woman's status in, 58, 90.
- Attendance, compulsory, in English schools, 306.
- Augustine, St., City of God, Confessions, 114.
- Augustus, age of, 74, 75.
- Azarias, Brother, on La Salle, 228.
- on the Simultaneous Method, 227.
- Babylon, Saracenic school at, 140.
- school of rabbis at, 44.
- Bacon, Francis, character of, 206.
- Comenius applies principles of, 214.
- degradation of, 207.
- Inductive Method introduced, 207, 208.
- influence of, 18.
- life of, 205.
- Montaigne's influence on, 195.
- new era in education, 209.
- Novum Organum, 207.
- object teaching of, 189.
- on Jesuit schools, 186, 187.
- pedagogy of, 208, 209.
- political advancement of, 206.
- reforms of, 204.
- Bagdad, caliphs foster education, 145.
- Saracenic school at, 140.
- Barrett, influences Horace Mann, 285.
- Basedow, Elementary Book (Elementarbuch), 251.
- Basel, center of printing industry, 162.
- Basil the Great, life of, 106.
- Beautifying of schoolrooms, 197, 198.
- Bell, Andrew, founds National Schools, 305.
- Monitorial system of, 307.
- Belles-Lettres, in Chinese education, 25.
- Benedict, St., principles of, 117.
- Benedictines, growth of, 117.
- Berlin Conference, 236 n.
- Bernsdorf, Danish minister of education, 251.
- Besant, Walter, on Rabelais, 193, 194, 195.
- Bible, only literature of early Christians, 95.
- Biographies of educators, 18.
- Blankenburg, Froebel's school at, 276.
- Bluntschli, advice to Pestalozzi, 260.
- Board of Education in United States school system, 310, 311.
- Board schools, established in England, 305.
- Boatman, third caste in Egypt, 48.
- Boccaccio, humanistic leader of Italy, 155, 157.
- influences of, 151.
- Body, care of, 221, 230.
- Bologna, university established at, 124.
- Boniface, of Germany, Benedictine teacher, 118.
- Book of Method, Basedow's, 255.
- Books, school, adoption of, 290.
- Bouillon, Godfrey of, leads first crusade, 137.
- Brahma, Hindu worship of, 33.
- Brahmanism, Buddha seeks to overthrow, 35.
- Brahmans, highest caste in India, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34.
- marriage of, 32.
- Brotherhood of man, value of principle, 91.
- Brothers of the Christian Schools, La Salle organizes, 227.
- Brown University, Horace Mann at, 285.
- Browning, on Milton's scheme of education, 220.
- Buddha, religion and spirit of, 35.
- Buddhism, in China, 21, 22, 27.
- Budding Intellect, Chinese degree, 26.
- Bulfinch, on Charlemagne, 126.
- Bureau of Education, U. S., 309.
- Burgdorf, Froebel at, 275.
- Pestalozzi teaches at, 266.
- Burgundy, Duke of, taught by Fénelon, 224, 225.
- Caen, university at, 141.
- Cahors, university at, 141.
- Calculating boards, in Athens, 59.
- Caliphs, foster education, 145.
- Cambray, Bishop of, aids Erasmus, 161.
- Cambridge, University of, 141.
- Campe, leader of Philanthropin, 254.
- Canterbury, cloister school at, 118.
- Cantons, in French school system, 297.
- Caste system, in Egypt, 47-49.
- Catechetical schools, 107, 108.
- decay of, 110.
- Catechumen schools, 104.
- Cathedral schools, 139 n.
- Catholic Church. See Church.
- Cavaliers, struggle with Roundheads, 200.
- Celestial Empire, civilization of, 20.
- Ceylon, Buddhism in, 35.
- Charity schools, in China, 23.
- Charlemagne, education of, 133.
- Charles V., of Spain, Emperor of Germany, 165, 166.
- Chemistry, taught in Mohammedan schools, 145.
- Child study, 319.
- Children, a sacred trust, 91.
- Children, in India, 32.
- China, 20-28.
- belief in transmigration of souls, 22.
- civilization of 20.
- classics of, 25.
- Confucius, 18, 24, 27, 28.
- conservative character of, 21.
- criticism of education, 27.
- degrees in, 25, 26.
- elementary schools in, 23, 25.
- examinations in, 26.
- geography and history of, 20, 21.
- government and language in, 21.
- higher education in, 25.
- home in, 22.
- lack of toys, 23.
- motive for education, 52.
- relation of parents and children, 22, 23.
- religion in, 21.
- science and inventions in, 26.
- treatment of women in, 22.
- Christ, disciples of, 92, 93.
- Christian education, 89-314.
- aim of, 91.
- Alfred the Great's influence, 130, 131.
- Basil the Great, 106, 107.
- Benedictines, 117, 118.
- catechetical schools, 107.
- catechumen schools, 104.
- Charlemagne, 125-129.
- Chrysostom, 105, 106.
- church connection with, 101.
- Clement of Alexandria, 109.
- conflict with pagan education, 111-115.
- crusades, 102, 136-138.
- difficulties in establishment of, 95.
- feudal education, 132-135.
- first Christian schools, 104, 105.
- general view of, 89, 101, 103.
- importance of individual, 91.
- lessons and principles of, 90, 91.
- monastic education, 102, 116-120.
- Origen, 110.
- St. Augustine, 114, 115.
- scholasticism, 121-124.
- seven liberal arts, 119, 120.
- Christian education, slow growth of, 92, 93.
- Christiania, university at, 141.
- Christianity, influence of, 96, 97.
- lessons of, 90-92.
- See also Christian education.
- Chrysostom, educational principles of, 105, 106.
- Church, animosities between Catholics and Protestants, 200.
- Church Fathers, direct educational movements, 101.
- Cicero, called Father of his Country, 82.
- Citizens in Sparta, 68.
- City of God, St. Augustine's, 114.
