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Immigration

Chapter 32: SOCIAL RELATIONS
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About This Book

The author treats immigration as a global sociological phenomenon with particular attention to its American implications, combining historical survey with analysis of causes, composition, and legal responses. Chapters trace earlier migration phases and federal legislation, examine volume and racial mix, and analyze embarkation, inspection, and the social and economic conditions of arrivals. The text evaluates immigrants’ living standards, patterns of distribution, exploitation, religious and demographic aspects, and consequences for wages, poverty, crime, public health, industry, and politics. Throughout, underlying principles of population movement are stressed to clarify contemporary problems and to weigh restriction, assimilation, and broader conservation measures.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Note. A bibliography on Immigration might be extended almost indefinitely. Nearly every book written on any social question, particularly in America, contains material on immigration. The magazine articles on the subject are legion. By no means all the works which may profitably be consulted, nor all those cited in the foregoing pages, are included in the following list.

GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS

Books

Addams, Jane: Newer Ideals of Peace, 1907; Twenty Years at Hull-House, 1910.

Anderson, W. L.: The Country Town, 1906.

Blodget, Samuel: Economics: A Statistical Manual for the United States of America, 1806.

Brandenburg, Broughton: Imported Americans, 1904.

Bromwell, William J.: History of Immigration into the United States, 1856.

Bushee, F. A.: Ethnic Factors in the Population of Boston, American Economic Association, 3d Series, 4:2, 1903.

Byington, Margaret F.: Homestead: The Households of a Mill Town, 1910.

Chickering, Jesse: Immigration into the United States, 1848.

Commons, John R.: Races and Immigrants in America, 1908.

Donaldson, Thomas: The Public Domain, 1881.

Edwards, Richard H.: Immigration, 1909.

Ellwood, Charles A.: Sociology and Modern Social Problems, 1910.

Endicott, William C., Jr.: Immigration Laws, State and National, in Commercial Relations of the United States, 1885–1886. Appendix III, 1887.

Evans-Gordon, W.: The Alien Immigrant, 1903.

Gonnard, Réné: L’Émigration européenne au XIX Siècle, 1906.

Grose, Howard B.: Aliens or Americans? 1906.

Hall, Prescott F.: Immigration, 1906.

Henderson, C. R.: An Introduction to the Study of the Dependent, Defective, and Delinquent Classes, 1893.

Hunter, Robert: Poverty, 1904.

Immigration Commission: Report, Authorized, 1907.

Jenks, Jeremiah, and Lauck, W. Jett: The Immigration Problem, 1911.

Kapp, Friedrich: Immigration and the Commissioners of Emigration of the State of New York, 1870.

Kenngott, George F.: The Record of a City, 1912.

Lincoln, Jonathan T.: The City of the Dinner Pail, 1909.

MacLean, Annie M.: Wage-Earning Women, 1910.

Martineau, Harriet: Society in America, 1837.

Mayo-Smith, Richmond: Emigration and Immigration, 1890.

New York Bureau of Industries and Immigration: First Annual Report, 1911.

New York Commission of Immigration: Report, 1909.

von Raumer, F. L.: America and the American People, 1846.

Rauschenbusch, Walter: Christianity and the Social Crisis, 1910.

Riis, Jacob: How the Other Half Lives, 1890; The Making of an American, 1901.

Roberts, Peter: Anthracite Coal Communities, 1904; The New Immigration, 1912.

Roscher, Wilhelm, and Jannasch, Robert: Kolonien, Kolonialpolitik, und Auswanderung, 1885.

Seybert, Adam: Statistical Annals of the United States, 1789–1818, 1818.

Spiller, G.: Interracial Problems, 1911.

Steiner, Edward A.: On the Trail of the Immigrant, 1906; The Immigrant Tide, 1909.

Stelzle, Charles: The Working Man and Social Problems, 1903.

Sumner, William G.: Folkways, 1907; War and Other Essays, 1911.

Taussig, F. W.: Principles of Economics, 1911.

Trollope, Mrs. T. A.: Domestic Manners of the Americans, 1832.

United States Bureau of the Census: Census Reports; A Century of Population Growth, 1909.

United States Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization: Commissioner General of Immigration, Annual Reports; Immigration Laws (Pamphlets).

United States Bureau of Statistics: Immigration into the United States from 1820 to 1903, 1903; Special Report on Immigration, by Young, Edward, 1871.

United States Congress: Documents, Reports, etc.

United States Library of Congress: A List of Books (with references to periodicals) on Immigration, 1907.

Walker, F. A.: Discussions in Economics and Statistics, 1899.

Watson, John F.: Annals of Philadelphia, 1830.

Whelpley, James D.: The Problem of the Immigrant, 1905.

Wilkins, William H.: The Alien Invasion, 1892.

Woods, Robert A., and others: Americans in Process, 1902; The City Wilderness, 1898.

