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How old are fossils?

Chapter 3: BIBLIOGRAPHY
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About This Book

A concise survey of ways scientists estimate the ages of fossils and the rock layers that contain them, outlining relative approaches based on stratigraphy and observable processes and absolute approaches enabled by radioactive elements. It explains methods grounded in rates of erosion, sedimentation, and salt accumulation, highlights uncertainties from variable rates, breaks in the rock record, and limits of uniformitarian assumptions, and emphasizes the immense scales involved by citing vast sedimentary sequences exposed in regions such as the Grand Canyon. The account offers rough numerical estimates to convey the magnitude of geological time without claiming precise values.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barrell, J.—Rhythms and Measurements of Geological Time.
Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 28, 1917, pp. 745-904.

Becker, Geo. E.—The Age of the Earth.
Smithsonian Misc. Coll., LVI., No. 6, 1910.

Chamberlain, T. C.—Diastrophism and the Formative Processes, XIII.
The Time over which the Ingathering of the Planetesimals was Spread.
Jour. Geol., Vol. XXVIII, 1920, pp. 675-81.

Harker, A.—Geology in relation to the exact sciences, with an excursus on geological time.
Nature, Vol. 95, 1915, pp. 105-109.

Holmes, A.—The Age of the Earth.
Harper and Bros., London and New York, 1913.

Joly, J.—Radioactivity and Geology.
Van Nostrand, N. Y., 1909;

An Estimate of the Geological Age of the Earth.
Trans. Roy. Soc. Dublin, VII. 1899, pp. 23-66;

The Age of the Earth. Phil. Mag., 6th ser.,
Vol. XXII, 1911, pp. 359-80.

Sollas, W. J.—Presidential Address.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. 65, 1909, pp. cxii;
Proc. Geol. Soc. of London, Sess. 1908-9, pp. i-cxxii.

Walcott, C. D.—Geologic Time, as indicated by the sedimentary rocks of North America.
Smithsonian Rep. 1893, pp. 301-334;
Jour. Geol. Vol. III, 1893, pp. 639-674.

LEAFLET 9.PLATE IV.

EVOLUTION OF FISH TO MAMMAL-LIKE REPTILE.

1, FISH. 2, AMPHIBIAN. 3, REPTILE. 4, MAMMAL-LIKE REPTILE.

(Figs. 1, 2, after Klaatsch, 3, based on Williston, 4, based on Gregory).

Drawings by Sharat K. Roy.

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS