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Illuminated Manuscripts

Chapter 122: BIBLIOGRAPHY
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The work surveys the art and craft of illuminated books, beginning with materials and writing formats, then tracing painting and illumination techniques from classical antiquity through Byzantine, Celtic, and various medieval Western styles. It analyzes vellum and papyrus, script forms and codex construction, methods of miniature painting and use of gold, and the development of decorative initials and ornament. Regional schools are compared in terms of motifs, colour, and symbolic elements, with discussion of liturgical function, iconographic conventions, and book-shrines. The book blends technological, stylistic, and historical perspectives to explain how illumination evolved and diversified.

[66] Petrarch's tutor.


BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abrahams, N.C.L. Description des MSS. françaises du Moyen Age de la Bibliothèque Royale de Copenhague. 4to. Copenhagen. 1844.

Alt, H. Die Heiligenbilder oder die bildende Kunst u. die Theologie. 8vo. Berlin, 1845.

Astle, Thomas. The Origin and Progress of Writing. 4to. London, 1784, 1803.

Barrois, J. Bibliothèque Protypographique ou librairies du roi Jean. 4to, Paris, 1830. 6 plates.

Bastard, Aug. Librairie de Jean de France duc de Berry...illustrée des plus belles miniatures de ses MSS., etc. Folio. Paris, 1834. 32 plates.

Beissel, Stephan. Des heiligen Bernward Evangelienbuch im Dome zu Hildesheim. Mit Hdschr. des 10. und 11. Jahrh., etc. Third edition. 26 photo-lithographs (12 x 9). Hildesheim, 1894.

Beissel, Stephan. Vaticanische Miniaturen. Folio. Freiburg im Breisgau, 1893. Many lithographed plates.

Birch, W. de G. History, Art, and Palæography of the MS. commonly styled the Utrecht Psalter. 8vo. 3 facsimile plates in autotype. B, Quaritch, London, 1876.

Birch, W. de G., and Jenner, H. Early Drawings and Illuminations (in MSS., chiefly in the British Museum). 12mo. London, 1879.

Biscionii, A.M. Catal. bibl. Medico-Laurentiana. Folio. Florentine, 1752-7. (Valuable plates of facsimiles, etc.)

Bradley, J.W. Life and Works of G.G. Clovio, Miniaturist, etc. 8vo. London, 1891. 18 plates.

Bradley, J.W. Dictionary of Miniaturists, Calligraphers, etc. 8vo. 3 vols. Quaritch, London, 1887-90.

Bradley, J.W. Venetian Ducali, in Bibliographica, II. 257. 4 phototypes.

Bucher, B. Geschichte des Technischen Künste, etc., vol. i. Miniatur, etc. 8vo. Stuttgart, 1875.

Cahier and Martin. Nouveaux Mélanges d'Archéologie, etc. Large 4to. Paris, 1874-77, etc. Many fine plates of miniatures, etc., mostly without colour.

Campori, G. Gli artisti Italiani, etc., nelle Stati Estensi. 8vo. Modena, 1855.

Campori, G. Racconti artistici italiani. 8vo. Firenze, 1858.

Caravita, A. I codici e le Arti a Monte Cassino. 8vo. Montec., 1869-71.

Carta, F. Codici, corali e libri a stampa miniati della Biblioteca nazionale di Milano. Folio. Roma, 1895. With 25 phototype facsimiles.

Chassant, Alph. Paléographie des chartes et des MSS. du 11e au 17e Siècle. 8vo. Paris, 1867, and companion vols.

Curmer, L. Les Evangiles des Dimanches et Fêtes. Large 8vo. Paris, 1864. Many facsimiles in gold and colours from illuminated MSS.

Delisle, L. Mém. sur l'Ecole calligraphique de Tours au IXe Siècle. Paris, 1885. 5 heliograv.

Delisle, L. L'Evangéliaire d'Arras et la Calligraphie Franco-Saxonne du neuvième Siècle. 4to. Paris, 1888. Large heliogravure facsimiles.

Delaunay (l'Abbé H.). Le livre d'Heures de la reine Anne de Bretagne. With facsimile of the whole MS. Large 8vo. Paris, 1861.

