WeRead Powered by ReaderPub
Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries, Vol. 2 cover

Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries, Vol. 2

Chapter 39: Transcriber’s Notes:
Open in WeRead

About This Book

This work surveys the evolution of European letters from the medieval contraction of classical learning through the revival of humanist studies, describing medieval scholasticism, the rise of universities and vernacular literatures, and changing poetic forms. It examines language development and metrics, legal and theological scholarship, and the fluctuating quality of classical taste. It follows the rediscovery of Greek texts, the migration of scholars, and the growing prestige of antiquity that fed humanist criticism and literary production. It considers the technical innovations of printing and paper together with advances in science, law, and bibliography. It concludes by outlining shifts in religious thought, dramatic forms, and the diffusion of books and libraries.

Warwick House, Salisbury Square,
London
, E.C., September, 1881.

A SELECTION FROM

WARD, LOCK & CO.’S CATALOGUE

OF

Illustrated and Fine Art Volumes,

STANDARD REFERENCE WORKS, GIFT BOOKS, &c.


Now ready, price 7s. 6d., medium 8vo., cloth gilt.

The First Volume of
WARD & LOCK’S
UNIVERSAL INSTRUCTOR
OR
Self-Culture for All.

A Complete Guide to
LEARNING AND SELF-EDUCATION,
Meeting the requirements of all Classes
of Students, and forming a
Perfect System of Intellectual Culture.
WITH HUNDREDS OF ILLUSTRATIONS.


The Universal Instructor is characterised by such features as will, the Publishers confidently believe, give it a marked superiority over every similar undertaking. The comprehensiveness of its plan, the thorough execution of its details, the number of its illustrations, the convenience of its size, and the cheapness of its price, cannot fail to secure for it a prominent position.


“The work is excellent, and it is to be hoped it may meet with the popularity it deserves.”—Athenæum.

“The comprehensive excellence of the work is combined with cheapness.... An undoubted boon.”—Daily Chronicle.


London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C.

WARD, LOCK & CO.’S NEW PUBLICATIONS.


Martin Luther.

A NEW GIFT BOOK,
Admirably adapted for Rewards and Presents.

In One thick Vol. 832 pp., medium 8vo.
cloth gilt extra, 7s. 6d.

WARD & LOCK’S
WORTHIES
OF THE
WORLD.
CONTAINING
Lives of Great Men
OF
All Countries and all Times.
WITH PORTRAITS.


Ward and Lock’s Worthies of the World is the most interesting work ever attempted in connection with this valuable branch of study, and the Publishers recommend it with confidence to the perusal of all ages and every class of society.

Frederick the Great.

The Biographies contained in Ward and Lock’s Worthies of the World are those of men who, by general consent, are acknowledged to be the Great Men of the World—those who have influenced its history most, and whose lives, actions, and characters are of universal interest. No place has been given to the illustrious obscure.

Ward and Lock’s Worthies of the World deals with Men of Thought and Men of Action, with great Poets, Philosophers, Warriors, Statesmen, Orators, Divines, Explorers, Inventors—indeed, with all the colossal figures who have adorned the past; unforgotten and never-to-be-forgotten Worthies.

The various lives have been entrusted to writers well qualified to do them justice. They will be found filled with picturesque incident, and have in no case been overloaded with uninteresting details. The whole tone of the work is that of vivacity and interest.

“We know of nothing in the same class of literature equally readable, impartial and valuable as these sketches.”—The Derby Mercury.


The most Useful Book ever produced for Amateurs in Carpentry and the Constructive Arts.

In One Vol. cloth gilt, price 7s. 6d.
EVERY MAN
HIS OWN MECHANIC:

A Complete Guide to

ALL THAT CAN BE DONE BY AMATEURS IN BUILDING, MAKING, AND MENDING.

INCLUDING

1. Household Carpentry and Joinery. In which a full and sufficient description is given of all such timber as the Amateur may require, the Tools that he must use, and the processes to which he may have occasion to resort.

