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History of the Reign of Philip the Second King of Spain, Vol. 3 / And Biographical & Critical Miscellanies

Chapter 1: HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF PHILIP THE SECOND KING OF SPAIN
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The narrative traces the long presence of Islamic rule in Spain, the gradual Christian reconquest, and the complex, often coercive policies toward converted Muslims. It describes governmental edicts aimed at suppressing Muslim customs, the failed petitions of the Morisco population, and the eruption of a violent insurrection in the mountain districts. The account follows both insurgent organization and royal military response, recounting sieges, skirmishes, atrocities on both sides, and the logistical, moral, and legal dilemmas faced by commanders and civilians, concluding with the suppression of the revolt and the harsh measures imposed on the defeated communities.

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Title: History of the Reign of Philip the Second King of Spain, Vol. 3

Author: William Hickling Prescott

Release date: November 3, 2010 [eBook #34203]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Paul Murray, Chuck Greif and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF PHILIP THE SECOND KING OF SPAIN, VOL. 3 ***

DON JOHN OF AUSTRIA


FROM THE ORIGINAL IN THE ROYAL MUSEUM AT MADRID.



London: George Routledge & Sons, Broadway, Ludgate Hill.

HISTORY OF THE REIGN

OF


PHILIP  THE  SECOND

KING OF SPAIN

VOLUME THE THIRD

AND

BIOGRAPHICAL & CRITICAL MISCELLANIES

BY
WILLIAM H. PRESCOTT

LONDON
GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS
BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL
NEW YORK: 416, BROOME STREET

PRESCOTT'S WORKS.
One-Volume Edition.
———
FERDINAND AND ISABELLA, 5s.
CONQUEST OF MEXICO. 5s.
CONQUEST OF PERU. 5s.
PHILIP THE SECOND. Vols. I. and II. in One Vol., 5s.
PHILIP THE SECOND. Vol. III., and ESSAYS, in One Vol., 5s.
CHARLES THE FIFTH. 5s.

CONTENTS

OF

THE THIRD VOLUME.