Delia Valle, G. Lettere Senese, Sopra le Belle Arti. 3 vols. 8vo. Venezia, 1782-86. (Relating to Sienese miniaturists.)

Delisle, L. Le cabinet des manuscrits de la bibliothèque impériale (in Hist. gén. de Paris). 4to. Paris, 1868.

Denis, Ferd. Histoire de l'ornementation des manuscrits. 8vo. Paris, 1858. (143 pp., with illustrations.)

Deshaines, C. Histoire de l'Art dans la Flandre, d'Artois, et le Hainaut. 8vo. Lille, 1886.

Dibdin, T.F. The Bibliographical Decameron. 3 vols. 8vo. London, 1817.

Didron (edit.). Annales Archéologiques. Periodical 4to. 1844, etc. (P.P. 1931, d. a. Brit. Mus.)

Derange, A. Cat. descr. et raisonné des manuscr. de la bibl. de Tours. 4to. Tours, 1875.

Durieux, A. Les Artistes Cambrésiens du IXe a XIXe Siècle, etc. 8vo. Cambray, 1874. (With plates in folio.)

Durieux, A. Miniatures des manuscr. de la bibl. de Cambrai. 8vo. Cambrai, 1861. 18 plates.

Du Sommerard, Andr. Les Arts du Moyen-âge. 6 vols. Folio. Paris, 1838-46.

Fleury, E. Les MSS. à miniatures de la bibliothèque de Soissons. 4to. Paris, 1865. Lithograph facsimiles.

Fleury, E. Les manuscrits à miniatures de la bibl. de Laon. 4to. Laon, 1863. 50 plates (good).

Gabelentz, H. von der. Zur Geschichte der oberdeutschen Miniaturmalerei im 16ten Jahrhundert. Large 8vo. Strassburg, 1899. 12 phototypes.

Gamier, J. Catalogue descriptif et raisonné des MSS. de la bibl. de la ville d'Amiens. 8vo. Amiens, 1843.

Girardot, B. de. Cat. des manuscrits de la bibl. de Bourges. Folio. Paris, 1859.

Gualandi, M.A. Memorie originate Italiane risguardante le Belle Arti. 8vo. Bologna, 1840-45.

Hardy, Sir Thomas D. The Athanasian Creed in Connection with the Utrecht Psalter: being a Report, etc. With autotype facsimiles. Folio. Spottiswoode and Co., 1872.

Hendrie, R. Encyclopædia of the Arts of the Middle Ages by the monk Theophilus. Translated, with notes. 8vo. London, 1847. One of the best collections of mediæval methods and recipes relating to illumination.

Humphreys, H. Noel. The Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages. Folio. London, 1849. 39 plates.

Husenbeth, F.C. Emblems of Saints by which they are Distinguished in Works of Art. 8vo. London, 1850. Second edition, 1860. Third edition, 1882.

Jäck, J.J. Viele Alphabete und ganze Schriftmuster vom 8, bis zum 16, Jahrh. aus den Handschr. der öffentl. Bibl. zu Bamberg. Folio. Bamberg, 1833-35.

James, M.R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Illuminated MSS. in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. (Fine phototype facsimiles, and an excellent text.) Large 8vo. Cambridge University Press, 1895.

Jorand, J.B.J. Grammatographie du neuvième siècle. 4to. Paris, 1837. 65 plates, folio.

Kirchoff, Albr. Handschriftenhändler des Mittelalters. Second edition. 8vo. Leipzig, 1853.

Kondakov. Hist. de l'Art Byzantin consideréré...dans les miniatures. 2 vols. Small folio. Paris, 1891. Plates and woodcuts.

Kugler. Kleine Schriften. 3 vols. 8vo. Stuttgart. 1853-54. (German illumination.)

Labarte, Jules. Historie des Arts industriels au Moyen-âge. (Vol. iii.) 8vo. Paris, 1865.

Laborde, L. La renaissance des arts à la cour de France. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1855-56.

Lacroix, P. Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages. 8vo. London, 1874.

