About This Book
This account traces military operations across Spain and Portugal, describing sieges, field battles, coastal operations, and the tactics of regular and irregular forces. It narrates campaigns in Catalonia, including sieges of fortified towns and coastal engagements, and follows operations in Portugal that culminate in retreat, defensive actions, and pitched battles. Parallel coverage treats widespread guerrilla warfare, local reprisals, and the strain on civilian populations. Political and administrative responses receive attention through debates over the Regency and the Cortes, election processes, and measures for civil relief. The narrative combines operational detail with commentary on logistics, command decisions, and the war’s social consequences.