Magazine Articles, etc.

Ainsworth, F. H.: Are We Shouldering Europe’s Burden? Charities, 12:134, 1904.

American Museum: 1:13; 2:213; 5:109; 7:87, 233, 240; 8:124; 10:114, 221; 12:112; 13:196, 263, 268, 1787–98.

Barrows, W.: Immigration; Its Evils and their Remedies. New Englander, 13:262, 1855.

Brandenburg, Broughton: The Tragedy of the Rejected Immigrant, Outlook, 84:361, 1906.

Chambers’ Journal: Warning to Emigrants, 50:644, 1873.

Chambers, W.: Emigrant Entrappers, Chambers’ Journal, 23:141, 1855.

Commons, John R.: Social and Industrial Problems of Immigration, Chautauquan, 39:13, 1904.

De Bow’s Review: Sources from which Great Empires Come, 18:698, 1855.

Devine, Edward T.: The Selection of Immigrants, The Survey, Feb. 4, 1911.

Everett, A. H.: Immigration to the United States, North American Review, 40:457, 1835.

Goldenweiser, E. A.: Immigrants in Cities, The Survey, Jan. 7, 1911.

Hall, Prescott F.: The Future of American Ideals, North American Review, 195:94, 1912.

Hart, A. B.: The Disposition of Our Public Lands, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1:169, 251, 1887.

Hazard, Samuel: Register of Pennsylvania, 1:25; 6:266; 8:31, 27, 33, 54, 88, 108, 116; 11:361, 416; 15:157, 1828–35.

Lee, Joseph: Conservation of Yankees, The Survey, Oct. 28, 1911.

Monthly Anthology: Letter from a French Emigrant, 6:383, 1809.

Niles’ Register: 11:359; 13:35, 378; 17:38, 63; 20:193; 22:155, 310; 23:305; 24:113, 411; 25:232; 34:411; 40:74, 130, 273; 41:356; 43:40, 391; 44:131, 233; 45:2; 46:1, 218, 244, 398; 49:62, 69; 52:250, 1816–38.

North American Review: Review of von Fürstenwärther, M., Der Deutsche in Nord-Amerika, 11:1, 1820; Figures of Immigration, 1812–21, 15:301, 304, 1822; Review of Schmidt and Gall on America, 17:91, 1823; Quotations from Hodgson’s Remarks on America, 18:222, 1824.

Ripley, William Z.: Races in the United States, Atlantic Monthly, 102:745, 1908.

Rossiter, W. S.: A Common-Sense View of the Immigration Problem, North American Review, 188:360, 1908.

Sato, S.: History of the Land Question in the United States, Johns Hopkins Studies, 4:259, 1886.

Shaler, N. S.: European Peasants as Immigrants, Atlantic Monthly, 71:646, 1893.

Tobenkin, Elias: Immigrant Girl in Chicago, The Survey, Nov. 6, 1909.

Willis, H. Parker: Review of Findings of the Immigration Commission, The Survey, Jan. 7, 1911.

GENERAL MIGRATION

Books

Bradley, Henry: The Story of the Goths, 1888.

Hodgkin, Thomas: Theodoric the Goth, 1891.

Jordanes: The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, English version by Mierow, Charles C., 1908.

Keller, Albert G.: Colonization, 1908.

Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul: De la Colonisation chez les Peuples Modernes, 1908.

Merivale, Herman: Lectures on Colonization, 1861.

von Pflugk-Harttung, Julius: The Great Migrations, translated by Wright, John Henry, 1905.

Magazine Articles, etc.

Bryce, James: Migrations of the Races of Men Considered Historically, Contemporary Review, 62:128, 1892.

Mason, Otis T.: Migration and the Food Quest, American Anthropologist, 7:275, 1894.

COLONIAL PERIOD

Books

Archives of Maryland.

Armstrong, Edward: Correspondence between William Penn and James Logan and Others, 1870–72.

Bittinger, Lucy F.: The Germans in Colonial Times, 1901.

Cobb, S. H.: The Story of the Palatines, 1897.

Dexter, F. B.: Estimates of Population in the American Colonies, 1887.

Diffenderffer, F. R.: The German Immigration into Pennsylvania through the Port of Philadelphia, 1700–75, 1900.

Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York.

Fiske, John: Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, 1897.

Geiser, K. F.: Redemptioners and Indentured Servants in the Colony and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1901.

Massachusetts Election Sermons, 1754.

Mittelberger, Gottlieb: Journey to Pennsylvania in 1750, translated by Eben, C. T., 1898.

New Jersey Archives.

North Carolina Colonial Documents.

Pennsylvania Colonial Records.

Proper, E. E.: Colonial Immigration Laws, Columbia College Studies, 12:2, 1900.

Rhode Island Colonial Records.

RACIAL STUDIES

Books

Antin, Mary: The Promised Land, 1912.

