This work traces the origin and evolution of alphabetic writing from ancient pictorial systems through Egyptian hieroglyphs and Mesopotamian cuneiform to later phonetic and syllabic scripts, surveying the archaeological finds and methods that enabled their decipherment. It explains how pictorial signs shifted toward phonetic values, how syllabaries and true alphabets arose, and how innovations from Egypt, Babylon and the Tigris–Euphrates valley spread and interacted. The account considers early catalogs of texts and archaic libraries, examines letters and inscriptions that reveal transitional stages, and concludes by outlining how subsequent cultural and religious forces influenced the transmission and adaptation of alphabetic systems.