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International Law

Chapter 2: PREFACE
By George Grafton Wilson
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This work offers a concise introduction to the principles, sources, and historical development of international law. It contrasts philosophical ideals with observed practice and traces legal foundations from earlier eras to modern practice. It defines legal persons—states, protectorates, insurgents, belligerents—and explains recognition, nationality, jurisdictional acquisition, and maritime and fluvial rights. It outlines general state rights and obligations such as independence, equality, property, and limits on intervention, and covers extradition and international servitudes. It also examines diplomacy and consular practice in peace, discussing ranks, functions, credentials, immunities, and the role of treaties, precedent, and arbitration.

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Title: International Law

Author: George Grafton Wilson

George Fox Tucker

Release date: January 2, 2013 [eBook #41759]
Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

Credits: E-text prepared by Carl Hudkins, Heike Leichsenring, jnik,

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INTERNATIONAL LAW

BY

GEORGE GRAFTON WILSON, Ph.D.
PROFESSOR IN BROWN UNIVERSITY

AND

GEORGE FOX TUCKER, Ph.D.
LATELY REPORTER OF DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME JUDICIAL
COURT OF MASSACHUSETTS

SILVER, BURDETT AND COMPANY
NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO

Copyright, 1901,
By SILVER, BURDETT AND COMPANY.

PREFACE

The authors have aimed to prepare a brief introduction to the subject of International Law. They have freely used the substantive material as found in cases, codes, etc., which involve the principles of International Law. Owing to the increasing importance of international negotiation, relatively more attention than usual has been given to matters connected with diplomacy. The appendices contain material which the authors have found advantageous to have easily accessible to each student. The study of this book should in all cases be supplemented by reference to a considerable number of the books mentioned in the bibliography.

G. G. W.
G. F. T.

September, 1901.

CONTENTS

  PAGE
Bibliography xix
Abbreviation of Cases Cited xxi
Table of Cases Cited xxiii
PART I
GENERAL AND HISTORICAL

CHAPTER I
Definition and General Scope 3
CHAPTER II
Nature 6
CHAPTER III
Historical Development 12
CHAPTER IV
Sources 29
PART II
PERSONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

CHAPTER V
States 39
  • 19. Definition.
    • (a) Political.
    • (b) Sovereign.
  • 20. Nature.
    • (a) Moral.
    • (b) Physical.
    • (c) Communal.
    • (d) External conditions.
  • 21. Recognition of New States.
    • (a) De facto existence.
    • (b) Circumstances of recognition.
      • (1) By division.
      • (2) By union.
      • (3) By admission of old states.
      • (4) By admission of former barbarous communities.
      • (5) Individual and collective recognition.
    • (c) Act of recognition.
    • (d) Premature recognition.
    • (e) Conditions.
    • (f) Recognition irrevocable.
    • (g) Consequences.
      • (1) The Recognizing state.
      • (2) The Recognized state.
      • (3) The Parent state.
      • (4) Other States.
CHAPTER VI
Legal Persons having Qualified Status 50
PART III
INTERNATIONAL LAW OF PEACE

CHAPTER VII
General Rights and Obligations of States 67
CHAPTER VIII
Existence 71
CHAPTER IX
Independence 74
CHAPTER X
Equality 88
CHAPTER XI
Jurisdiction 94
CHAPTER XII
Property 148
CHAPTER XIII
Diplomacy and International Relations in Times of Peace 150
CHAPTER XIV
Treaties 198
CHAPTER XV
Amicable Settlement of Disputes and Non-hostile Redress 217
PART IV
INTERNATIONAL LAW OF WAR

CHAPTER XVI
War 229
CHAPTER XVII
Status of Persons in War 235
CHAPTER XVIII
Status of Property on Land 239
CHAPTER XIX
Status of Property at Sea 245
CHAPTER XX
Conduct of Hostilities 250
CHAPTER XXI
Termination of War 270
PART V
INTERNATIONAL LAW OF NEUTRALITY

CHAPTER XXII
Definition and History 277
CHAPTER XXIII
Relations of Neutral States and Belligerent States 285
CHAPTER XXIV
Neutral Relations between States and Individuals 298
Appendices 331
Index 447

BIBLIOGRAPHY

This list contains the titles of books most frequently cited in the following pages:—

  • Bluntschli, J. C. Le droit international. (Lardy), 1886.
  • Bonfils. Droit International Public. (Fauchille), 1898.
  • Calvo, Ch. Droit International. 5e éd. 6 vols. 1896.
  • Cobbett, Pitt. Leading Cases and Opinions on International Law. 2d ed, 1892.
  • Dahlgren, J. A. Maritime International Law. 1877.
  • Davis, G. B. The Elements of International Law. 1901.
  • Despagnet. Droit International Public. 2d ed. 1899.
  • Field, D. D. Outline of an International Code. 1876.
  • Glass, H. Marine International Law. 1884.
  • Glenn, E. F. Hand Book of International Law. 1895.
  • Grotius, H. De Jure Belli ac Pacis. 3 vols. Whewell. 1853.
  • Hall, W. E. International Law. 4th ed. 1895.
  • Halleck, H. W. Elements of International Law. 3d ed. Baker. 1893.
  • Heffter, A. G. Droit International. 4th ed. Geffeken. 1883.
  • Hertslet, E. Map of Europe by Treaty, 1815-1891. 4 vols. 1875-1891.
  • Holls, F. W. The Peace Conference at the Hague. 1900.
  • Hosack, J. Rise and Growth of the Law of Nations. 1882.
  • Kent, J. Commentaries on American Law. 14th ed.
  • Lawrence, T. J. Principles of International Law. 2d ed. 1901.
  • Lehr, E. Manuel des Agents Diplomatiques et Consulaires. 1888.
  • Maine, H. International Law. 1888.
  • Moore, J. B. Extradition and Interstate Rendition. 2 vols. 1891.
  • —— International Arbitrations. 6 vols. 1898.
  • Ortolan, T. Diplomatie de la Mer. 4th ed. 2 vols. 1864.
  • Perels, F. Manuel de Droit Maritime International par Arendt. 1884.
  • Phillimore, R. International Law. 3d ed.
  • Pomeroy, J. N. International Law in Times of Peace. 1886.
  • Pradier-Fodéré, P. Trait de Droit International Public Européen et Americain. 7 vols. 1885-1897.
  • Rivier, A. Principes du Droit des Gens. 2 vols. 1896.
  • Snow, F. Cases and Opinions on International Law. 1893.
  • —— American Diplomacy. 1894.
  • —— International Law. Naval War College. Prepared by Stockton. 2d ed. 1898.
  • Takahashi, S. Cases on International Law, Chino-Japanese. 1896.
  • Treaties and Conventions between the United States and Other Powers, 1776-1887. 1887.
  • Treaties in Force, Compilation of United States. 1899.
  • Vattel, E. Law of Nations. Trans. Ingraham. 1876.
  • Walker, T. A. Science of International Law. 1893.
  • —— Manual of Public International Law. 1895.
  • —— History of the Law of Nations, vol. 1. 1899.
  • Westlake, J. Chapters on Principles of International Law. 1894.
  • Wharton, F. Digest of International Law. 3 vols. 2d ed. 1887.
  • Wheaton, H. Elements of International Law. 1836.
  • —— Edited by Lawrence, W. B. 1863.
  • —— Edited by Dana, R. H. 1865.
  • —— Edited by Boyd, A. C. 2d ed.
  • Woolsey, T. D. International Law. 6th ed. 1891.