- Classic languages, Humanists revive study, 149.
- Classic literature, revival of study of, 155-157.
- Tertullian excludes, 113.
- Clement of Alexandria, pedagogy, 109.
- Clermont, Jesuit college of, 183.
- Climate a factor in education, 16.
- Cloister schools established, 118.
- Clothing of children, Locke's rules regarding, 221.
- Coeducation, in France, 298.
- Colleges, in United States school system, 312, 313.
- Colloquies, Erasmus's, 162.
- Cologne, cloister school at, 118.
- university of, 141.
- Comenius, Johann Amos, banished, 212.
- Didactica Magna, 213.
- education of, 211, 212.
- educational works of, 214.
- honors bestowed on, 213.
- influence of, 18.
- influence of Bacon on, 214.
- Latin Bohemian dictionary of, 213.
- member of Moravian Brethren, 211.
- object teaching of, 189.
- Pestalozzi applies principles of, 269.
- reforms of, 204.
- settles in Poland, 213.
- summary of his work, 215.
- trials of, 212.
- Commandments, Ten, oldest writing among Israelites, 44.
- Committee of Council on Education, in England, 305.
- Common schools, importance of, 287.
- Commonwealth, established, 200.
- Communes, in French education, 300.
- Compass, invention of, 148.
- Compayré, on Comenius, 214.
- Composition, in Chinese education, 25.
- Compulsory education, among Jews, 42.
- Plato's scheme of, 65.
- Conduct of Schools, La Salle's, 228.
- Confessions, Rousseau's, 242, 243.
- Confessions, St. Augustine's, 114.
- Confucius, altar to, in Chinese schoolrooms, 24.
- Confucius, analects of, 28.
- Conrad III., of Germany, leads second crusade, 137.
- Constance, cloister school at, 118.
- Continuation schools, in Germany, 292.
- Copenhagen, university at, 141.
- Copernicus, astronomical discoveries of, 148, 202.
- Cordova, caliphs of, foster education, 145.
- Saracenic school at, 140.
- Corporal punishment, among Jews, 43.
- Council, Educational, governs French départements, 297.
- Counter-Reformation, 182.
- County, school administration of, 310.
- Cramer, on the crusades, 138.
- Criticism, of Athenian education, 59.
- Cromwell, Commonwealth under, 200.
- Crusades, influence on education, 102, 103, 136-138.
- results of, 138.
- Curtius, quoted, 72.
- Dancing, taught among Jews, 42.
- Dante, banishment of, 156.
- Dark Ages, slow progress during, 101.
- end of, 148.
- David, founder of Hebrew literature, 44.
- Dean, M. Ida, on schools in India, 33.
- Decimal system originated by Hindus, 34.
- De Garmo, on Herbart as a teacher, 279.
- Degrees in China, 25, 26.
- in French Universities, 299.
- Demia, Charles, 227.
- Democratic government in Athens, 57.
- Départements, erect normal schools, 300.
- in French school system, 297.
- Dervishes, in Persia, 38.
- Descartes on Jesuit schools, 186.
- Deserving of Promotion, Chinese degree, 26.
- Dessau, institute at. See Philanthropin.
- Dialectical method, of Socrates, 62.
- Dialogues of the Dead, Fénelon's, 225.
- Didactica Magna, Comenius's, 213.
- See Great Didactic.
- Discipline, in Chinese schools, 24.
- Discoveries, during Renaissance, 148.
- District inspector, in German schools, 291.
- District school board, in Germany, 290, 291.
- District system of education, in United States, 311.
- Dittes, quoted, 42, 274.
- Draper, on St. Augustine, 115.
- Drieser, on Quintilian, 86 n.
- Dualistic philosophy, of Zoroaster, 39.
- Duns Scotus, Benedictine leader, 118.
- leader of scholasticism, 122.
- Dyeing, in ancient Egypt, 47.
- Earth, size of, ascertained, 145.
- Eberhard, Count, Reuchlin's friend, 159.
- Education of Girls, Fénelon's, 224.
- Education of Man, Froebel's, 277.
- Egypt, 46-52.
- antiquity of its history, 47.
- caste system in, 47-49.
- criticism of education in, 51.
- dyeing, embalming, etc., in, 47.
- geography and history of, 46, 47.
- higher education in, 50.
- home in, 49.
- influence of priests in, 47, 48.
- mechanic arts in, 47.
- military class in, 48.
- motive for education in, 52.
- pilgrimages to, for study, 47.
- polygamy in, 49.
- status of woman in, 49.
- Egyptian education, criticism of, 51.
- Eighteenth century education, general view of, 237-240.
- See also Modern educators.
- Elementary Book (Elementarbuch), Basedow's, 251, 255.
- Elementary education, among Arabians, 145.
- Elementary education in Rome, 77.
- Elizabeth, Queen, taught by Roger Ascham, 190, 192.
- Emerson, on the Middle Ages, 147.
- Émile, Rousseau's, 243-249.
- Emulation, as incentive in Jesuit schools, 186, 188.
- Engineering, in Ancient Egypt, 47-50.
- in Milton's scheme of education, 219.
- England, administration of schools, 305.
- English rule in India, 31.
- Environment, a factor in education, 16, 17.
- Erasmus, Colloquies, 162.
- Erfurt, Francke preacher at, 233.
- university of, 141.
- Erigena, leader of scholasticism, 122.
- principles of, 122.
- Ernst of Gotha, Duke, school law of, 203.
- Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke's, 221.
- Essays, Montaigne's, 198.
- Essex, benefactor of Bacon, 206.
- Eton, college at, 174, 306.
- Euclid, used in monastic education, 119.
- Eudemon, page in Rabelais's Gargantua, 194.
- Evening Hours of a Hermit, Pestalozzi's, 263.
- Examinations in Athens, 58.
- Exercise, Locke's rules regarding, 221.
- Fables, Fénelon's, 225.