BOOK V.
CHAPTER I.
PAGE
The Moors of Spain1
       Conquest of Spain by the Arabs1
 Hostility between the Two Races2
 The Country recovered by the Spaniards2
 Effect of the Struggle on the National Character2
 Religious Intolerance of the Spaniards3
 Attempts to convert the Moslems3
 Policy of Ximenes3
 Suppression of the Mahometan Worship4
 Outward Conformity to Christianity4
 Moors abandon their National Habits4
 Their Condition under Philip the Second5
 Their Industry and Commerce5
 Treatment by the Government6
 Ordinance of 15638
 Stringent Measures called for by the Clergy9
 Prepared by the Government9
 Severity of the Enactments10
 Approval of them by Philip11
 Proclamation at Granada12
 Indignation of the Moriscoes12
 Representations to Deza12
 Appeal to the Throne13
 Rejection of their Prayers14
CHAPTER II.
Rebellion of the Moriscoes14
 The Edict enforced14
 Plans for Resistance by the Moriscoes15
 Their Descent on Granada16
 Failure of the Attempt16
 General Insurrection17
 Election of a King17
 Character of Aben-Humeya18
 His Coronation18
 His Preparations for Defence19
 The Christian Population19
 Unsuspicious of their Danger19
 Attacked by the Moors—Panic20
 General Massacre21
 Horrible Cruelties21
 Fate of the Women and Children22
 Fierceness of Aben-Farax23
 Deposed from his Command23
CHAPTER III.
Rebellion of the Moriscoes24
 Consternation in the Capital24
 Mutual Fears of the Two Races24
 Garrison of the Alhambra strengthened25
 Troops mustered by Mondejar25
 Civic Militia—Feudal Levies25
 Warlike Ecclesiastics26
 March of the Army26
 Pass of Tablate27
 Bridge crossed by a Friar27
 The Army follows28
 The Moriscoes withdraw28
 Entrance into the Alpujarras28
 Night Encampment at Lanjaron29
 Relief of Orgiba29
 Mondejar pursues his March30
 Gloom of the Mountain Scenery30
 Defile of Alfajarali30
 Sudden Attack30
 Bravery of the Andalusian Knights31
 Precipitate Retreat of the Moriscoes31
 Capture of Bubion31
 Humanity of Mondejar31
 Sufferings of the Army32
 Capture of Jubíles33
 Prisoners protected by Mondejar33
 Massacred by the Soldiers33
 Christian Women sent to Granada34
 Welcomed by the Inhabitants34
CHAPTER IV.
Rebellion of the Moriscoes35
 Mondejar's Policy35
 Aben-Humeya at Paterna35
 Offers to Surrender36
 Flight to the Sierra Nevada36
 Disposition of the Moorish Prisoners37
 Attack on Las Guájaras38
 Evacuated by the Garrison38
 Massacre ordered by Mondejar38
 Cruelty of the Count of Tendilla39
 Attempt to capture Aben-Humeya39
 His Escape40
 Heroism of Aben-Aboo40
 The Marquis of Los Velez40
 His Campaign in the Alpujarras41
 Cruelties committed by the Troops41
 Celebration of a religious Fête42
 Licentiousness of the Soldiery42
 Contrast between Mondejar and Los Velez43
 Accusations against the former44
 Decision arrived at in Madrid44
 Effect on the Army45
 Moorish Prisoners in Granada45
 Rumours circulated in the Capital45
 Night Attack on the Prisoners46
 Fearful Struggle and Massacre46
 Apathy of the Government47
 Renewal of the Insurrection47
CHAPTER V.
Rebellion of the Moriscoes48
 Don John of Austria48
 Birth and Early History49
 Placed under the Care of Quixada49
 Secresy in regard to his Origin50
 The young Geronimo at Yuste50
 Testamentary Depositions of the Emperor51
 The Boy presented to the Regent51
 Curious Scene52
 Meeting appointed with the King53
 Philip acknowledges his Brother53
 Assigns him an Establishment54
 Royal Triumvirate at Alcalá54
 Chivalrous Character of Don John55
 His adventurous Disposition55
 He is entrusted with the Command of a Fleet56
 His Cruise in the Mediterranean56
 He is selected for the Command in Granada57
 Restrictions on his Authority57
 His Reception at Granada57
 Answers to Petitioners58
 Discussions in the Council of War59
 New Levies summoned59
 Increased Power of Aben-Humeya60
 Forays into the Christian Territory60
 Movements of Los Velez61
 Extension of the Rebellion61
 Successful Expedition of Requesens61
 Moriscoes lay Siege to Seron62
 Surrender and Massacre of the Garrison62
 Decree for removing the Moriscoes from Granada63
 Their Consternation and Grief63
 Expulsion from the City64
 Farewell to their ancient Home64
 Distribution through the Country64
 Ruinous Effects on Granada65