Balch, Emily G.: Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens, 1910.

Benjamin, G. G.: The Germans in Texas, 1909.

Bernheimer, Charles S.: The Russian Jew in the United States, 1905.

Caro, L.: Auswanderung und Auswanderungspolitik in Österreich, 1909.

Coolidge, Mary R.: Chinese Immigration, 1909.

Fairchild, H. P.: Greek Immigration to the United States, 1911.

Faust, A. B.: The German Element in the United States, 1909.

Flom, George T.: Norwegian Immigration into the United States, 1909.

Green, S. S.: The Scotch-Irish in America, 1895.

Hale, E. E.: Letters on Irish Immigration, 1852.

Hanna, Charles A.: The Scotch-Irish, 1902.

King, Bolton, and Okey, Thomas: Italy To-day, 1901.

Lord, Eliot, Trenor, J. D., and Barrows, S. J.: The Italian in America, 1905.

MacLean, J. P.: Settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America, 1900.

Maguire, J. F.: The Irish in America, 1868.

Nelson, O. N.: History of Scandinavians and Successful Scandinavians in the United States, 1900.

Peters, Madison C.: The Jews in America, 1905.

Rubinow, I. M.: Economic Condition of the Jews in Russia, United States Bureau of Labor, Bulletin No. 72, 1907.

Seward, George F.: Chinese Immigration, 1881.

Sparks, E. E.: The Chinese Question, in National Development, 1877–85, p. 229, 1907.

Magazine Articles, etc.

Abbott, Grace: The Bulgarians of Chicago, Charities, 21:653, 1909.

Bodio, L.: Dell’ Emigrazione Italiana, Nuova Antologia, 183:529, 1902.

Everett, E.: German Immigration to the United States, North American Review, 11:1, 1820.

Houghton, Louise S.: Syrians in the United States, The Survey, July 1, Aug. 5, Sept. 2, Oct. 7, 1911; The above criticised, The Survey, Oct. 28, 1911.

Mangano, Antonio: The Effect of Emigration Upon Italy, Charities and the Commons, Jan. 4, Feb. 1, April 4, May 2, June 6, 1908.

Millis, H. A.: East Indian Immigration to British Columbia and the Pacific Coast States, American Economic Review, 1:72, 1911.

North American Review: The Irish in America, 52:191, 1841.

Rubinow, I. M.: The Jews in Russia, Yale Review, 15:147, 1906.

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

Books

Adams, T. S., and Sumner, H. L.: Labor Problems, 1905.

Dewees, F. P.: The Molly Maguires, 1877.

Hourwich, Isaac A.: Immigration and Labor, 1912.

Stewart, Ethelbert: Influence of Trade Unions on Immigrants, In LaFollette, R. M., The Making of America, Vol. 8, p. 226, 1906.

Warne, F. J.: The Slav Invasion and the Mine Workers, 1904.

Magazine Articles, etc.

All the Year Round: Molly Maguire in America, New Series, 17:270, 1876.

Bailey, W. B.: The Bird of Passage, American Journal of Sociology, 18:391, 1912.

Cance, Alexander E.: Immigrant Rural Communities, The Survey, Jan. 7, 1911; Jewish Immigrants as Tobacco Growers and Dairymen, The Survey, Nov. 4, 1911; Piedmontese on the Mississippi, The Survey, Sept. 2, 1911; Slav Farmers on the “Abandoned-Farm” Area of Connecticut, The Survey, Oct. 7, 1911.

Chute, Charles L.: The Cost of the Cranberry Sauce, The Survey, Dec. 2, 1911.

Darlington, Thomas: Medico-Economic Aspect of the Immigration Problem, North American Review, 183:1262, 1906.

Holcombe, A. N.: Minimum Wage Boards, The Survey, April 1, 1911.

Kellogg, Paul U.: An Immigrant Labor Tariff, The Survey, Jan. 7, 1911; The above criticised, The Survey, Feb. 4, 1911.

Lauck, W. Jett: Industrial Communities, The Survey, Jan. 1, 1911.

Lovejoy, Owen R.: Cost of the Cranberry Sauce, The Survey, Jan. 1, 1911.

Political Science Quarterly: Levasseur’s American Workman, 13:321, 1898.

Rhodes, J. F.: The Molly Maguires in the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania, American Historical Review, 15:547, 1910.

Ripley, William Z.: Race Factors in Labor Unions, Atlantic Monthly, 93:299, 1904.

Roberts, Peter: The Foreigner and His Savings, Charities, 21:757, 1909.

Speare, Charles F.: What America Pays Europe for Immigrant Labor, North American Review, 187:106, 1908.

POLITICAL RELATIONS

Books

Franklin, Frank G.: The Legislative History of Naturalization in the United States, 1906.

United States Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization: Naturalization Laws, 1911.