- Factory laws, in England, 306.
- Family, the foundation of education, 17.
- See Home.
- Farmers, caste in India, 30.
- Fathers of church, opposed to pagan
- literature, 113.
- Faurier, Peter, 227.
- Fear, motive for study in China, 24, 27.
- Fénelon, compared with Seneca, 225, 226.
- Feudal barons, influence of, 133.
- Feudal education, 132-135.
- criticism of, 135.
- Feudalism, crusades break power of, 138.
- defined, 132.
- Fichte, Herbart student of, 279.
- Finances, school, 290.
- Fit for Office, Chinese degree, 26.
- Food of children, Locke's rules regarding, 221.
- Forest of Pencils, Chinese degree, 26.
- Formalism in instruction, 194.
- Forsyth, on Cicero, 81, 82, 83.
- France, administration of schools, 296, 297.
- Francis I., of France, 165.
- Francke, August Hermann, called to University of Halle, 233.
- Frankfurt-am-Main, Froebel teaches in, 273.
- Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, leads third crusade, 137.
- Frederick I., recognizes university at Bologna, 140.
- Free schools, established in France, 298-300.
- Freiburg-im-Breisgau, university at, 141.
- French Revolution, lessons of, 239, 264.
- Froebel, Friedrich Wilhelm August, as teacher, 273.
- at Burgdorf, 275.
- Froebel, F. W. A., at Universities of Göttingen and Berlin, 274.
- Fulda, cloister school at, 118.
- Galileo, punishment of, 117.
- Gargantua, Rabelais's, 193.
- Gate of Tongues Unlocked, Comenius's, 214.
- Geography, a factor in education, 16.
- Geometry, discovery of Pythagorean theorem, 73.
- Germany, administration of schools, 289.
- Gibbon, Edward, quoted, 75, 150.
- Girls, education of, among Jews, 41.
- Glaucha, Francke pastor at, 233.
- Goethe, on the Émile, 249.
- Goldberg, Trotzendorf rector at, 178.
- Göttingen, University of, 280.
- Government, administrative school board of, in Germany, 290.
- Government, self, in schools, 178, 179.
- Graduate school in United States school system, 312.
- Grammar, study of, begun, 59.
- Gréard on Rousseau, 246.
- Great Didactic, Comenius's, 213, 214.
- organization of school system in, 215-217.
- Great Teacher, The. See Christ.
- Greece, 53-55.
- Greek culture, influence on Rome, 74, 75, 80.
- Greek language, importance of, in human culture, 157.
- Greek text-books, Neander's, 180.
- Greifswald, University of, 141.
- Griesheim, Froebel's first school at, 275.
- Gruner, Dr., head master of Model School at Frankfurt-am-Main, 273.
- Guienne, Montaigne studies at, 196.
- Gunpowder, invention of, 148.
- Gutenberg, invents printing, 164.
- Gymnasia, furnished by State in Athens, 58.
- Gymnasium, course in, 293.
- Gymnastics, taught in Athens, 58.
- in Sparta, 71.
- Hakem III., fosters education, 145.
- Hallam, on Agricola, 158.
- Halle, Institutions at, 234.
- Hamburg, cloister school at, 118.
- Hanlin, Royal Academy, in China, 26.
- Harris, Dr., on Pestalozzi, 271.
- Harrow, college at, 174, 306.
- Hebrew, revival of study, 153.
- Hebrew Grammar and Lexicon, Reuchlin's, 159.
- Hecker, founds first Prussian Normal School, 228.
- Hegel, Aristotle compared to, 67.
- Hegira, Mohammedanism dates from, 143.
- Heidelberg, center of humanistic movement, 153.
- Heliopolis, institution for higher learning at, 50.
- Héloïse, Rousseau's, 243.
- Helots, in Sparta, 68.
- Herbart, Johann Friedrich, enters Gymnasium at Oldenburg, 279.
- Herbartians, work of modern, 282, 318.
- Herford, on Froebel, 276.
- Hesse-Cassel, active in school work, 203.
- Hesse-Darmstadt, active in school work, 203.
- Hieroglyphics, Rosetta stone furnishes key to interpretation of, 47.
- High Schools, connected with common in France, 299.
- in United States, 313.
- Higher education, among Jews, 44.
- Hindu education, criticism of, 34, 35.
- Hindus. See India.
- History, a factor in education, 16.
- Holstein, active in school work, 203.
- Holy Land, of Greece, at Olympia, 55.
- pilgrimages to, 136.
- Home, foundation of education, 17.
- Home, in Sparta, 69.
- of Jews, 41.
- Home training, among early Christians, 94.
- Horace, Roman poet, 74.
- How Gertrude teaches her Children, Pestalozzi's, 267.
- Humanism, art of printing aids, 150.
- Humanistic educators, 155-163.
- Humanities, studied in Jesuit schools, 185.
- Hunziker, Professor, on Pestalozzi, 267, 269.
- Hurst, Bishop, on Melanchthon, 171.
- Huss, reformer, 165.
- Ilfeld, Neander's school at, 179.
- Iliad and Odyssey, called Bible of Greeks, 69.
- Illustrated text-books, first, 215, 229.
- Illustration, teaching by, 98.
- India, 29-35.
- Brahminism and Mohammedanism in, 31.
- Buddha, 35.
- caste system in, 30.
- criticism of education in, 34.
- elementary schools in, 32-34.
- English reforms in, 31.
- geography and history of, 29.
- higher education in, 34.
- home in, 32.
- motive for education in, 52.
- polygamy in, 31.
- religious ceremonies in schools, 33.
- schoolhouses described, 33.
- skill of craftsmen in, 30, 31.
- status of woman in, 31.
- Individual, education for, 91.
- Individuality, of children, 88.
- Inductive method, Bacon's, 207, 208, 229.
- Industrial School, Pestalozzi establishes, 262.
