History of merchant shipping and ancient commerce, Volume 1 (of 4)

The work traces the development of merchant shipping from primitive craft through ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern seafaring, describing boat types, construction methods, rigging, anchors, navigational instruments, and crew roles; it surveys maritime commerce of Phoenician, Carthaginian, Egyptian and Greek societies and their trade networks, and examines caravan and combined land-sea routes to India and other markets. It analyzes sailing techniques, ship sizes, and speed, and considers piracy, canals, and notable voyages. Later chapters outline medieval and modern changes, institutional and legal influences on trade, and practical aspects of ship ownership, construction costs, crew duties, and commercial operations.