The authors present a geographically organized survey of archaeological discoveries in Egypt and Western Asia, synthesizing recent excavations and research that illuminate prehistoric Egypt, the early dynasties at Abydos, the development of Memphis and the pyramids, and the rise of Elam, Babylonia and Assyria. Descriptions combine site reports, artifact studies, epigraphic finds and illustrations to trace material culture, temple and tomb architecture, administrative records, and shifts in political power through antiquity, concluding with discussions of later Egyptian decline and outstanding problems for future investigation.