- Infant school (école infantine) in France, 298.
- Innocent III., Pope, recognizes University of Paris, 141.
- Inquiries concerning Course of Nature in Development of Mankind,
- Pestalozzi's, 269.
- Inspector, in German schools, 290, 291.
- Royal, in English school system, 305.
- Institutes of Oratory, Quintilian's, 87.
- Institutions at Halle, 234.
- Instruction, method of, in India, 33.
- Introduction, 15-19.
- Inventions, Chinese, 26.
- during Renaissance, 148.
- Isaiah, founder of Hebrew literature, 44.
- Israel. See Jews.
- Italy, humanism in, 149-151.
- intellectual movement in, 152.
- Jansenists, introduce phonic spelling, 189.
- Jena, center of Herbartian activity, 279, 282.
- Jerome of Prague, reformer, 165.
- Jerusalem, Latin Kingdom established at, 137.
- Jesuits, criticism of education, 186.
- Jews, 40-45.
- compulsory education among, 42.
- criticism of education, 44.
- education in home, 17.
- esteem of teachers, 43.
- geography and history, 40, 41.
- higher education among, 44.
- home of, 41.
- mission of, 40.
- motive for education of, 52.
- prophets, 44.
- religion of, 41, 42.
- schools of, 42.
- schools of the prophets, 44.
- schools of the rabbis, 44.
- status of women, 41.
- the Talmud, 45.
- theocratic education of, 40.
- training of children, 41, 42.
- Johnson, Dr., on Ascham's Scholemaster, 190, 191.
- Justinian, abolishes pagan schools, 115.
- Kant, Emanuel, quoted, 254, 255, 281.
- Keilhau, Froebel's school at, 275.
- Kepler, astronomical discoveries of, 202.
- Kindergarten, Froebel founder of, 276.
- Knight, chivalry of, 133.
- Knowledge, defined by Confucius, 28.
- Königsberg, Herbart teaches philosophy at, 280.
- practice school at, 281.
- Koran, Mohammed writes, 143.
- used as reading book, 145.
- Krüsi, Hermann, on Pestalozzi, 260, 261, 265, 266.
- La Salle, Conduct of Schools, 228.
- Laborers, third caste in Egypt, 49.
- Lancaster, Joseph, establishes Board Schools, 307.
- monitorial system of, 307.
- Land grants, for educational purposes, 310.
- Lang, on Basedow's Book of Method, 255.
- Langethal, Heinrich, joins Froebel, 275.
- Language, Ascham's method for study of, 191.
- Latin, in Locke's system of education, 222.
- Latin Kingdom, established at Jerusalem, 137.
- Latin Schools, Strasburg Gymnasium the model for, 176.
- Latin text-books, Neander's, 180.
- Latini, Brunetto, teacher of Dante, 155.
- Launcelot, leader of Port Royalists, 188.
- Laurie, S. S., quoted, 107, 139, 140.
- Law, in Milton's scheme of education, 220.
- Leibnitz, on Jesuit schools, 187.
- Leipsic, University of, 141.
- Leonard and Gertrude, Pestalozzi's, 263, 264.
- Leopold of Dessau, establishes the Philanthropin, 251.
- Letters, forms and names to be learned simultaneously, 88.
- Library at Alexandria, 107.
- at Pekin, 25.
- Literators, in charge of Roman schools, 78.
- Literature, Hebrew, 44.
- Literatus, teacher of Roman school, 78.
- Local school board in Germany, 291.
- Loci Communes, Melanchthon's, 172.
- Locke, John, education of, 220, 221.
- Logic, in monastic education, 119.
- taught in Sturm's school course, 176.
- Lord's Prayer, taught in Charlemagne's reign, 128.
- Louis VII. of France, leads second crusade, 137.
- Loyola, founds Jesuit order, 183.
- Lucretius, 74.
- Lund, university at, 141.
- Luther, Martin, Augustinian monk, 168.
- Luther, Martin, summoned before Diet of Worms, 168.
- Lutheran churches, schools in connection with, 181.
- Lyceum at Athens, founded by Aristotle, 66.
- Lycurgus, influence in Sparta, 73.
- laws of, 72.
- Lyons, cloister school at, 118.
- Macaulay, Lord, on Bacon, 205, 206, 208.
- Magi, Persian priests, 37, 38.
- Mainz, university at, 141.
- Malone, John, on Chrysostom, 105.
- Mann, Horace, Annual Reports, 286.
- Manual and industrial training, 320.
- Manual training school, Locke advocates, 222.
- Maps, early, 120.
- Marenholtz-Bülow, Bertha von, disciple of Froebel, 277.
- Mariner's compass invented, 148.
- Marriage, Christ's teaching on, 91.
- controlled by State in Sparta, 73.
- Martel, Charles, checks Mohammedanism, 144.
- Martial training, in Sparta, 69-71.
- Martin, on work of Horace Mann, 286.
- Massachusetts, new epoch in educational history, 285-287.
- normal schools established in, 287.
- Mathematics, central idea of Pythagorean system, 73.
- Matthison, leader of Philanthropin, 254.
- Mecca, Mohammed's flight from, 143.
- pilgrimages to, 145.
- Mechanics, third caste in Egypt, 47, 48.
- third caste in India, 30.
- Mecklenburg, active in school work, 203.
- Medicine, in Milton's scheme of education, 219.
- Medicine taught in schools of prophets, 44.
- Medina, Mohammed flees to, 143.
- Melanchthon, Philipp, colaborer of Luther, 170, 171.
- Memory, cultivation of, in Chinese education, 24, 25, 27.
- Memphis, institution for higher learning at, 50.
- Merchants, third caste in India, 30.
- Methodists, purpose of, 231.
- Middendorff, Wilhelm, joins Froebel, 275.
- Middle Ages, progress during, 146, 147.
- Military class, in Egypt, 48.
- Military schools, in China, 27.