Magazine Articles, etc.

McMaster, J. B.: The Riotous Career of the Know-Nothings, Forum, 17:524, 1894.

RELIGIOUS RELATIONS

Books

United States Bureau of the Census: Religious Bodies, 1906.

Magazine Articles, etc.

Coudert, Frederic R.: The American Protective Association, Forum, 17:513, 1894.

Gladden, W.: The Anti-Catholic Crusade, Century, 25:789, 1894.

White, Gaylord S.: The Protestant Church and the Immigrant, The Survey, Sept. 25, 1909.

Winston, E. M.: The Threatening Conflict with Romanism, Forum, 17:425, 1894.

SOCIAL RELATIONS

Books

Aronovici, Carol: Some Nativity and Race Factors in Rhode Island, 1910.

Bingham, T. A.: The Girl that Disappears, 1911.

Bonar, J.: Malthus and His Work, 1885.

Bourne, S.: Trade, Population, and Food, 1880.

United States Bureau of the Census; Insane and Feeble-Minded in Hospitals and Institutions, 1906; Paupers in Almshouses, 1904; Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions, 1907.

White, Arnold: The Destitute Alien in Great Britain, 1892.

Magazine Articles, etc.

Bingham, T. A.: Foreign Criminals in New York, North American Review, 188:383, 1908.

Bushee, F. A.: The Declining Birth Rate and Its Cause, Popular Science Monthly, 63:355, 1903.

Claghorn, K. H.: Immigration and Dependence, Charities, 12:151, 1904; Immigration in its Relation to Pauperism, Annals American Academy of Political Science, 24:187, 1904.

Commons, John R.: City Life, Crime, and Poverty, Chautauquan, 38:118, 1903.

Davenport, Charles B.: The Origin and Control of Mental Defectiveness, Popular Science Monthly, 80:87, 1912.

Dunraven, Earl of: The Invasion of Destitute Aliens, Nineteenth Century, 31:985, 1892.

Fairchild, H. P.: Distribution of Immigrants, Yale Review, 16:296, 1907.

Fisher, S. G.: Alien Degradation of American Character, Forum, 14:608, 1893; Has Immigration Increased the Population? Popular Science Monthly, 48:244, 1895.

Hart, H. H.: Immigration and Crime, American Journal of Sociology, 2:369, 1896.

Hunter, Robert: Immigration the Annihilator of our Native Stock, The Commons, 9:114, 1904.

Monthly Chronicle: Pauperism in Massachusetts, 3:564, 1842.

Patten, S. N.: A New Statement of the Law of Population, Political Science Quarterly, 10:44, 1895.

Ross, E. A.: Western Civilization and the Birth Rate, American Journal of Sociology, 12:607, 1907.

Rossiter, W. S.: The Diminishing Increase of Population, Atlantic Monthly, 102:212, 1908.

Round, William M. F.: Immigration and Crime, Forum, 8:428, 1889.

Tuke, J. W.: State Aid to Immigrants, Nineteenth Century, 17:280, 1885.

White, Arnold: The Invasion of Pauper Foreigners, Nineteenth Century, 23:414, 1888.

Willcox, W. F.: The Distribution of Immigrants in the United States, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 20:523, 1906.

STANDARD OF LIVING

Books

Chapin, Robert C.: The Standard of Living Among Workingmen’s Families in New York City, 1909.

Streightoff, Frank H.: The Standard of Living Among the Industrial People of America, 1911.

Magazine Articles, etc.

Almy, Frederic: The Huddled Poles of Buffalo, The Survey, Feb. 4, 1911.

Breckenridge, Sophonisba, and Abbott, Edith: Housing Conditions in Chicago, American Journal of Sociology, 16:289, 433; 17:1, 145, 1910–11.

Chapin, Robert C.: Living Costs: A World Problem, The Survey, Feb. 3, 1912.

Hunt, Milton B.: The Housing of Nonfamily Groups of Men in Chicago, American Journal of Sociology, 16:145, 1910.

Mark, Mary L.: The Upper East Side: A Study in Living Conditions and Migration, American Statistical Association, 10:345, 1907.

Thompson, Carl D.: Socialists and Slums, Milwaukee, The Survey, Dec. 3, 1910.

Ward, Robert De C.: Congestion and Immigration, The Survey, Sept. 9, 1911.

SHIPPING CONDITIONS

Magazine Articles, etc.

All the Year Round: Aboard an Emigrant Ship, 7:111, 1862.

Chambers’ Journal: Emigrant Ship Washington, 16:27, 1851; Trip in an Emigrant Ship, etc., 1:228, 262, 302, 1844.

Living Age: Scenes in Emigrant Ships, 26:492, 1850.

United States Senate Reports: Sickness and Mortality on Board Emigrant Ships, 33d Congress, 1st Session, Committee Report No. 386, 1853–54.