Lacroix, P. The Arts of the Middle Ages. 4to. London, 1870.

Lacroix, P. Manners, Customs, and Dress during the Middle Ages. 4to. London, 1874.

Lacroix, Paul, and Séré Ferd. Le Moyen-âge et la Renaissance. 5 vols. 4to. Paris, 1848-52, 1874.

Lacroix, P., Fournier, Ed., and Séré, F. Livre d'or des métiers. 8vo. Paris, 1852.

Lambecius, P. Commentar. de Bibliotheca Cæsarea Vindobonensi. Folio. Vindobona (Vienna). 1670. Plates.

Langlois, E.H. Mémoire sur la calligraphic les MSS. du Moyen-âge. 8vo. Paris, 1841. 17 plates.

Le Arti. Various Articles on Illuminated MSS., by Frizzoni, Venturi, etc. (Italian Periodical. Roma, v. 7. From 1898.)

Lecoy de la Marche, A. Les MSS. et la Miniature. 12mo. Paris, 1884. Woodcuts.

Leitschuh, F.F. Geschichte der Karolingischen Malerei, etc. Berlin, 1894. Many prototype facsimiles.

Libri, Gul. Monumens inédits. Folio. London, 1864. 65 plates.

Madden, Sir Fred. Universal Palæography. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1850.

Marchal, J. Cat. des MSS. de la bibl. royale des dues de Bourgogne. 3 vols. 4to. Brussels, 1842.

Middleton, J.H. Illuminated MSS. in Classical and Mediæval Times: their Art and their Technique. Large 8vo. Cambridge University Press, 1892.

Milanesi, G. Documenti per la Storia dell' arte Senese, etc. 8vo. Siena, 1854-56.

Molinier, A. Les MSS. et les Miniatures. 12mo. Paris, 1892. Woodcuts.

Monte Cassino. Paleografia artistica. Monte Cassino, 1877. Folio. Facsimiles in gold and colours, etc., from Gothic and Lombardic MSS.

Montfaucon. Palæographia Græca. Small folio. Parisiis, 1708.

Mugnier, Fr. Les MSS. à miniatures de la Maison de Savoie, etc. 8vo. Moutiers-Tarantaise, 1894. 17 phototypes.

Ottley, W.Y. History of Engraving. 4to. London, 1816.

Peignot, Gabr. Essai sur l'histoire du parchemin et du vélin. 8vo. Paris, 1812.

Pinchart, A. Miniaturistes, Enlumineurs, et Calligraphes Employés par Philippe le Bon, etc. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1865.

Publications of the Palæographical Society of London. Folio. Vol. vii., etc. Very useful.

Quaritch, B. Examples of the Art of Book-illumination during the Middle Ages. 4to. London, 1899. Fine facsimiles in gold and colours.

Raczynski, A. (Cte.). Les arts en Portugal. 8vo. Paris, 1846.

Rahn, J.R. Das Psalterium Aureum v. Sanct Gallen. Folio. St. Gallen, 1878. u chromolithogr. in colours and gold. 7 lithogr. and many woodcuts. (A capital account of Carolingian and Irish MSS.)

Sacken, Ed. Frh. von. Die Ambraser Sammlung. 8vo. Wien, 1855.

Sakcinski, J.K. Leben des Giulio Clovio. 8vo. Agram, 1852.

Sakcinski, J.K. Slovnik umjetnah Jugoslavenskih. (Biographical Dict. of South Slavonic Artists.) 8vo. Uzagreba, 1858.

Sanftl, K. Dissertatio in aureum ac pervetustum SS. Evangelior. Codicem MS. Monast. S. Emmerani. 410. Ratisbonæ, 1786. Gives a large folding plate of the Gospel-book cover, and facsimiles of illumination and writing.

Schönemann. 100 Merkwürdigkeiten des Herzoglichen Biblioth. zu Wolfenbüttel. 8vo. Hannover, 1849.

Schultz, A. Deutsches Leben in 14ten und 15ten Jahrh. 2 vols. Large 8vo. Wien, 1892. (Contains many facsimiles in gold and colours, from German and Bohemian MSS.)