- Military training, in Persia, 38.
- in Sparta, 69.
- Milton, John, defines education, 217.
- Mines, schools of, in France, 299.
- Minister of education in France, 290, 296.
- Minnesingers, compositions of, 135.
- Missionary enterprise in India, 32.
- Model school at Frankfurt-am-Main, 273.
- Modern educators, 241-314.
- Mohammed, flight of, 143.
- Mohammedan education, 143-147.
- Mohammedanism, history of, 143-145.
- in India, 31.
- Monasteries, Alfred the Great establishes, 131.
- Monastic education, 116-120.
- Monitorial System, defined, 307.
- Montaigne, education of, 196.
- Montanists, teachings of, 113.
- Monte Cassino, monastery at, 117, 118.
- Moravian Brethren, Comenius member of, 211, 213.
- Moravian School, Comenius teacher of, 212.
- Moses founder of Hebrew literature, 44.
- Moslemism. See Mohammedanism.
- Mother-school (école maternelle) in France, 298.
- Motive of education, among Jews, 52.
- Music, cultivation of, among Jews, 42.
- during Charlemagne's reign, 128.
- in Athens, 58, 59.
- in Egypt, 50.
- in monastic education, 119.
- in Sparta, 71.
- in Sturm's school course, 176.
- Nantes, university at, 141.
- Napoleon, quoted, 97.
- National Bureau of Education, in United States, 309, 310.
- National Herbart Society in America, 282.
- National Schools, Andrew Bell establishes, 305.
- Nature study, Christ advocates, 99.
- inductive methods lead to, 208.
- Navigation, in Milton's scheme of education, 219.
- Neander, Michael, teacher at Ilfeld, 179.
- text-books of, 180.
- Nero, pupil of Seneca, 84.
- Neuhof, Pestalozzi's experiment at, 261, 262.
- Nicole, leader of Port Royalists, 188.
- Nile, importance to Egypt, 46.
- Nile, inundations encourage mathematical study, 50.
- Nineteenth century education, general view, 237-240. See also Modern Educators
- and School Systems.
- Nisibis, catechetical school at, 107.
- Nitric acid discovered, 145.
- Normal schools, in France, 297, 300, 301.
- Novum Organum, Bacon's, 207.
- Obedience, cardinal Chinese virtue, 23.
- Object teaching, beginning of, 266.
- Occam, leader of scholasticism, 122.
- Occupation, a factor in education, 16.
- Odessa, catechetical school at, 107.
- first Christian common school at, 105.
- Olympia, Holy Land of Greece, 55.
- Olympiad, basis for computing time, 55.
- Olympian games, influence and character of, 54, 55.
- Orations of Cicero, 82, 83.
- Oratory, ideal of education in Rome, 77, 78, 80.
- Quintilian's views regarding, 87.
- Orbis Pictus, Comenius's first illustrated text-book, 214, 215.
- Order of Jesus. See Jesuits.
- Oriental civilization, basis of, 89.
- Oriental education, aim of, 91.
- Origen, character of, 110.
- Orleans, university at, 141.
- Ormuzd, principle of light in Persian religion, 39.
- Orphan asylum, at Halle, founded, 233, 234.
- Oxford, cloister school at, 118.
- Pagan education, conflict with Christian, 111-115.
- Pagan literature, opposition to, 94, 113, 115, 120.
- Pantaenus, establishes catechetical school, 107.
- Pantagruel, Rabelais's, 193.
- Paper, invented, 148.
- Paradise Lost, Milton's, 217.
- Paris, cloister school at, 118.
- Parker, Colonel, on Horace Mann, 284, 286.
- Parliamentary grants for school expenses, 306.
- Parochial schools, 139 n.
- Pascal, leader of Port Royalists, 188.
- Pastor, superintendent of German schools, 181.
- Paul, services to education, 102.
- Paul III., Pope, recognizes Jesuits, 183.
- Paulsen, on John Sturm, 175, 176, 177.
- on Neander's text-books, 180.
- Pedagogium, established by Francke, 234, 236.
- Pedagogue, duty of, in Athens, 56, 58.
- in Rome, 77.
- Pedagogy, begins with history of education, 15.
- elevated to dignity of a science, 282.
- of Agricola, 158.
- of Alfred the Great, 131.
- of Aristotle, 66, 67.
- of Ascham, 190-192.
- of Bacon, 207-209.
- of Basedow, 251-256.
- of Basil the Great, 106.
- of Benedictines, 118, 119.
- of Boccaccio, 157.
- of Charlemagne, 127-129.
- of Christ, 91, 97-100.
- of Chrysostom, 105.
- of Cicero, 83.
- of Clement of Alexandria, 109.
- of Comenius, 214-217.
- of Confucius, 28.
- of Dante, 156.
- of Erasmus, 162, 163.
- of Fénelon, 226, 227.
- of Feudalism, 132-135.
- of Francke, 234-236.
- of Froebel, 275-277.
- of Herbart, 282, 283.
- of Humanists, 153.
- of Innovators, 204.
- of Jesuits, 184-188.
- of La Salle, 227, 228.
- of Locke, 221-223.
- of Loyola, 183.
- of Luther, 169.
- of Mann, 285-288.
- of Melanchthon, 172.
- of Milton, 218, 219.
- of Mohammedans, 145.
- of Montaigne, 195-198.
- of Neander, 179-181.
- of Origen, 110.
- of Pestalozzi, 269-271.
- of Petrarch, 151.
- of Plato, 63-65.
- of Port Royalists, 189.
- of Pythagoras, 73.
- of Quintilian, 87.
- of Rabelais, 194, 195.
- of Ratke, 211.
- of Reuchlin, 160.
- of Rousseau, 243-249.
- of St. Augustine, 115.
- of Scholastics, 124.
- of Seneca, 85.
- of Socrates, 62.
- of Sturm, 176, 177.