 Character of the Transaction66
CHAPTER VI.
Rebellion of the Moriscoes66
 State of the Troops under Los Velez66
 Encounter with Aben-Humeya67
 Flight of the Morisco Prince67
 Desertions from the Spanish Camp68
 Mondejar recalled to Court68
 His Character68
 Exterminating Policy of the Government69
 Sensual Tyranny of Aben-Humeya69
 Treachery towards Diego Alguazil70
 Plan of Revenge formed by Alguazil71
 Conspiracy against Aben-Humeya71
 His Assassination72
 He is succeeded by Aben-Aboo72
 Energy of the new Chief73
 Repulse at Orgiba73
 The Place evacuated by the Garrison74
 Continual Forays74
 Conflicts in the Vega75
 Don John's desire for Action75
 Philip yields to his Entreaties76
 Preparations for the Campaign76
 Surprise of Guejar76
 Mortification of Don John77
 Mendoza the Historian77
CHAPTER VII.
Rebellion of the Moriscoes79
 Philip's Instructions to his Brother80
 Don John takes the Field80
 Discontent of Los Velez80
 His Meeting with Don John81
 He retires from the War81
 Investment of Galera82
 Description of the Place82
 Munitions and Garrison83
 Establishment of Batteries84
 The Siege opened84
 First Assault84
 Spaniards repulsed85
 Mines opened in the Rock86
 Second Assault86
 Explosion of the Mine87
 Troops rash to the Attack87
 Struggle at the Ravelin87
 Bravery of the Morisco Women87
 Ill Success of Padilla87
 Failure of the Attack88
 Insubordination of the Troops88
 Severe Loss of the Spaniards88
 Bloody Determination of Don John89
 Prudent Advice of Philip89
 Condition of the Besieged89
 Preparations for a last Attack90
 Cannonade and Explosions91
 Third Assault91
 Irresistible Fury of the Spaniards91
 Struggle in the Streets and Houses92
 Desperation of the Inhabitants92
 Inhumanity of the Conqueror92
 Wholesale Massacre92
 The Town demolished94
 Tidings communicated to Philip94
 Reputation gained by Don John94
CHAPTER VIII.
Rebellion of the Moriscoes95
 Seron reconnoitred95
 Sudden Attack by the Moriscoes95
 Army thrown into Confusion96
 Indignation of Don John96
 Death of Quixada97
 His Character98
 Doña Magdalena de Ulloa98
 Rapid Successes of Don John98
 Negotiations opened with El Habaqui99
 Merciless Pursuit of the Rebels99
 Guerilla Warfare99
 Conferences at Fondon100
 Aben-Aboo consents to treat100
 Arrangement concluded100
 Submission tendered by El Habaqui101
 Dissatisfaction with the Treaty102
 Vacillation of Aben-Aboo102
 El Habaqui engages to arrest him103
 Fate of El Habaqui103
 Mission of Palacios104
 His Interview with Aben-Aboo104
 Spirited Declaration of that Chief104
 Stern Resolve of the Government104
 War of Extermination105
 Expedition of the Duke of Arcos105
 March across the Plain of Calaluz106
 Engagement with the Moriscoes106
 The Rebellion crushed106
 Edict of Expulsion106
 Removal of the Moriscoes107
 Don John's Impatience to Resign108
 His Final Dispositions108
 Hiding-place of Aben-Aboo109
 Plot formed for his Capture109
 His Interview with El Senix109
 His Murder110
 His Body brought to Granada110
 His Head placed in a Cage110
 Remarks on his Career111
 Wasted Condition of the Country112
 The scattered Moriscoes112
 Cruelly treated by the Government112
 Their Industry and Cheerfulness113
 Increase of their Numbers113
 They preserve their National Feeling114
 Mutual Hatred of the Two Races114
 Expulsion of the Moriscoes from Spain114
 Works of Marmol and Circourt114
CHAPTER IX.
War with the Turks116
 Sultan Selim the Second116
 Determines on the Conquest of Cyprus116
 Spirit of Pius the Fifth117
 His Appeal to Philip117
 King's Entrance into Seville117
 Determines to join the League118
 Capture of Nicosia118
 Vacillating Conduct of Venice118
 Meeting of Deputies at Rome119
 Treaty of Confederation119
 Ratified and proclaimed120
 Turkish Fleet in the Adriatic120
 Papal Legate at Madrid120
 Concessions to the Crown121
 Fleets of Venice and Rome121
 Preparations in Spain121
 Enthusiasm of the Nation122
 Don John's Departure122
 His Reception at Naples128
 His noble Appearance123
 Accomplishments and Popularity123
 Presentation of the Consecrated Standard124
 Arrival at Messina124
 Grand Naval Spectacle124
 Strength and Condition of the Fleets125
 Discretion of the Generalissimo125
 Communications from the Pope126
