Design patents run for a term of 3½, or for 7, or for 14 years as you wish and care to pay for. The patent attorney’s fees for writing the specification, making the drawing and seeing the patent application through the patent office is usually $20 regardless of the term it is to run; the government fee is $10 for 3½ years, $15 for 7 years and $30 for 14 years, making the total cost of such patents $30, $35 and $50 respectively.
Assignments.—If you want to you may sell or assign a part or the whole of your invention before you file an application for a patent, or you may do the same thing while your application is pending in the patent office.
Such an interest in your invention and patent rights may be disposed of by a complete assignment, by granting territorial rights, by mortgage, or by shop or other licenses. In whatever way the assignment, grant or conveyance is made it must be recorded in the patent office or it will not be valid.
Caveats.—A Caveat can no longer be filed in the patent office, the law relating to them having been repealed July 1, 1910. Before this time an inventor who had not completed his invention could file a Caveat in the archives of the patent office where it was kept a secret for one year, and the time could be renewed from year to year.
The purpose of a Caveat was to give the inventor more time to work out his invention and to be notified should any other inventor apply for a patent on the same thing. He could then immediately file his own patent application when an interference would be declared between them.
Patent Office Fees.—The following schedule of fees for patents and prices for the various publications of the patent office are taken from the Rules of Practice. These fees are required to be paid in advance. All orders and moneys for the following fees should be sent to the Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.; except for The Official Gazette which should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
RULES OF PRACTICE IN THE U. S. PATENT OFFICE
Free on Request.
Trade Marks.—A trade mark is any kind of a mark, sign, name or picture, or a combination of these, by which a manufacturer, or a dealer can mark the goods he makes or sells so that a consumer can always know that the brand he is buying is genuine.
A registered trade mark gives the owner the sole right to use it and any one else who uses or imitates it can be restrained from its further use by injunction and sued for damages. After you have decided on the trade mark you want to use to show that the product is of your manufacture you should file an application to register the trade mark just as you would for a patent.
There are some kinds of words which you cannot have registered as a trade mark and you may have other words in mind which have already been registered in the patent office; nor can you register a trade mark unless you have sold your goods outside of your own State. Patent attorneys do not as a rule charge for a search of the trade mark records where an application for registration is filed through them.
The patent office fee for registering a trade mark is $10; a patent attorney generally charges $15 for preparing the specification and $5 additional for making the drawing which makes a total cost of $30 for a trade mark. A registered trade mark remains in force for 20 years and it may be renewed for another 20 years.
Copyrights.—A copyright is the sole right granted by law to authors and artists to publish and dispose of their works for a term of 28 years when it may be renewed for 14 years more making 42 years in all.
A copyright may be had on written articles, books, lectures or other oral addresses, on dramatic and musical compositions, photographs, paintings, drawings, sculpture, plastic work, moving picture photo-plays, moving pictures other than photo-plays, maps, prints and pictorial illustrations.
A copyright cannot be had on trade marks, the names of companies, newspapers, manufactured articles or on prints or labels which are to be used for any kind of manufactured articles. Trade marks and patents are granted for the above classes of work.
The general procedure for obtaining a copyright on the first named subjects is the same but the application forms issued by the Copyright Office differ a little from each other in wording and you should have the right one.
When you are ready to file an application for a copyright in the United States send to the Register of Copyrights, Copyright Office, Washington, D. C., for a copy of Steps Necessary to Secure Copyright Registration and also a copy of Explanatory Circular No. 12, entitled Application Forms, for which no charge is made. A reading of these leaflets will tell you exactly how to obtain a copyright and also the application form to use.
When you have found from these the application form you need send again to the Register of Copyrights for one or more of the application forms, fill it in and send it and $1 by money order or bank-draft made payable to the Register of Copyrights, together with a 10 cent revenue stamp—for these are war times—and you will receive in turn a certificate of copyright.
By copyrighting the thing yourself you will save just $9 for this is the amount a patent attorney will charge you for filing it, and if this isn’t driving screws with a hammer I’d like to know what it is.