- of Tertullian, 113.
- of Trotzendorf, 178, 179.
- Pekin, royal library at, 25.
- Pendulum, applied to reckon time, 145.
- Pensions to teachers, in England, 308.
- Pericles, Age of, 54, 57.
- Athenian statesman, 56.
- Perioeci, in Sparta, 68.
- Persia, 36, 39.
- Persian education, criticism of, 38.
- Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, childhood and character, 257, 258.
- Christian ministry, 259.
- failures of, 259, 260, 262.
- farming, 260.
- influence of, 18.
- law, 260.
- lesson of love taught by, 271.
- marriage, 261.
- Neuhof, experiences at, 262.
- object teaching of, 189.
- pedagogy of, 269, 271.
- purposes of, 259.
- school at Burgdorf, 266.
- school at Stanz, 264, 265.
- school at Yverdon, 267, 268.
- schooling of, 258.
- unites with Krüsi, 267.
- work of, 269.
- writings of, 263, 264.
- Peter the Hermit, crusade of, 136.
- Petrarch, father of humanism, 155, 156.
- Petrarch, influence of, 151-153.
- lays foundation of modern education, 157.
- Pfefferkorn, John, antagonism to Hebrew works, 160.
- Phaedo, Plato's, 63.
- Philanthropin, established, 251.
- Philip Augustus, of France, aids university at Paris, 141.
- leads third crusade, 137.
- Philippics, of Cicero, 82.
- Philosophical discoveries, of Hindus, 35.
- Philosophy, in Athens, 59.
- Phoenicians, invent alphabet, glass making, and purple dyeing, 51.
- Phonic method of spelling, introduced, 189.
- Physical education, in Aristotle's scheme, 66.
- in Athens, 58.
- in Erasmus's scheme, 163.
- in Fénelon's scheme, 226.
- in Feudalism, 133, 135.
- in Innovators' scheme, 204.
- in Locke's scheme, 221, 229.
- in Luther's scheme, 170.
- in Milton's scheme, 220.
- in Persia, 38.
- in Pestalozzi's scheme, 263.
- in Plato's scheme, 64, 65.
- in Rome, 77.
- in Rousseau's scheme, 244.
- in Sparta, 70.
- Pietism, influence of, 232.
- purpose of, 231.
- Plato, Athenian philosopher, 56.
- Play, educational force in Athens, 57, 60.
- Poetry, in Athens, 57, 59.
- Poitiers, university at, 141.
- Political freedom of Greeks, 54.
- Political rights, extension of, 239.
- Polygamy, in China, 22.
- Polytechnic schools, in China, 27.
- Port Royalists, purpose of, 189.
- services to education, 199.
- Practical training of Roman children, 79.
- Practice school, at Jena, 281.
- Prague, battle of, 212.
- Praise of Folly, Erasmus's, 162.
- Prerau, Moravian School at, 212.
- Priests, influence in Egypt, 47, 48.
- Primary education. See Elementary Education.
- Printing, invented, 26, 148.
- Printing press, invented, 148.
- Privat Docent, in German universities, 232 n. 2.
- Progymnasia, in Germany, 292 n.
- Pronunciation, in Roman education, 76, 78.
- Prophets, schools of, 44.
- Prorealgymnasia, 292 n.
- Protestant educators, 174-181.
- Protestant Reformation, 165-173.
- Protestantism, spirit of, among common people, 200.
- spread of, checked, 182.
- Protogenes, establishes school at Odessa, 105.
- Provinces, thirteen royal, school administration in, 290.
- Prussia, kindergarten in, 275, 276.
- Psalms, translated into Anglo-Saxon, 131.
- Ptolemaic system of astronomy, 148.
- Ptolemies, found Alexandrian library, 50.
- Public schools, first Christian, 105, 107.
- Public schools, in Rome, 78.
- Punishment, Basil the Great's views regarding, 106.
- Pupil teachers, 307.
- Pupils, number assigned to one teacher among Jews, 43.
- number of, fixed by State in Athens, 58.
- Puritans, struggles with established church, 200.
- Pythagoras, life of, 73.
- Quadrivium, second course in seven liberal arts, 118, 119.
- Quick, on Ascham, 192.
- Quintilian, education and life of, 86.
- Quincy Movement, the, 317.
- Rabbis, schools of, 44.
- Rabelais, compared with Lucretius, 194, 195.
- Ramadan, fast of, 144.
- Ramsauer, on Pestalozzi's method of teaching, 266.
- Ratio Studiorum, of Jesuits, 186.
- Ratke, method of teaching language, 209, 210.
- Raumer, on Comenius, 213.
- Reading, in Athenian schools, 58.
- Real-school in Germany, course in, 293.
- founded, 236.
- Real-gymnasia, 292 n.
- Realism, in education, 194.
- Reformation, as an educational influence, 164-174, 199.
- Registration, book of, in French schools, 299.
- Reichstag, school interests represented in, 290.
- Rein, Professor Wilhelm, chief exponent of Ziller school, 281.
- Religion, center of school course, 181.
- Religious freedom attained, 201, 240.
- Religious instruction, Cicero advocates, 84.
- Removal of teachers, causes for, 294, 301.
- Renaissance, 148-173.
- Reuchlin, humanistic leader, 153.
- Revival of learning. See Renaissance.
- Revolution, American, lessons of, 239.
- Rheims, first normal school established at, 228.
- Rhetoric, in Athenian schools, 59.
- Richard the Lion-Hearted, leads third crusade, 137.
- Rod, discipline of, in China, 24.
- Rollin, reforms of, 204.
- Roman church, duty of, to education, 182.
- Roman educators, 81-88.
- Rome, 74-80.
- Age of Augustus, 74, 75.
- birth of Christ, 74.
- criticism of education, 80.
- education in, 77-79.
- educators of, 81-88.
- government in, 75.
- home in, 76.
- home training of children, 76, 77.
