History of Egypt From 330 B.C. To the Present Time, Volume 12 (of 12)

The work traces Egypt’s transformation from medieval to modern times, recounting campaigns during the Crusades, the arrival of Ottoman and French forces, the rise of a powerful local dynasty and later British intervention, and describing military and political episodes, reform efforts, and popular upheavals. It surveys Egypt’s waterways and engineering projects, especially irrigation, the Nile’s branches and the Suez Canal, and summarizes the decipherment of hieroglyphs and the growth of Egyptology, cataloguing major archaeological discoveries, monuments, royal tombs, artifacts, chronologies, and the scholarly investigations that illuminated the ancient civilization.