The following is an application form for copyrighting a book:—
Government Fees for Patents and Least Charges of Patent Attorneys.—The United States patent office fees for patents of whatever nature and however simple or complicated, except for design patents, are always the same, namely $15 for filing the application and $20 which is payable when the patent is granted making a total cost of $35. The patent attorneys’ fees may vary greatly but the following table shows about what their least charges are:
| UNITED STATES PATENTS | ||||
| Attorney’s Fees |
Drawings | Patent Office Fees |
Total Cost of Patent |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A simple mechanical patent | $30 | $5 | $35 | $70 |
| A simple electrical patent | $30 | |||
| A simple chemical patent | $35 | |||
| A simple electro-chemical patent | ||||
| A simple composition patent | ||||
| A simple process patent | ||||
| DESIGN PATENTS, ETC. | ||||
| Design Patent | ||||
| 3½ year term | $15 | $5 | ||
| 7 year term | $15 | $35 | ||
| 14 year term | $30 | $50 | ||
| Trade Mark Registration | $15 | $5 | $10 | $30 |
| Print and Label Registration | $14 | $6 | $20 | |
| Copyright | $9 | $1 | $10 | |
| Assignment of Patents and Trade Marks | $5 | |||
Foreign Patents.—After you have applied for a patent on your invention in the United States you should take out patents in foreign countries. Sometimes indeed you will find a more ready sale abroad for your invention, or the product of your invention, than you will right here at home. In many of these countries a yearly tax is also charged by the government. The costs given below for each country include both the government and the attorney’s fees.
Dominion of Canada.—In Canada a preliminary protection may be secured for one year. A patent is issued for 6 years and at the expiration of that time the patent may be extended for 6 years more and then for another 6 years, making 18 years in all.
| Preliminary protection | $ 5 |
| Patent for 6-year term | 45 |
Great Britain.—A British patent includes England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. A provisional patent which secures priority of invention may be obtained for a term of 6 months. The complete British patent is then issued for 14 years.
| Provisional specification | $30 |
| Patent for 14 years | 70 |
France and Colonies.—The term of a French patent is 15 years. If the invention it covers is not worked within 2 years after it is issued it becomes public property.
| Patent for 15 years | $60 |
Germany and Colonies.—A German patent includes Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria and other kingdoms of the Empire. There are two classes of patents issued and these are 1, the technical patent, which is issued for 15 years, and 2, the model patent, which is issued for 6 years, the first corresponding to the U. S. ordinary patent and the second to the U. S. design patent.
| Technical patent, for 15 years | $60 |
| Model patent, for 6 years | 35 |
Austria and Hungary.—
| Patent in either country for 15 years. Fee is | $70 |
Belgium.—Patent for 20 years. Fee is $40.
Spain.—Patent for 20 years. Fee is $65.
Italy.—Patent for 15 years. Fee is $65.
Russia.—Patent for 15 years. Fee is $90.
Denmark.—Patent for 15 years. Fee is $70.
Norway and Sweden.—Patent for 15 years in each country. Fee is $70.
Switzerland.—Patent for 15 years. Fee is $60.
Portugal and Turkey.—Patent for 15 years. Fee is $100.
Holland.—Has no patent laws.
India.—Patent for 14 years. Fee is $80.
Australian Commonwealth.—Includes Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and West Australia. One patent covers them all.
| Patent for 14 years | $100 |
Japan and China.—Fee is $100.
Africa.—Egypt, Natal and Transvaal, each $100. Cape Colony, $125. Congo Free State, $130.
Central America.—Costa Rica, $150. Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua, each $225.
West Indies.—Cuba, $90. Barbados, $100. Jamaica, $125. Trinidad, $140. Bahama Islands, $150.