- influence of Greek culture on, 74.
- oratory highest art in education, 77, 80.
- persecution of Christians, 94.
- philosophers from, visit Museum of Alexandria, 50, 51.
- practical training of children, 79.
- religion of, 75.
- supremacy of, 74.
- utility the aim of education, 79.
- woman's status in, 90.
- Rosetta stone, furnishes key to interpretation of hieroglyphics, 47.
- Rostock, University of, 141.
- Rote learning, in Chinese schools, 24.
- Rouen, cloister school at, 118.
- Roundheads, struggles with cavaliers, 200.
- Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Émile, 244-248.
- Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Pestalozzi applies principles of, 269, 270.
- Rugby, college, founded at, 174, 306.
- Russia, serfs freed in, 238.
- St. Augustine. See Augustine, St.
- St. Gall, cloister school at, 118, 120.
- Saint-Simon, on Fénelon, 224.
- Saladin, captures Jerusalem, 137.
- Salaries of teachers, in England, 308.
- Salerno, university at, 140.
- Sallust, Roman writer, 74.
- Salzburg, cloister school at, 118.
- Salzmann, leader of Philanthropin, 254.
- Sanskrit, language of India, 30, 34.
- Saracens, conquer Holy Land, 136.
- schools of, 140.
- Saxony School Plan, principles of, 172, 173, 174, 177.
- Schmidt, Karl, on Alfred the Great, 130.
- Scholasticism, benefits of, 123, 124.
- Scholemaster, Roger Ascham's, 190.
- School attendance, in England, 306.
- School board, in England, 305.
- School fund in United States, 309.
- School government, Trotzendorf's reforms in, 178, 179.
- School hours, in Athens, 58, 60.
- in Germany, 292.
- Schoolhouses in India, 33.
- public, none in China, 23.
- School inspector, in German schools, 290.
- Schoolmaster, German, position of, 295.
- "School of the Palace," established, 127.
- School pence, expense of English schools met by, 307.
- School system, Comenius's organization of, 215.
- Schools, apprentice in France, 299.
- catechetical, 107.
- catechumen, 104.
- cathedral, 139 n.
- charity, in China, 23.
- church, 102, 181.
- cloister, 118.
- common, 78, 88, 105, 107, 181, 286, 287, 292, 293, 298, 313.
- elementary. See Elementary Schools.
- established in Germany, 180.
- graduate, in United States, 312.
- Gymnasium, in Germany, 293.
- high. See High Schools.
- in Athens, under state inspection, 58, 60.
- industrial, for poor, 262.
- infant, in France, 298.
- Jesuit, 183-188.
- Jewish, 42.
- manual training, 222.
- Mohammedan, 145, 146.
- mother, in France, 298.
- national, in England, 305.
- normal. See Normal Schools.
- of mines, in France, 299.
- of the prophets, 44.
- of the rabbis, 44.
- pagan, abolished, 115.
- parochial, 139 n.
- primary, in France, 298, 299.
- public. See Public Schools.
- Real, in Germany, 236, 293.
- secondary, in United States, 312.
- summer, in United States, 313.
- support of, in England, 306, 307.
- support of, in France, 299, 300.
- support of, in Germany, 293.
- support of, in United States, 313.
- teachers' salaries in. See Teaching.
- technical, in France, 299.
- undergraduate, in United States, 312.
- voluntary, in England, 306.
- Schulthess, Anna, marries Pestalozzi, 261.
- Schwegler, on number, 73.
- Schwickerath, on the scholastics, 123.
- on Luther, 183.
- Science, among ancient Egyptians, 47.
- Science, natural, Neander favors study of, 179.
- Scientific discoveries, results of, 239.
- Scriptures, Holy, in schools, 217.
- Secondary schools, in United States, 312.
- Secular courses of study established, 118.
- Self-government of students, Trotzendorf introduces, 178, 179.
- the principle established, 239.
- Seminar, in Germany, 281.
- Seneca, compared with Fénelon, 225, 226.
- Sense-realism, Innovators advocate, 224, 229.
- Serapis, temple of, library in, 107, 108.
- Servants, fourth caste in India, 30.
- marriage of, 32.
- Seven liberal arts, 118.
- basis of school instruction, 127.
- Seventeenth century, education during, 200-236.
- Seventh Annual Report of Horace Mann, 287.
- Shaftesbury, Earl of, friendship with Locke, 221.
- Shastas, commentary on Vedas, 31.
- Shrewsbury, school at, 306.
- Siculus Diodorus, Greek writer, 47.
- Simultaneous method, inaugurated, 227.
- Sixteenth century, education of, 164-199.
- Slavery, abolition of, 238.
- Slaves, in Athens, 56.
- Sleep of children, Locke's rules regarding, 221.
- Sobieski, John, checks Mohammedan advance, 144.
- Social Contract, Rousseau's, 243.
- Socrates, Athenian philosopher, 56.
- Solomon, founder of Hebrew literature, 44.
- Solon, Athenian lawgiver, 57.
- Some Thoughts Concerning Education, Locke's, 221.
- Songs, church, 107.
- Songs for Mother and Nursery, Froebel's, 277.
- Sophists, teachers of grammar, 59.
- Soröe, Basedow professor at, 251.
- Sparta, 68-73.
- Spartan education, criticism of, 71.
- Spelling, phonic method introduced, 189.
- Spencer, Herbert, on function of education, 217.
- Spener, Philipp Jakob, originator of Pietism, 231.
- Stagira, Aristotle founds school at, 65.
- Stanz, Pestalozzi's school at, 264.
- State, assumes responsibility of education in Germany, 174.
- State Board of Education, duties of, 311.
- established, 286.
- State school system, in United States, 310.
- State support of public instruction in American schools, 310.
- Stettin, first Prussian normal school at, 228.
- Stoy, Karl Volkmar, establishes practice school at Jena, 281.