Serapeum, Zeitschrift für Bibliothekens Wissenschaft. 8vo. Leipzig. Vol. vii.

Seroux D'Agincourt, J. Historie de l'Art par les Monuments. Folio. 3 vols. Paris, 1823. London, 1847. Engravings.

Shaw, H. The Art of Illuminating as Practised in the Middle Ages. Second edition. 4to. London, 1845. Plates.

Shaw, H. Alphabets, Numerals, and Devices of the Middle Ages. Folio. London, W. Pickering, 1845. Many plates, some in gold and colours.

Silvestre, J.B. Paléographie universelle. 4 vols. Folio. Paris, 1841. 600 plates. (Plates very good.)

Smet, J.J. de. Quelques recherches sur nos anciens enlumineurs, etc. In Bulletin de l'Academie de Belgique, t. xiv., pt. 2, p. 78, and Bullet. du Bibliophile Belge, t. iii., p. 376, t. iv., p. 176.

Stokes, M. Early Christian Art in Ireland. 12mo. London, 1887. Woodcuts. (Victoria and Albert M. Handbook.)

Swarzenski, G. Die Regensburger Buchmalerei des X. und XI. Jahrhunderts. Large 8vo. Leipzig, 1901. 35 phototypes.

Tambroni, G. Cennino Cennini: Trattato della Pittura. 8vo. Roma, 1821. Later edition (Milanesi), Firenze, 1859. (Contains many practical directions and recipes.)

Thompson, Sir Edward M. English Illuminated MSS. In Bibliographica, vol. i. pp. 129, 385, etc. Large 8vo. London, 1895.

Venturi, Ad. La miniatura ferrarese nel secolo XV., etc. Folio. Roma, 1899. 4 chromolithographs and 7 phototypes. In Le Gallerie Nazionale Italiane. Vol. iv., 187.

Viel-Castel, Cte. Horace de. Statuts de l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit, etc. MS. du 14e Siècle avec une notice sur la peinture des MSS. Large folio. Paris, 1853. 17 very fine facsimiles in gold and colours.

Vogelsang, W. Holländische Miniaturen des späteren Mittelalters. Large 8vo. Strassburg, 1899. Many phototype facsimiles.

Wailly, J.N. de. Élémens de Paléographie. 2 thick vols. 4to. Paris, 1838. Many plates of writing, seals, etc.

Wallther, J.L. Lexicon diplomaticum. Folio. 1751. Many examples of writings.

Waagen, G.F. On the Importance of MSS. with Miniatures in the History of Art. 8vo. Philobiblon Society. Vol. i. London, 1854.

Waagen, G.F. Die Vornehmsten Künstler in Wien. 8vo. Wien, 1866. (MSS. in Imperial Library, etc., in Vienna.)

Warner, G.F. Miniatures and Borders from the Hours of Bona Sforza, Duchess of Milan. Small 4to. London, 1894. 65 sepia facsimiles.

Warner, G.F. Illuminated MSS. in the British Museum. 4to. London, 1899, etc. Many coloured facsimiles.

Wattenbach, W. Das Schriftwesen im Mittelalter. 8vo. Leipzig, 1871.

Westwood, J.O. Palæographia Sacra Pictoria. 4to. London, 1845. 50 facsimile plates, mostly in colours and gold.

Westwood, J.O. Miniatures and Ornaments of Anglo-Saxon and Irish MSS. Folio. Oxford, 1868. Many fine facsimiles in colours.

Wyatt, M.D., and Tymms. The Art of Illuminating. Large 8vo. London, 1860. Many facsimiles in gold and colours.