ABBREVIATIONS OF CITATIONS

The following are the important abbreviations of citations:—

Ann. Cycl. Appleton's Annual Cyclopædia.
Br. & For. St. Pap. British and Foreign State Papers.
C. Rob. Chr. Robinson's English Admiralty Reports.
Brussels Code Conference at Brussels, 1874, on Military Warfare.
Cr. Cranch's United States Reports.
Fed. Rep. Federal Reporter.
Gould & Tucker Gould and Tucker's Notes on the United States Statutes.
Hall Hall's International Law (4th ed.).
Hertslet Hertslet Map of Europe by Treaty.
How. Howard United States Reports.
Instr. U. S. Armies. Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field.
Kent's Com. Kent's Commentaries (14th ed.).
Lawrence Lawrence's Principles of International Law.
Oxford Manual Manual of the Laws of War on Land, Oxford, 1880.
Pet. Peters's United States Reports.
Schuyler Schuyler's American Diplomacy.
Takahashi Takahashi's Cases during the Chino-Japanese War.
Treaties of U. S. Treaties and Conventions of the United States, 1776-1887.
U. S. For. Rel. United States Foreign Relations.
U. S. Naval War Code United States Naval War Code.
U. S. United States Reports.
U. S. Rev. Sts. United States Revised Statutes.
U. S. Sts. at Large United States Statutes at Large.
Wall. Wallace, United States Reports.
Whart. Wharton's International Law Digest.
Wheaton D. Wheaton's International Law (Dana's edition).
Wheat. Wheaton's United States Reports.

TABLE OF CASES CITED

  • Alabama, The, 297, 435.
  • Alcinous v. Nigreu, 238, 432.
  • Alexandra, The, 436.
  • Anna, The, 102.
  • Anne, The, 287.
  • Atalanta, The, 308, 443.
  • Bermuda, The, 322, 444.
  • Bolton v. Gladstone, 31, 430.
  • Brown v. United States, 241, 432.
  • Caroline, The, 71, 289, 434.
  • Chesapeake, The, 145.
  • Commercen, The, 305, 441.
  • Constitution, The, 138.
  • Exchange v. M'Faddon, 138.
  • Florida, The, 436.
  • Foster v. Neilson, 46.
  • Friendship, The, 442.
  • Gen. Armstrong, Case of the, 287.
  • Georgia, The, 436.
  • Grotius, The, 258, 433.
  • Harcourt v. Gaillard, 42, 430.
  • Huascar, The, 57.
  • In the Matter of Metzger, 142, 431.
  • Jones v. United States, 46, 431.
  • Jonge Tobias, The, 306, 441.
  • Juffrow Maria Schroeder, 320, 443.
  • Koszta, The Case of, 128, 129.
  • Kow-Shing, 310, 442.
  • La Manche, The, 327, 444.
  • Magnus, The, 441.
  • Maria, The, 310, 321, 444.
  • Marianna Flora, The, 310.
  • M'Ilvaine v. Coxe's Lessee, 42.
  • Montezuma, The, 57.
  • Nassau, The, 326.
  • Orozembo, The, 309, 442.
  • Pampero, The, 436.
  • People v. McLeod, 434.
  • Peterhoff, The, 303, 440.
  • Prize Cases, 231, 323.
  • Regina v. Keyn, 112.
  • Rothschild v. Queen of Portugal, 136.
  • Santa Cruz, The, 30, 433.
  • Santissima Trinidad, The, 69.
  • Sea Lion, The, 267, 433.
  • Shenandoah, The, 436.
  • Sir William Peel, The, 327.
  • Sophie, The, 273, 434.
  • Springbok, The, 327.
  • Staadt Embden, The, 306.
  • State of Mississippi v. Johnson, 46, 431.
  • Stephen Hart, The, 322, 443.
  • Swineherd, Case of the, 273.
  • Twee Gebroeders, The, 288, 435.
  • Two Friends, The, 261, 433.
  • United States v. Ambrose Light, 57.
  • United States v. Baker, 254, 432.
  • United States v. Rauscher, 31, 430.
  • Vavasseur v. Krupp, 135.
  • Venus, The, 266, 433.
  • Virginius, The, 71.
  • Wildenhus's Case, 120, 431.
  • Williams v. Suffolk Insurance Company, 46, 431.
  • William, The, 321.

PART I

GENERAL AND HISTORICAL

INTERNATIONAL LAW

CHAPTER I

DEFINITION AND GENERAL SCOPE