- Strasburg Gymnasium, organization of, 175, 176.
- Sturm, rector of, 175.
- Studia inferiora and superiora of Jesuit schools, 185.
- Sturm, Johann, education of, 175.
- Sulphuric acid, Arabians discover, 145.
- Summer school, in United States school system, 313.
- Superintendent of schools, duties of, 310, 311.
- Superstition of Romans, 76.
- Support of schools, in England, 306.
- Swinton, on antiquity of Egyptian history, 47.
- on influence of Egyptian priests, 48.
- Switzerland, Herbart in, 279.
- kindergarten in, 276.
- Talich, Hermann, school course of, 176 n.
- Talmud, extracts from, 45, 46.
- Tax for schools, in United States, 313.
- Taylor, Bayard, on Charles V., Emperor of Germany, 166.
- on Thirty Years' War, 201.
- Teachers, in Athens, 58, 59.
- in China, 23, 24.
- in Egypt, 49, 50.
- in England, 235, 307.
- in France, 300-302.
- in Germany, 290, 291, 293, 294.
- in India, 32, 33, 34.
- in Jesuit schools, 185.
- in Jewish schools, 43.
- in Mohammedan schools, 146.
- in Persia, 38.
- in United States, 313.
- professional training of, 163, 170, 188, 228, 235, 280, 294, 307, 313.
- salaries of, 58, 59, 286, 295, 300-302, 308, 313.
- tenure of office of, 294, 302, 307, 314.
- Teacher's Institute, in United States school system, 313.
- Technical schools, in France, 299.
- Telemachus, Fénelon's, 225.
- Tenure of office of teachers, in England, 307.
- Tertullian, birth of, 112.
- Testament, Greek, Erasmus's translation, 162.
- Testament, Old, books of, stimulated by prophets, 44.
- Teutonic nations, leaders in civilization, 103, 149.
- Text-book, first illustrated, 215.
- Thales, father of philosophy, 73.
- Thebes, institution for higher learning at, 50.
- Theocratic education, of Jews, 40.
- Theology, in Gymnasium, 293.
- Thirty Years' War, 201, 212.
- Toga virilis, when assumed, 79.
- Toulouse, university at, 141.
- Tours, cloister school at, 118.
- Township system of education, in United States, 311.
- Toys, lack of, in China, 23.
- Tractate on Education, Milton's, 217, 218.
- Tradesmen's castes, in India, 30.
- Tradespeople, third caste in Egypt, 48.
- Training school, in United States, 313.
- Translation, double, for language study, 192.
- Transmigration of souls, Chinese belief in, 22.
- Trier, university at, 141.
- Trigonometry, in Milton's scheme of education, 219.
- taught by Mohammedans, 145.
- Trivium, first course in seven liberal arts, 118, 119.
- Trotzendorf, Valentine, discipline and methods of, 178.
- Tübingen, center of humanistic movement, 153, 159.
- university at, 141.
- Twelve Tables, of Roman Law, 76.
- Undergraduate school, in United States, 312.
- Understanding, development of, 189.
- United States, administration of schools, 310.
- Universal education, advocated by Charlemagne, 128, 131.
- Universal education, in German schools, 131, 170.
- Universal German Educational Institute, at Griesheim, 275.
- Universities, established through scholastic influence, 124.
- Upsala, university at, 141.
- Vasseur, Thérèse le, wife of Rousseau, 242.
- Veda, Bible of India, 30.
- reading lessons from, 33.
- Vergil, Roman poet, 74.
- Vespasian, honors Quintilian, 86.
- Vienna, university established at, 124, 141.
- Vogel, on errors of Émile, 244.
- Volksschule (common school) in Germany, 292.
- Voltaire, condemns Jesuit education, 187.
- on Fénelon, 227.
- Voluntary schools, in England, 305 n., 306.
- Von Moltke, quoted, 295.
- Waldenses, reformers in Italy, 165.
- War, preparation for, chief end of education in Persia, 38.
- Warens, Madame de, befriends Rousseau, 242.
- Warriors, education of, 34.
- Weigel, Erhard, founds Real-school, 236.
- Weimar, Duke of, law for compulsory education, 203.
- Westminster, school at, 306.
- Williams, Professor, on Comenius's services to pedagogy, 214.
- Winchester, school at, 306.
- Winship, Mr., on Mann's Seventh Annual Report, 287, 288.
- Wittenberg, center of humanistic studies, 172.
- Luther professor at, 168.
- Women, education of, among Jews, 41.
- education of, during Charlemagne's reign, 128.
- education of, in Aristotle's scheme, 67.
- education of, in Athens, 60.
- education of, in China, 47.
- education of, in Egypt, 50.
- education of, in India, 35.
- education of, in Persia, 38.
- education of, in Rome, 80.
- education of, in Sparta, 71.
- education of, Rousseau's ideas of, 248.
- improvement in culture of, 90.
- Montaigne's contempt for, 198.
- status of, among Jews, 41, 44.
- status of, among oriental nations, 90.
- status of, in Athens, 58.
- status of, in China, 22, 27.
- status of, in Egypt, 49, 51.
- status of, in India, 31, 32, 35.
- status of, in Persia, 37.
- status of, in Rome, 76.
- status of, in Sparta, 69, 71.
- Working schools, Locke urges establishment of, 222.
- Writing, during Charlemagne's reign, 128.
- Würtemberg, active in school work, 203.
- Würzburg, University of, 141.
- Wuttke, quoted, 34.
- Wyclif, reformer, 165.
- Xantippe, wife of Socrates, 61.
- Xenophon, testimony to Socrates, 62.
- Yellow Springs, Antioch College at, 288.
- Yverdon, Froebel at, 274.
- Zeus, Olympian festivals in honor of, 55.
- Ziller School, 281.
- Zoroaster, dualistic philosophy of, 39.
- Zwingli, Swiss reformer, 165.