HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES

FROM THE EARLIEST DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE PRESENT TIME

BY
E. BENJAMIN ANDREWS

CHANCELLOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA
FORMERLY PRESIDENT OF BROWN UNIVERSITY

With 650 Illustrations and Maps


VOLUME V.

NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS
1912

COPYRIGHT, 1903 AND 1905, BY
CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS

CONTENTS

PERIOD VI
EXPANSION
1888–1902

CHAPTER I. DRIFT AND DYE IN LAW—MAKING
General Revision and Extension of State Constitutions.—Introduction of Australian Ballot in Various States.—Woman Suffrage in the West.—Negro Suffrage in the South.—Educational Qualification.—“The Mississippi Plan.”—South Carolina Registration Act.—The “Grandfather” Clause in Louisiana Constitution.—Alabama Suffrage.

CHAPTER II. THE PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN OF 1888
Tariff Reform Democratic Creed.—Republican Banner, High Protection.—Republican Convention at Chicago.—Nomination of Benjamin Harrison for President.—Biographical Sketch of Benjamin Harrison.—Political Strength in the West.—National Association of Democratic Clubs and Republican League.—Civil Service as an Issue in Campaign.—Democratic Blunders.—The “Murchison” Letter.—Lord Sackville-West Given His Passports.—Use of Money in Campaign by Both Political Parties.—Tariff the Main Issue.—Trusts.—“British Free Trade.”—Popular Vote at the Election.

CHAPTER III. MR. HARRISON’S ADMINISTRATION
Steamship Subsidies Advocated.—Chinese Immigration and the Geary Law.—Immigration Restriction.—Thomas B. Reed Institutes Parliamentary Innovations in the House of Representatives.—Counting a Quorum.—The “Force Bill” in Congress.—Resentment of the South.—Defeated in Senate.—The “Billion Dollar Congress” and the Dependent Pensions Act.—Pension Payments.—The McKinley Tariff Act and “Blaine” Reciprocity.—International Copyright Act Becomes a Law.—Mr. Blaine as Secretary of State.—Murder by “Mafia” Italians Causes Riot in New Orleans.—The Itata at San Diego, California.—The “Barrundia” Incident.—U. S. Assumes Sovereignty Over Tutuila, Samoa.—Congressional Campaign, 1890.

CHAPTER IV. NON-POLITICAL EVENTS OF PRESIDENT HARRISON’S TERM
Commemorative Exercises of the Centennial Anniversary of Washington’s Inauguration as President.—Verse Added to Song “America.”—Whittier Composes an Ode.—Unveiling of Lee Monument.—Sectional Feeling Allayed.—The Louisiana Lottery Put Down.—The Opening of Oklahoma.—Sum Paid Seminole Indians.—The Messiah Craze of the Indians.—The Johnstown Flood.—The Steel Strike at Homestead, Pa.—Congressional Investigation.—Riot in Tennessee Over Convict Labor in the Mines.—Mormonism.—America Aids Russia in Famine.

CHAPTER V. THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION
Preparation for the World’s Fair.—Columbus Day in Chicago.—In New York.—Presidential Election of 1892.—The Campaign.—Cleveland and Harrison Nominated by the Respective Parties.—Populism.—Gen. Weaver Populistic Candidate.—Reciprocity in the Campaign of 1892.—Result of the Election.—Opening Exercises of the World’s Fair.—The Buildings and Grounds.—The Spanish Caravals.—The Court of Honor.—Burning of the Cold Storage Building.—Government Exhibits.—Midway Plaisance.—The Ferris Wheel.—Buildings Burned.—Fair Not a Financial Success.—The Attendance.

CHAPTER VI. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT
Growth of Population in Cities and States.—Centre of Population.—The Railroads.—Industrial Progress.—Development of Use of Electricity in Telegraph, Telephone, Lighting, and Manufacturing.—Niagara Falls Harnessed.—Thomas A. Edison.—Nikola Tesla.—The Use of the Bicycle.—Growth of Agriculture and Improvement of Implements.—Position of Women.—The Salvation Army Established in America.—Its Growth and Work.