 Departure from Messina126
CHAPTER X.
War with the Turks126
 Arrival at Corfu127
 Council of War127
 Resolution to give Battle127
 Arbitrary Conduct of Veniero128
 Passage across the Sea of Iona128
 Fall of Famagosta128
 The Enemy in Sight129
 Preparations for Combat129
 Final Instructions of Don John129
 Approach of the Turkish Fleet130
 Its Form and Disposition130
 Change in the order of Battle131
 Last Preparation of the Christians131
 Battle of Lepanto132
 Left Wing of the Allies turned132
 Right Wing, under Doria, broken132
 Don John and Ali Pasha engaged133
 Superior Fire of the Spaniards133
 Bird's-eye View of the Scene134
 Venetians victorious on the Left134
 Continued Struggle in the Centre135
 Turkish Admiral boarded135
 Death of Ali Pasha135
 Victory of the Christians136
 Flight of Uluch Ali137
 Chase and Escape137
 Allies take Shelter in Petala137
CHAPTER XI.
War with the Turks137
 Losses of the Combatants137
 Turkish Armada annihilated138
 Roll of Slaughter and Fame138
 Exploits of Farnese138
 Noble Spirit of Cervantes139
 Sons of Ali Pasha Prisoners139
 Generously treated by Don John139
 His Conduct towards Veniero140
 Operations suspended141
 Triumphant Return to Messina141
 Celebrations in Honour of the Victory141
 Tidings despatched to Spain142
 Philip's reception of them142
 Acknowledgments to his Brother143
 Don John's Conduct criticised144
 Real Fruits of the Victory145
 Delay in resuming Operations145
 Death of Pius the Fifth145
 Philip's Distrust146
 Permits his Brother to Sail146
 Turks decline to accept Battle147
 Anniversary of Lepanto147
 Allies disband their Forces147
 Perfidy of Venice147
 The League dissolved148
 Tunis taken by Don John148
 He provides for its Security149
 Returns to Naples149
 His Mode of Life there150
 His Schemes of Dominion150
 Tunis retaken by the Moslems150
 Don John's Mission to Genoa151
 He prepares a fresh Armament151
 His Disappointment and Return to Madrid151
BOOK VI.
CHAPTER I.
Domestic Affairs of Spain153
 Internal Administration153
 Revolutions under Isabella and Charles V.153
 Absolute Power of the Crown154
 Contrast between Charles and Philip154
 The latter wholly a Spaniard154
 The Royal Councils155
 Principal Advisers of the Crown155
 Character of Ruy Gomez de Silva155
 Figueroa, Count of Feria157
 Cardinal Espinosa157
 Two Parties in the Council159
 Balance held by Philip159
 His Manner of transacting Business159
 His Assiduity160
 His Mode of dividing the Day161
 His Love of Solitude161
 Extent of his Information161
 Partial Confidence in his Ministers162
 His Frugality162
 His magnificent Establishment162
 His fatal Habit of Procrastination163
 Remonstrances of his Almoner164
 Habits of the great Nobles164
 Manners of the Court165
 Degeneracy of the Nobles165
 Splendour of their Households165
 Loss of Political Power166
 Depressed Condition of the Commons166
 Petitions of the Cortes166
 Their Remonstrance against Arbitrary Government      167
 Their Regard for the National Interests167
 Erroneous Notions respecting Commerce168
 Sumptuary Laws168
 Encouragement of Bull-Fights169
 Various Subjects of Legislation169
 Schools and Universities170
 Royal Pragmatics170
 Philip's Replies to the Cortes170
 Freedom of Discussion171
 Standing Army171
 Guards of Castile171
CHAPTER II.
Domestic Affairs of Spain172
 Philip the Champion of the Faith172
 Endowments of the Church172
 Alienations in Mortmain172
 Disputed Prerogatives173
 Appointments to Benefices173
 The Clergy dependent on the Crown174
 The Escorial174
 Motives for its Erection174
 Site selected175
 Convent founded175
 Royal Humility176
 Building commenced176
 Philip's Interest in it177
 His Architectural Taste177
 His Oversight of the Work177
 He governs the World from the Escorial178
 The Edifice endangered by Fire178
 Materials used in its Construction179
 Artists employed179
 Philip's Fondness for Art180
 Completion of the Escorial180
 The Architects180
 Character of the Structure181
 Its Whimsical Design181
 Its Magnitude181
 Interior Decorations182
 Ravages it has undergone182
 Its present Condition182
 Anne of Austria183
 Her Reception in Spain183
 Her Marriage with Philip184
 Her Residence at the Escorial185
 Her Character and Habits185
 Her Death185