INDEX

Ada-Codex at Trèves, 57, 67
Alcuin and his coadjutors, 72
Andreas Joannes, 175
Anglo-Celtic illumination, 59
Anne of Bohemia, 163
— of Brittany, 214
— — her portrait, 217
Antonio and Francisco de Holanda, 231
Arundel Psalter, 157
Athelstan Gospels, 67
Avignon Bible, 175

Bamberg Bible, 69
Bedford Offices, 222
Beham Prayer-book at Aschaffenburg, 241
Benedictionals, 149
Bernward, St., of Hildesheim, 93
Berry MSS., 141
Bible of Charles the Bald, 68
Bibliography, 277-285
Bobbio, an Irish foundation of Columbanus, 53
Boccaccio at Munich, by Fouquet, 211
Bohemian illumination, 163
— MSS. at Prag, 190
Book-form, its antiquity, 9
Bourdichon, Jean, 215, etc.
Brentel, F., and the Prayer-book of William of Baden at Paris, 241
Brera Graduals at Milan, 181
Brothers of the Common Life, 194
Bruno, St., of Cologne, 93
Byzantine illumination, 24
— — its subdivisions, 31
Byzantium, rebuilding of by Justinian, 26

Cambiaso, Luca, of Genoa, 230
Carolingian illumination, 62
Celtic illumination, 36
Charles IV., the Emperor, 163
“Château d'Anet” and its style, 221
Choir-book of Sts. Ulrich and Afra at Augsburg, 192
Christine de Pisan and her works, 142-147
Chronicle of Jerusalem at Vienna, 203
Cistercian foundations, 74
Cluny and Citeaux, 81
Codex, what, 17
Collegium Carolinum at Prag, 190
Colour-scheme of Fouquet, 212
Compendium of Theophilus, 104, 105
Convenevole da Prato, poems of, 175
Cunegunda, the Empress, 90
— her Passionale, 189

Debonnaire, Louis le, 65
Decretals, the, what they were, 176, etc.
Decretum Gratiani, 177
Delisle, M.L., on Franco-Saxon illumination, 63
Dinteville Hours, 223
Dioscorides at Vienna, 22
Drolleries and grotesques, 157
Durandus, Rationale of, 180
Dutch illumination, its charateristics, 199

Emmeram Gospels, the, 112
English illumination, 149-153
Escorial choir-books, 228
“Explicits” of monastic MSS., 79
Exultet roll, what, 172

Famous abbeys for book-work, 78
First English styles, 59
Flemish illuminators, 201
Fouquet, Jean, and the school of Touraine, 210, etc.
Franconian illumination, 93
Frankendorfer Evangeliary at Nuremberg, 192
Frederick II., “Stupor Mundi,” his work on hawking, 186
Freemasons, who they were, 125-127
French illumination, 139
— Renaissance illumination, 208-225
— — its gradual development, 208

Gerard David of Oudewater, 201, 205
German colouring (early), 154
— illumination, 186-194
Glass-painting, 128
Glockendon, A., and his work, 193
— N., at Nuremberg, 241
Gold and silver writing, etc., 27
Golden age of illumination, 123
Gothic architecture, its origin, 121
— illumination, 110
Grandison Psalter, 169
Greek and Roman illumination, 19
Grimani Breviary, 205-206
Grisaille, 207
Guilds (or gilds), 131

Handwritings, classification of, 13
Hartmut, Abbot of St. Gallen, 95
Hendrie, R., translator of “Theophilus,” 106
Henry II., the Emperor, 90
— VII. of Luxembourg, the Emperor, 189
Herrade von Landsberg, the abbess, 114, 120
Hildesheimer Prayer-book at Berlin, 192
Hoefnagel, G., and the Missal of Archduke Ferdinand at Vienna 242
“Hortus Deliciarum,” its style, 114, 115
Hours of Anne of Brittany, 217
— of Claude Gouffier, 221
— of Francis I., 222
— of Frederick III. of Aragon, 183
— of Henry II. at Paris, 224
— of Marie de Clève at Paris, 211
Hrosvita, poetess and copyist, 87, 88

Illuminating, antiquity of, 3
Illumination defined, 3
— not spoiled by the invention of printing, 239
— since the invention of printing, 239-243
Initial, development of, 56
Irish art, 40
Isabella Breviary (Brit. Mus.), 207
Italian copyists, 183
— illumination, 171-185
— libraries, 182