CHAPTER VII. MR. CLEVELAND AGAIN PRESIDENT
Democratic Congress.—President Extends Merit System.—Anti-Lottery Bill.—President Calls a Special Session of Congress.—Sale of Bonds to Maintain Reserve of Gold.—The Wilson Tariff Law Passed.—Income Tax Unconstitutional.—Bond Issues.—Foreign Affairs.—Coup d’état of Provisional Government of Hawaii.—Special Commissioner.—Queen Liliuokalani.—Queen Renounces Throne.—President Cleveland’s—Venezuelan Message.—Measures to Preserve National Credit.—Venezuelan Boundary Commission.—Lexow Committee Investigation in New York City.—Reform Ticket Elected.—Greater New York.—American Protective Association.

CHAPTER VIII. LABOR AND THE RAILWAYS
The March of the Coxey Army.—Arrest of Leaders.—The American Railway Union—Strike.—Refusal of Pullman Company to Arbitrate.—Association of General Managers.—Federal Injunction.—Federal Riot Proclamation and Troops Detailed.—Governor Altgeld’s Protest.—Debs.—“Government by Injunction.”—Commission of Investigation.—General Allotment of Indian Lands Under the Dawes Act.

CHAPTER IX. NEWEST DIXIE
Harmony Between North and South.—Consecration of Chickamauga-Chattanooga Military Park.—Agricultural Development in the South.—Manufactures.—Natural Products.—Southern Characteristics.—The “Black Belt.”—Montgomery Conference on the Negro Question.—Lynching.—Booker T. Washington and the Tuskegee Institute.—Negro Population.

CHAPTER X. THE MEN AND THE ISSUE IN 1896
Free Silver Coinage Issue in the Campaign.—Republican Convention in St. Louis.—The Money Plank in the Platform.—Withdrawal of Senator Teller and Free Silver Delegates.—William McKinley and Garret A. Hobart Nominated for President and Vice-President.—Sketch of Life of William McKinley.—Democratic Convention Held in Chicago.—Demand for Free and Unlimited Coinage of Silver.—William J. Bryan Makes “Cross of Gold” Speech.—Delegates Refuse to Vote.—W. J. Bryan and Arthur Sewall Nominated.—Sketch of William J. Bryan.—Thomas Watson Nominated for Vice-President by Populist Convention.—National or Gold Democratic Ticket.—Speeches Made by Candidates.—Result of the Election.

CHAPTER XI. MR. MCKINLEY’S ADMINISTRATION
John Sherman, William R. Day, and John Hay as Secretary of State.—Other Members of Cabinet.—Revival of Business in 1897.—Gold Discovery in Yukon, Klondike, and Cape Nome.—Alaskan Boundary Controversy Between United States and Great Britain.—Joint High Commission Canvasses Boundary and Sealing Question.—Estimate of Loss to Seal Herd.—Sealskins Ordered Confiscated and Destroyed at United States Ports.—Hawaiian Islands Annexed.—Special Envoys to the Powers Appointed to Consider International Bi-Metallism.—President Withdraws Positions from the Classified Service.—Extra Session of Congress.—Passes Dingley Tariff Act.—Reciprocity Clauses.—Grant Mausoleum Completed.—Presentation Ceremonies at New York.

CHAPTER XII. THE WAR WITH SPAIN
Cuban Discontent with Spanish Rule.—United States’ Neutral Attitude Toward Spain and Cuba.—Red Cross Society Aids Reconcentrados.—Spanish Minister Writes Letter that Leads to Resignation.—United States Battleship Maine Sunk in Havana Harbor.—Congress Declares the People of Cuba Free and Independent.—Minister Woodford Receives his Passports at Madrid.—Increase of the Regular Army.—Spain Prepares for War.—Army Equipment Insufficient.—Strength of Navy.—The Oregon Makes Unprecedented Run.—Admiral Cervera’s Fleet in Santiago Harbor.—Navy at Santiago Harbor Entrance.—Army Lands near Santiago.—The Darkest Day of the War.—Sinking of the Collier Merrimac to Block Harbor Entrance.—Spanish Ships Leave.—General Toral Surrenders.—Expedition of General Miles to Porto Rico.—Commodore George Dewey Enters Manila Bay.—Destroys Spanish Fleet.—Manila Capitulates.—Treaty of Paris Signed.

CHAPTER XIII. “CUBA LIBRE”
Admiral Sampson and Admiral Schley in Santiago Naval Battle.—Court of Inquiry Appointed.—Paris Treaty of Peace Ratified.—Foreign Criticism.—The Samoan Islands.—Civil Government Established in Porto Rico.—Foreign Commerce of Porto Rico.—Congressional Pledge about Cuba.—Census of Cuba.—General Leonard Wood, Governor of Cuba.—Cuban Constitutional Convention.—“Platt Amendment.”—Cuban Constitution Adopted.—First President of Cuba.—Reciprocity with Cuba.

CHAPTER XIV. THE UNITED STATES IN THE ORIENT—PHILIPPINES AND FILIPINOS.
Area of the Philippines.—The Native Tribes.—Population.—Education Under Spanish Rule.—Filipinos.—Iocoros.—Igorrotes.—Ilocoans.— Moros.—Spain as a Colonist.—Religious Orders.—Secret Leagues.—Spain and the Filipinos.—Emilio Aguinaldo.—The Philippines in the Treaty of Paris.—Senate Resolution.

CHAPTER XV. THE UNITED STATES IN THE ORIENT.—WAR.—CONTROVERSY.—PEACE.
Filipinos’ Foothold in Philippines.—Attitude Toward Filipinos.—President Orders Government Extended Over Archipelago.—American Rule Awakens Hostility.—First Philippine Commission.—Philippine Congress Votes for Peace.—Revolution.—Treachery of Filipinos.—General Frederick Funston Captures Aguinaldo.—Aguinaldo Swears Allegiance to the United States.—The Constitution and the Philippines.—United States Supreme Court Decisions.—Tariff.—Anti-Imperialism.—Second Commission.—Civil Government Inaugurated.—Educational Reforms.

CHAPTER XVI. POLITICS AT THE TURNING OF THE CENTURY.
Candidates for President in 1900.—McKinley Renominated.—Bryan Nominated.—Gold Democrats.—Fusion.—Populists.—Silver Republicans.—Anti-Imperialism.—Tariff for Colonies.—Porto Rico Tariff.—President McKinley’s Opposition to Bill.—Campaign Issues.—Boer War.—Trusts.—Democratic Defeat.—Coal Strike.—Reasons for Democratic Defeat.—Mr. Bryan Insists on Silver Issue.—Monetary System on a Gold Basis.—Result of Election.

CHAPTER XVII. THE TWELFTH CENSUS
Permanent Census Bureau.—Alaska Census.—Method of Taking Census.—Two Thousand Employees.—Population of United States.—Nevada Loses in Population.—Urban Increase.—Greater New York.—Cities of More than a Million Inhabitants.—Loss in Rural Population.—Centre of Population.—Proportion of Males to Females.—Foreign Born Population.—Character of Immigration.—Chinese.—Congressional Apportionment.—Farms.—Crops.—Manufacturing Capital Invested.—Foreign Commerce.—Revenues.—War Taxes Repealed.—National Debt.

CHAPTER XVIII. THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION, 1901
The Opening.—Triumphal Bridge.—Electric Tower.—Temple of Music.—Architecture.—Coloring of the “Rainbow City.”—Symbolism of Coloring.—Sculpture.—Electrical Illumination.—The Chaining of Niagara.—The Midway.—The Athletic Congress.—Conservatory.—The Spanish-American Countries Represented.—United States Government Building.

CHAPTER XIX. MR. McKINLEY’S END
President McKinley’s Address at the Pan-American Exposition.—The President Shot.—His Illness and Death.—The Funeral Ceremony.—In Washington.—At Canton.—Commemorative Services.—Mr. McKinley’s Career.—Political Insight.—Americanism.—His Administration as President.—Leon Czolgosz, the Murderer of President McKinley.—Anarchists.—Anti-Anarchist Law.—Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt Succeeds to the—Presidency.