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International Language, Past, Present & Future / With Specimens of Esperanto and Grammar

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About This Book

The work argues for an international auxiliary language by weighing principle and practice, emphasizing economic, practical, aesthetic, and educational considerations and addressing common objections. It surveys the history and variety of proposed universal-language schemes, examines the rise and difficulties of earlier projects, and assesses the emergence and present condition of Esperanto. It analyzes Esperanto's structure and pedagogy, presents comparative demonstrations of learning economy and potential uses as a code for untrained correspondents. The volume concludes with practical materials and exercises, including pronunciation guidance, specimens, grammar, affixes, correlative tables, vocabulary, and appendices with sample problems and orthographic notes.

, to fly.

foj‑o
, time;
du fojoj
, twice.

foli‑o
, leaf.

for
, away.

forn‑o
, oven.

frat‑o
,
brother.

fraz‑o
, sentence.

frenez‑o
, madness.

fru‑a
, early.

frukt‑o
, fruit.

G

ge-
, prefix denoting both sexes.

gent‑o
, race, tribe.

grand‑a
, big, great.

Ĝ

ĝi
, it.

ĝis
, until.

ĝoj‑o
, joy.

ĝu‑i
, to enjoy.

H

hav‑i
, to have.

hejm‑o
, home.

hodiaŭ
, to‑day.

hom‑o
, man (mortal; no distinction of sex).

I

-i
, ending of infinitive.

ideal‑o
, ideal.

-ig
, suffix denoting causation.

-iĝ
, suffix denoting becoming.

-il
, suffix denoting instrument.

ili
, they.

-int
, past participle active.

inter
, between, among.

ir‑i
, to go.

-is
, ending of past tense.

-ist
, suffix denoting agent.

iu
, some one.

J

-j
, ending of plural.

jam
, already.

jar‑o
, year.

jen
, here is, here are (French
voici
).

ju
, comparative particle. See
des
.

jun‑a
, young.

Ĵ

ĵus
, just now.

K

kaj
, and.

kamen‑o
, fireplace.

kamp‑o
, field.

kap‑o
, head.

ke
, that (conjunction).

kelk‑a
, some.

kiam
, when.

kiel
, how, as.

kiu
, who, which.

knab‑o
, boy.

komerc‑o
, commerce.

kompat‑o
, sympathy, pity.

kompren‑i
, to understand.

kon‑i
, to know.

konsil‑i
, to counsel.

konstru‑i
, to build.

kontraŭ
, against.

kred‑i
, to believe.

kresk‑i
, to grow.

krom
, besides.

krut‑a
, steep.

kun
, with.

kuŝ-i
, to lie.

kutim‑i
, to be accustomed.

kvankam
, although.

kvar
, four.

kvazaŭ
, as if.

kvin
, five.

L

la
, the.

lac‑a
, tired.

lag‑o
, lake.

land‑o
, land.

lang‑o
, tongue.

las‑i
, to let, leave.

laŭ
, according to.

leg‑i
, to read.

legom‑o
, vegetable.

lern‑i
, to learn.

lert‑a
, clever.

lev‑i
, to raise.

li
, he.

lim‑o
, limit.

lingv‑o
, language.

lit‑o
, bed.

long‑a
, long.

lum‑o
, light.

M

mal-
, prefix denoting the opposite.

malgraŭ
, in spite of.

manĝ-i
, to eat.

mank‑i
, to be wanting.

mar‑o
, sea.

marĉ-o
, swamp.

maten‑o
, morning.

mem
, self.

met‑i
, to put.

mez‑o
, middle.

mi
, I.

mien‑o
, look, air, gait.

mir‑i
, to wonder.

mon‑o
, money.

mond‑o
, world.

montr‑i
, to show.

morgaŭ
, to‑morrow.

Moŝt‑o
, term of respect: your Highness, Worship, Honour.

mult‑a
, much, many.

N

-n
, ending of accusative: also denotes motion towards and duration of time.

naci‑o
, nation.

nask‑i
, to beget.

ne
, no, not.

neĝ-o
, snow.

neniam
, never.

neniu
, no one.

ni
, we.

nom‑o
, name.

nov‑a
, new.

nub‑o
, cloud.

nun
, now.

nur
, only.

nutr‑i
, to feed.

O

-o
, ending of nouns.

oft‑e
, often.

ok
, eight.

okaz‑i
, to happen.

okul‑o
, eye.

ol
, than.

-on
, suffix denoting fraction.

oni
, one, people (indef pron.).

-ont
, future participle active.

orel‑o
, ear.

-os
, ending of future.

P

pac‑o
, peace.

parol‑i
, to speak.

pen‑i
, to try.

pens‑i
, to think.

per
, by means of.

perd‑i
, to lose.

pez‑a
, heavy.

pied‑o
, foot.

pint‑o
, point, peak.

pist‑i
, to pound.

plaĉ-i
, to please.

plat‑a
, flat.

plej
, most.

plen‑a
, full.

plend‑i
, to complain.

plenum‑i
, to fulfill.

pli
, more.

plu
, more, further, farther.

plug‑i
, to plough.

popol‑o
, people, race.

por
, for.

pord‑o
, door.

post
, after, behind (time and place).

pov‑i
, to be able.

pra
, original, great-(grandfather).

prav‑a
, right.

pren‑i
, to take.

preskaŭ
, almost.

pret‑a
, ready.

preter
, beyond, by.

pri
, about, concerning.

pro
, on account of.

R

rakont‑i
, to narrate.

ramp‑i
, to crawl, climb.

rapid‑a
, quick.

rekt‑a
, straight.

rem‑i
, to row.

renkont‑i
, to meet.

renvers‑i
, to upset, overthrow.

rikolt‑o
, crop.

S

sat‑a
, satisfied, full, replete.

sci‑i
, to know.

sed
, but.

sek‑a
, dry.

sekv‑i
, to follow.

sem‑o
, seed.

sen
, without.

sent‑i
, to feel.

si
, self, relexive pronoun.

sid‑i
, to sit.

sinjor‑o
, sir, Mr., gentleman.

skrib‑i
, to write.

sol‑a
, alone, only.

son‑o
, sound.

sonĝ-o
, dream.

sonor‑a
, sonorous.

spec‑o
, kind, sort.

spert‑o
, experience.

spir‑i
, to breathe.

star‑i
, to stand.

sterk‑o
, manure.

subit‑a
, sudden.

sufiĉ-a
, sufficient.

supr‑a
, upper, superior.

sven‑i
, to swoon.

Ŝ

ŝajn‑i
, to seem.

ŝerc‑i
, to joke.

ŝip‑o