South America.—United States of Colombia, $120. Brazil, $125. Peru and Panama, $200. Venezuela, $220; and Chili, $230.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
SOME USEFUL MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
| π = 3.14159 (π is a Greek letter pronounced Pi) |
| d = diameter of a circle |
| r = radius of a circle |
| p = periphery, or circumference of a circle |
| The area of a circle = πr² |
| The circumference of a circle = πd |
| The diameter of a circle | = | p | = | p |
| π | 3.14 |
| The radius of a circle | = | p | = | p |
| 2π | 6.28 |
| The surface of a sphere = 4πr² = πd² |
| The volume of a sphere | = | 4 | πr³ | = | 1 | πd³ |
| 3 | 6 |
APPENDIX B
THE METRIC OR DECIMAL SYSTEM
The metric system is a French system of weights and measures much used in the arts and sciences in every civilized country and as each unit is multiplied or divided by 10 to obtain ascending or descending values it is much more convenient to use than the older English system of arbitrary measures.
The metric system is based on the meter, which is one-ten millionth of the distance from the Earth’s equator to the North Pole. There are five units, the four latter being derived from the meter and these are:
1. The meter which is the unit of length and is about 3.280 feet in length.
2. The are which is the unit of surface and is 100 square meters in area.
3. The liter which is the unit of capacity and is 1 cubic decimeter, which is equal to 1.0567 United States quarts.
4. The stere which is the unit of solidity and is equal to 1 cubic meter.
5. The gram is the unit of weight and is the weight of 1 cubic centimeter of distilled water at its maxim density.
APPENDIX C
METRIC MEASURES OF LENGTH AND VALUES IN
INCHES
| Divisions | Millimeter | (mm) | = | 0.001 m. | = | 0.03937 inch |
| Centimeter | (cm) | = | 0.01 m. | = | 0.3937 inch | |
| Decimeter | (dm) | = | 0.1 m. | = | 3.937 inches | |
| Unit Meter | (m) | = | 1. m. | = | 39.37 inches | |
| Multiples | Dekameter | (Dm) | = | 10. m. | = | 393.7 inches |
| Hektometer | (Hm) | = | 100. m. | = | 328. feet and 1 inch | |
| Kilometer | (Km) | = | 1,000. m. | = | 0.62326 mile | |
| Myriameter | (Mm) | = | 10,000. m. | = | 6.2326 miles | |
APPENDIX D
METRIC MEASURES OF WEIGHT AND VALUES IN
ENGLISH WEIGHT
| Divisions | Milligram | (mg) | = | 0.001 g | = | 0.0154 grain | avoirdupois |
| Centigram | (cg) | = | 0.01 g | = | 0.1543 grain | “ | |
| Decigram | (dg) | = | 0.1 g | = | 1.5432 grain | “ | |
| Unit Gram | (g) | = | 1 g | = | 15.432 grains | “ | |
| Multiples | Dekagram | (Dg) | = | 10 g | = | 0.3527 ounce | “ |
| Hektogram | (Hg) | = | 100 g | = | 3.5274 ounces | “ | |
| Kilogram | (Kg) | = | 1,000 g | = | 2.2046 pounds | “ | |
| Myriagram | (Mg) | = | 10,000 g | = | 22.046 pounds | “ | |
APPENDIX E
TO CHANGE METRIC TO ENGLISH MEASURE AND
VICE VERSA
| To Change | To | Multiply by |
|---|---|---|
| Inches | Centimeters | 2.54 |
| Feet | Meters | 0.3048 |
| Miles | Kilometers | 1.6093 |
| Square Inches | Square Centimeters | 6.4516 |
| Square Feet | Square Meters | 0.0929 |
| Square Yards | Square Meters | 0.8361 |
| Cubic Inches | Cubic Centimeters | 16.3872 |
| Cubic yards | Cubic Meters | 0.7646 |
| Fluid ounces | Cubic Centimeters | 29.574 |
| Quarts | Liters | 0.9464 |
| Ounces (avoirdupois) | Grams | 28.3495 |
| Grains | Milligrams | 64.789 |
| Pounds (avoirdupois) | Kilograms | 0.4536 |
| Meters | Inches | 39.37 |
| Meters | Feet | 3.2808 |
| Kilometers | Miles | 0.6213 |
| Square Centimeters | Square Inches | 0.155 |
| Square Meters | Square Yards | 1.196 |
| Cubic Centimeters | Cubic Inches | 0.0610 |
| Cubic Meters | Cubic Yards | 1.308 |
| Cubic Centimeters | Fluid Ounces | 0.0344 |
| Liters | Quarts | 1.0567 |
| Grams | Grains | 15.4324 |
| Kilograms | Pounds | 2.204 |
APPENDIX F
SIZES OF TWIST DRILLS FOR TAPS OR SCREWS
| No. of Drill | No. of Tap or Screw |
No. of Threads to the Inch |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use | 38 | for | 4 | — | 36 |
| “ | 32 | “ | 6 | — | 32 |
| “ | 28 | “ | 8 | — | 32 |
| “ | 22 | “ | 10 | — | 24 |
| “ | 13 | “ | 12 | — | 24 |
APPENDIX G
SIZES OF TAPS AND DIES
| No. of Tap or Die | Threads to Inch |
|---|---|
| 4 | 36 |
| 6 | 32 |
| 8 | 32 |
| 10 | 24 |
| 12 | 24 |
APPENDIX H
SIZES OF MACHINE SCREWS AND NUTS
Machine screws and nuts are numbered the same as dies and taps.