2. Ornamental & Constructional Carpentry and Joinery. In which he is led on to the higher branches of working in Wood, such as Turning, Fret-sawing, and Wood-carving; and to the erection of any Building in which wood is the principal material used; and the manufacture and mending of simple articles of Furniture, the mode of putting up Blinds, Curtain Poles, Cupboards, &c., &c., and doing any ordinary work for which the jobbing carpenter is generally called in.

3. Household Building Art and Practice. In which the Amateur is made acquainted with simple methods of putting up Buildings in less perishable materials than wood, and with ordinary Smith’s work, Brazing, Soldering, Wire-working, Painting, Glazing, and a variety of other operations that may be performed without difficulty if the Amateur is determined to go to work with a will.

WITH 750 ILLUSTRATIONS
OF TOOLS, PROCESSES, BUILDINGS, &c.

“A most useful book, not only to working men, but to all classes of people.”—The Edinburgh Daily Review.


ENTIRELY NEW EDUCATIONAL WORK.

Just ready, price 5s., folio, boards.
WARD & LOCK’S

PICTORIAL
ATLAS OF NATURE,
CONTAINING
500 ORIGINAL ENGRAVINGS
OF THE
Men, Animals and Plants
OF ALL QUARTERS OF THE GLOBE.

FOR HOME AND SCHOOL USE
Edited, with Explanatory Notes, by
H. W. DULCKEN, Ph.D.

The Geographical Atlas pictures the surface of the earth, with its mountains, seas and lakes, its continents, islands and rivers; but to illustrate the wonderful and endless variety of the phases of Plant life, Animal life, and Human life that diversify this surface, a supplementary, or rather accompanying, Atlas is wanted; and this requirement the Pictorial Atlas of Nature is intended to fulfil.

Here will be found, in the Ethnological Plates, types of the families of the Human Race; in the Natural History department, the different Animals; and in the Botanical illustrations, the Plants of the various quarters of the globe. The Outline Map on each plate, with numbers corresponding to those of the separate illustrations, will enable the learner to find, and the teacher to point out, the habitat of the various Men, Animals and Plants.

The Woodcuts have been prepared with the greatest care, the Animals and Plants being drawn from nature, and the pictures of races, in almost every case, taken either from the life or from well-authenticated photographs. Many eminent men of science have lent their valuable assistance in verifying the correctness of the pictures, and no pains have been spared to make the work as complete as possible.


THE CHEAPEST ENCYCLOPÆDIA
Ever Published.
Complete in Four Volumes, strongly bound, half-roan,
price 42s.; half-calf, 63s.


BEETON’S
ILLUSTRATED
ENCYCLOPÆDIA
Of Universal Information.

COMPRISING
GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, SCIENCE, ART AND LITERATURE.
AND CONTAINING NEARLY

4,000 PAGES,
50,000 DISTINCT ARTICLES,
2,000 ENGRAVINGS, and
NUMEROUS COLOURED MAPS.


In Beeton’s Illustrated Encyclopædia will be found complete and authentic information respecting the Physical and Political Geography, Situation, Population, Commerce and Productions, as well as the principal Public Buildings of every Country and important or interesting Town in the World, and the leading Historical Events with which they have been connected: concise Biographies of Eminent Persons, from the most remote times to the present day; brief Sketches of the leading features of Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Oriental, and Scandinavian Mythology; a Complete Summary of the Moral, Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences; a plain description of the Arts; and an interesting Synopsis of Literary Knowledge. The Pronunciation and Etymology of every leading term introduced throughout the Encyclopædia are also given.


“We know of no book which in such small compass gives so much information.”—The Scotsman.


Just ready, in One handsome Volume, medium 8vo., half-roan, 18s.
AN ENTIRELY NEW EDITION OF

Beeton’s Dictionary of Universal Information,

GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, AND BIOGRAPHY.
Enlarged, Corrected, and Revised to the Present Time.
Containing about 2,000 Pages, 13,000 Distinct Articles, and numerous Maps.


THE NEW FARM BOOK.
Just ready, crown 8vo., half-roan, 7s. 6d.; half-calf, 10s. 6d.

WARD & LOCK’S BOOK OF
FARM MANAGEMENT
And Country Life.

A COMPLETE CYCLOPÆDIA OF RURAL OCCUPATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS.
INCLUDING FULL INFORMATION ON
The Management of the Farm—Crops of the Farm—Cows, and the Management of the Dairy—The Horse—The Dog—Tree-Culture—The Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen Garden—Field Sports and Rural Recreations.
WITH COLOURED PLATES,
And HUNDREDS OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

BAZAARS AND FANCY-FAIRS.
Just ready, crown 8vo., cloth gilt, gilt edges, 5s.

THE LADY’S
Bazaar & Fancy-fair Book

With 364 Illustrations.

Containing Suggestions upon the getting-up of Bazaars, and Instructions for making Articles in Embroidery, Cane-work, Crochet, Knitting, Netting, Tatting, Rustic-work and Cone-work; also Directions for making Skeleton Leaves, Phantom Bouquets, and for Painting on Ivory, China, Whitewood, Tapestry, and Terra-cotta.

The fashion of raising money for charitable purposes by means of Bazaars and Fancy Fairs is not only an established institution in this country, but is decidedly on the increase. The consequence is that there is a persistent demand for something new, both in the mode of preparing the Stalls and in the style of Article to be sold. Ingenuity and originality are severely taxed in the effort to produce something different from the ordinary monotonous line of Pincushions, Antimacassars, and Tennis-aprons. It is with a view of assisting those who desire to strike out Novelties in this direction that The Lady’s Bazaar and Fancy-Fair Book has been compiled.


ENTIRELY NEW EDITION, BROUGHT DOWN TO THE AUTUMN OF 1881.

Haydn’s Dictionary of Dates. Relating to all Ages and Nations, for Universal Reference. By Benjamin Vincent, librarian of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. SEVENTEENTH EDITION, Enlarged, Corrected, and Revised to Autumn of 1881. Containing 10,000 distinct Articles, and 90,000 Dates and Facts. In One thick Volume, 8vo., cloth, 18s.; half-calf, 24s.; full or tree-calf, 31s. 6d.

“The most universal book of reference in a moderate compass that we know of in the English Language.”—The Times.

“It is by far the readiest and most reliable work of the kind.”—The Standard.

Dr. Adam Clarke’s Commentary on the Holy Bible. New Edition, containing the Author’s latest Corrections, with Additional Prefatory and Supplementary Notes, bringing the work up to the present standard of Biblical Knowledge, and Life of the Author, by the Rev. Thornley Smith. Unabridged Edition, 6,000 pages, with 100 pages of Engravings, Maps, &c. In Six Vols., super-royal, cloth, price 50s.

Wordsworth’s Poetical Works. New Edition, handsomely printed on good paper, and neatly and strongly bound. Six Vols., fcap. 8vo., cloth, price 30s.

A NEW LIFE OF MR. GLADSTONE.

William Ewart Gladstone: Prime Minister of England. A Political and Literary Biography. By George R. Emerson, Author of “Life of Lord Beaconsfield,” “Life of Raleigh,” “Life of Shakespeare,” &c., in “Worthies of the World;” Editor of “Beeton’s Illustrated Encyclopædia,” &c. Demy 8vo., cloth gilt, 6s.

When, in the course of nature, the eloquent lips are silent, the powerful intellect and the sympathetic heart no longer working for the service of the State, no other memorial of the great Englishman will be needed than the remembrance of what he did, indelibly recorded in our national and social life. To assist his countrymen to understand this record, by collecting in an available form the incidents which have marked his career—by exhibiting, if he can, which have been the motive-powers—has been the object of this biography—happily, and may it be so for many years to come—incomplete.”—Extract from Preface.

Ward and Lock’s Standard Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. A Popular and Comprehensive Guide to the Pronunciation, Parts of Speech, Meanings, and Etymology of all Words—Ordinary, Scientific, and Technological—now in General Use. With 40 pages of Engravings and an extensive Appendix. Crown 8vo., cloth gilt, 5s.

“Altogether, for its size it will be found the most complete popular dictionary of our language yet published.”—The Athenæum.

“A meritorious work, which will, we hope, find a large circulation.”—The Pall Mall Gazette.

“We are glad to see the appearance of this Etymological Dictionary.”—The Saturday Review.

“Certainly one of the best and cheapest dictionaries published.”—Pictorial World.

WARD AND LOCK’S
Royal Edition of the Poets.
A New and handsome Edition, excellently printed and bound.
Edited, with Critical Memoirs, by W. M. ROSSETTI.
With Red Line Borders and Illustrations.

1. Longfellow. 4. Scott. 7. Burns.
2. Wordsworth. 5. Cowper. 8. Moore.
3. Hood. 1st Series. 6. Byron. 9. Milton.
10. Poetic Treasures, Selected and Edited by Rev. Dr. Giles.
Medium 8vo., cloth gilt, gilt edges, 7s. 6d. each; full morocco, 16s.

Travels and Adventures in Arabistan; or, “The Land of the Arabian Nights.” By William Perry Fogg, A.M. With an Introduction by Bayard Taylor. Beautifully Illustrated with full-page and other Engravings. Demy 8vo., cloth gilt, 7s. 6d.

Washington Irving’s Sketch Book. A New Edition. Illustrated with One Hundred and Twenty Engravings on Wood from Original Designs. Large demy 8vo., cloth gilt, 10s. 6d.

The Family Altar: A Manual of Domestic Devotion. Containing Morning and Evening Prayers, and Hymns, Portions of Scripture, and Practical Observations for Every Day in the Year. With Engravings. Large 4to, cloth gilt, price 12s. 6d.

Carleton’s Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry. With the Author’s last Corrections, an Introduction, Explanatory Notes, and numerous full-page Plates and other Illustrations by Harvey, Gilbert, Phiz, &c. Demy 8vo., cloth gilt, price 7s. 6d.

Also to be had in Two Volumes, price 4s. each.

Great Discoveries and Daring Deeds; or, The Story of the Golden Americas. By John Tillotson. Profusely Illustrated. Demy 8vo., handsomely bound, cloth gilt, price 5s.; ditto, gilt edges, 6s.

Beeton’s Complete Orator. Comprising “British Orators” and “The Art of Public Speaking.” Crown 8vo., cloth gilt, price 3s. 6d.

The Pickwick Papers. By Charles Dickens. A New Edition. With Twelve full-page Plates by Arthur B. Frost. Crown 8vo., picture boards, price 2s.


London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C.

WARD, LOCK & CO.’S STANDARD PUBLICATIONS.


Sabbath Bells Chimed by the Poets. With Coloured and other Illustrations by BIRKET FOSTER, and other Artists. Cloth gilt, gilt edges, price 10s. 6d.

Noble Thoughts in Noble Language. A Collection of Wise and Virtuous Utterances, in Prose and Verse, from the Writings of the Known Great and the Great Unknown. With an Index of Authors. New Edition, with full page Illustrations. Compiled and Analytically Arranged by Henry Southgate. Royal 8vo., cloth gilt, gilt edges, price 10s. 6d.; half-calf, 15s.; elegant morocco, bevelled boards, 21s.

Handy Book of Games for Gentlemen. By Captain Crawley. Comprising Billiards, Bagatelle, Whist, Loo, Cribbage, Chess, Draughts, Backgammon, Ecarté, Piquet, All Fours, &c. With many Illustrations and Diagrams. Crown 8vo., cloth gilt. 5s.

The Card Player’s Manual. By Capt. Crawley. Crown 8vo., boards, 2s.; cloth gilt, 2s. 6d.

Beeton’s Household Amusements and Enjoyments. Comprising Acting Charades, Burlesques, Conundrums, Enigmas, Rebuses, Puzzles, &c. With Coloured Frontispiece and many Engravings. Handsomely bound, cloth gilt, gilt edges, 5s.

Haydn’s Domestic Medicine. By the late Edwin Lankester, M.D., F.R.S., Assisted by Distinguished Physicians and Surgeons. New Edition, including an Appendix on Sick Nursing and Mothers’ Management. With 32 full pages of Engravings. In One Vol. medium 8vo., cloth gilt, 7s. 6d.; half-calf, 12s.

“The fullest and most reliable work of its kind.”—Liverpool Albion.

Haydn’s Bible Dictionary. Edited by the late Rev. Charles Boutell, M.A. New Edition, brought down to the latest date. With 100 pages of Engravings, separately printed on tinted paper. In One Vol. medium 8vo., cloth gilt, 7s. 6d.; half-calf, 12s.

“No better one than this is in the market.... Every local preacher should place this dictionary in his study, and every Sunday-school teacher should have it for reference.”—The Fountain.

Whiston’s Josephus. An entirely New Library Edition. With Memoir of the Author, Marginal Notes giving the Essence of the Narrative, and 100 pages of Engravings. In One Vol. medium 8vo., cloth gilt, 7s. 6d.; half-calf, 12s.

“The present edition is cheap and good, being clearly printed, and, as already remarked, serviceably embellished with views and object drawings, not one of which is irrelevant to the matter.”—The Daily Telegraph.

The Doré Gift Book of Illustrations to Tennyson’s Idylls of the King. With Descriptive Letterpress and Quotations from Tennyson’s Poems, by permission. In One Magnificent royal 4to Volume, containing 37 Engravings on Steel from the Original Drawings by GUSTAVE DORE. Cloth, richly gilt, gilt edges, price 42s.

Gustave Doré’s Illustrations to the Arthurian Legends. Royal 4to, handsomely bound, cloth, richly gilt, gilt edges, 12s. each.

1. Guinevere. The Story of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere. With Nine Engravings on Steel from Drawings by GUSTAVE DORE.

2. Vivien. The Story of Merlin, the Enchanter, and Vivien. With Nine Engravings on Steel from Drawings by GUSTAVE DORE.

3. Enid. The Story of Enid and Geraint With Nine Engravings on Steel from Drawings by GUSTAVE DORE.

4. Elaine. The Story of Elaine. With Nine Engravings on Steel from Drawings by GUSTAVE DORE.

“As popular gift-books they are precisely what they should be—beautifully printed on the thickest paper, handsomely bound, and moderate in price.”—The Times.

Dalziel’s Illustrated Goldsmith. With a Sketch of the Life of Oliver Goldsmith by H. W. Dulcken, Ph.D. With 100 Pictures drawn by G. J. PINWELL, engraved by the Brothers Dalziel. Beautifully bound, cloth, full gilt, gilt edges, price 10s. 6d.

Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress. With a Memoir of the Author by H. W. Dulcken, Ph.D., and 100 Page and other Illustrations by THOMAS DALZIEL, engraved by the Brothers Dalziel. Presentation Edition, on thick toned paper, 4to, cloth gilt, gilt edges, price 10s. 6d. Cheaper Edition, crown 8vo., cloth gilt, gilt edges, 3s. 6d.; cloth gilt, 2s. 6d. Popular Edition, thin paper, ornamental wrapper, 1s.; cloth gilt, 1s. 6d.; gilt edges, 2s.

Beeton’s Great Book of Poetry: from Cædmon and King Alfred’s Boethius to Browning and Tennyson; with a separate Selection of American Poems. New Edition, with full-page Illustrations. Containing nearly Two Thousand of the Best Pieces in the English Language. With Sketches of the History of the Poetry of our Country, and Biographical Notices of the Poets. In One handsome Volume, royal 8vo., cloth gilt, gilt edges, price 21s.; or in half-calf, 25s.

Beeton’s Book of English Poetry: From Chaucer to Pope. With Biographical Notices and numerous full-page Illustrations. Handsomely bound, cloth gilt, gilt edges, 10s. 6d.

Beeton’s Book of Favourite Modern Poets of England and America. With Biographical Notices and numerous full-page Illustrations. Handsomely bound, cloth gilt, gilt edges, 10s. 6d.


London: WARD, LOCK & CO., Salisbury Square, E.C.

Transcriber’s Notes:

Volume 1 contains the Table of Contents for both Volumes 1 and 2; it has been duplicated and added to this volume for the convenience of users. Only the Table of Contents and index pages associated with Volume 2 have been linked within this e-book.

For web pages that do not use cascading style sheets (CSS) and for some ebook readers, sidenotes within a paragraph may appear surrounded by pipes (|). In ebook readers, sidenotes should appear highlighted.

Transliterations of words and phrases in Greek are indicated by dotted lines under the text. Scroll the mouse over the words and the transliteration will appear.

Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of the numbered paragraph in which the related anchors occur.

The author/editor usually omitted quotation marks around cited text; this was not changed. All other punctuation and accents marks were standardized.

Words with missing or partially printed letters were completed. This edition contains many spelling/typographical errors; obvious errors were corrected. Capitalization of words was corrected, where appropriate. Obsolete, archaic, and consistently misspelled words were retained. Other corrections are listed below.

Corrections:

Ch. 18, §8, ‘waved’ to ‘waived’ ... which had imprudently waived.
Footnote 67, ὁημεραι to ὁσημεραι and τελευτνᾶν to τελευτᾶν
Ch. 20, §35, ‘give’ to ‘gave’ ... elapsed since he gave to the world ...
Footnote 194, ’words’ to ‘word’ ... The word ... is perhaps unhappy ...
Footnote 212, added anchor missing in the original.
Footnote 290, In the original, where ‘A - Y’ is part of a formula, it is annotated with a bar that extends above all three characters. For handheld devices, brackets were used instead: [A - Y].
Footnote 290, duplicate ‘in’ removed ... in the conclusion ...
Ch. 21, §29, ‘their’ to ‘there’ ... there will frequently be ...
Ch. 21, §111, ‘treatises’ to ‘treaties’ ... relates to treaties that have ...
Ch. 21, §137, ‘notions’ to ‘nations’ ... law of nations permit ...
Ch. 23, §52, ‘then’ to ‘than’ ... in his time than they are at present ...
Ch. 24, §33, duplicate ‘and’ removed ... and his facility ...
Ch. 24, §60, ‘lyes’ to ‘lays’ ... natural and veracious tone of his lays....
Ch. 29, §25 and footnote 777, ‘Degerando’ and ‘Degenerando‘ to ‘de Gérando‘
Ch. 29, §45 duplicate ‘the’ removed ... the depth, and the clearness ...
Ch. 30, §1 duplicate ‘the’ removed ... the propositions condemned ...
Ch. 33, §32, ‘their’ to ‘theirs’ ... theirs is what defaces the ...
Ch. 33, §58, ‘1862’ to ‘1682 ... above forty years, from 1635 to 1682.
Footnote 1079, reference is to ‘xi’ in other editions.

In the index, ‘Bengard’ was changed to ‘Berigard’; for the entry ‘Calendar, Gregorian,’ the page number was changed from 388 to 390; and for the entry under Rome, ‘Perversions’ was changed to ‘Conversions.’