Kells, the Book of, 57

Lala of Cyzicus, a lady, the first miniaturist on record, 4
Lancastrian illumination, 166
Landscape background, origin of, 200
Lombardic illumination, 173
— writing, 14
Lothaire, Evangeliary of, 69
Louis of Taranto and his Order of the Holy Spirit, 178
— XII., 215, etc.
Louise of Savoy and her MSS., 224
Louterell Psalter, 158
Luxeuil founded by Columbanus, 53

Maas-Eyck Evangeliary, 198
Mazarine Bible, 240
Manual of Dionysius, a Greek text-book, 100
Manuscripts referred to, 244-276
“Mater Verborum” of Conrad of Scheyern, 117
Mathilda, the Empress, patroness of copyists, 87
Matilda, the Countess, 98, 172
Médard, St., of Soissons, Gospels of, the finest Carolingian MS. known, 70
Melreth Missal, 169
Merovingian writing, 14
Miniature, the term explained, 4
Missal of Albert of Brandenburg, 192
— of Estevam Gonçalvez Neto, 234
— and Prayer-book of Albert of Brandenburg, 240
Monastic illumination, 71-83
— scriptoria, 149
Monte Cassino and La Cava, 173
Munich Library and a notable MS., 91-92
— Missal of Henry II., 111

National styles of illumination, 134-138
Netherlandish illumination, 195
— — its characteristics, 196
— foliage ornament, its relation to wood-carving, 202
New Minster, Winchester, 150
Nicholaus of Bologna and his work at Prag, 181
Niedermünster MS. at Munich, 119

Othonian illumination, 84-92

Papyrus, 8
— late use of, 10
Parchment, origin of term, 8
Paris Josephus, Fouquet's masterpiece, 211
Passionale of Cunigunda, 189
Perréal, Jean, 214
Portuguese Genealogies (Brit. Mus.), 236
— MSS., 233
Poyet, Jean, 219
Prayer-book of William of Bavaria at Vienna, 193
Psalters. See Arundel, etc.
Pulcheria, the Empress, 101

Queen Mary's Psalter, 158

Rahn, Dr., on Carolingian illumination, 62
Romance of Gérard de Roussillon at Vienna, 204
Royal Library at Brussels and its treasures, 203
— mottoes, 220
Ruskin Book, the, 133

Sacramentary of Gellone, 53-55
Salzburg Missal at Munich, 192
Sandoval Genealogies, 235
Saracenic taste in Sicily, 188
School of Fontainebleau, 220
— of Zwolle, 199
Schools of Bruges, Dijon, Paris, and Tours, 209
— of Maestricht and Liége, 202
Scorza, G.B., of Genoa, 230
Scriptoria, 76
Semi-barbaric illumination, 49
Sicilian illumination, 187
Silvestro, Don, 180
Similarity of English and French illumination in the thirteenth century, 156
Sintramn of St. Gallen, 93
“Sol Gallicus” (Brit. Mus.), 225
Sources of English fifteenth-century illumination, 161
Spanish and Portuguese illumination, 226-238
— illuminators, 227, etc.
“Splendor Solis” (Brit. Mus.), 241
St. Alban's scriptorium, 152
St. Gallen, monastery of, founded, 63
St. Swithun's, Winchester, 151
Stefaneschi, Cardinal, patron of Giotto, 173
Stowe Missal, 236
— — its colour-scheme and ornamentation, 237-8
Style no proof of provenance of MSS., 137

Tenison Psalter, 156
Theophano, the Empress, 89
Torre do Tombo at Lisbon and its MSS., 231
“Trésor des Histoires” (Brit. Mus.), 212
Tuotilo, 39, 93, 94, 104

Vaast, St., of Arras, Evangeliary, 69
Valentina of Milan, Duchess of Orleans, 213
Valerius Maximus (Brit. Mus.), 213
Vatican MSS., 20
Vellum, etc., 6
Venetian “Ducali,” 242
Versailles Livy, etc., at Paris (Fouquet), 211
Vienna Genesis, 21
Vine-stem style of illumination, 184
Visigothic writing, 14
Volume, origin of term, 16

Wattenbach on writing quoted, 15, 17, 18
Wenzel Bible, 191
Wilhelm v. Oransse, 165, 167
Winchester work, earliest example of, 61
Writing, its antiquity, 11