APPENDIX I
REDUCING FRICTION
When two bodies are rubbed together the motion is opposed by a force called friction. When two surfaces slide against each other the friction between them is proportional to the force pressing them together. The amount of friction depends upon the pressure of the bodies, the roughness of their surfaces and also slightly on their adhesion. The friction is the same regardless of the speed with which the surfaces slide over each other.
The co-efficient of friction is the measure of friction and this is found by dividing the force of friction by the force pressing the surfaces together. Here are a few co-efficients of sliding friction:
| Per cent. | |
|---|---|
| Oak on Oak with Fibers parallel without lubricant | 0.42 |
| Oak on Oak with Fibers parallel rubbed with soap | 0.16 |
| Cast Iron on Oak | 0.42 |
| Cast Iron on Cast Iron, not lubricated | 0.15 |
| Cast Iron on Cast Iron, lubricated | 0.10 |
| Iron on Brass | 0.16 |
| Brass on Brass | 0.20 |
| Iron on Bronze, without lubricant | 0.25 |
| Iron on Bronze, thoroughly lubricated | 0.06 |
| Cast Iron Wheels on Rails (Rolling Friction) | 0.004 |
| Ball Bearings (Rolling Friction) | 0.001 |
APPENDIX J
WEIGHT OF CASTINGS COMPARED WITH WOOD
PATTERNS
The following table shows what the weight of a casting will be compared with the weight of the wood pattern from which it was made, less the weight of the core point, or piece projecting from the pattern to support it.
| A Wood Pattern Weighing One Pound |
Will Make a Casting Weighing | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pattern of | Cast Iron Pounds |
Brass Pounds |
Copper Pounds |
Bronze Pounds |
Zinc Pounds |
| Pine | 14 | 15.8 | 16.7 | 16.3 | 13.5 |
| Beech | 9.7 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 9.1 |
| Oak | 9 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 12.9 |
| Birch | 10.6 | 11.9 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 10.2 |
| Mahogany | 11.7 | 13.2 | 13.7 | 13.5 | 11.2 |
| Brass | 0.84 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.81 |
APPENDIX K
GEARS AND GEARINGS
A spur-gear is a gear with teeth cut on its periphery, that is an ordinary cog-wheel. Miter gears are two bevel gears of the same diameter which run together. A large miter gear will not mesh with a small miter gear nor with another bevel gear in the proper manner. Miter and bevel gears cannot be interchanged with other sets like spur gears.
All miter gears that you buy ready cut are made so that their shafts run at right angles to each other as shown in Fig. 129, but you can have them cut to order to run at any angle you want.
To find the pitch, pitch diameter, circular pitch, etc., of both spur and bevel gears use these rules:
- π = 3.14159
- p = pitch
- n = number of teeth
- pd = pitch diameter
- od = outside diameter
- cp = circular pitch
To Find the Pitch:
| p | = | n |
| pd |
To Find the Number of Teeth:
| n = p × pd |
To Find the Pitch Diameter:
| pd | = | n |
| p |
To Find the Outside Diameter of Spur Wheels:
| od | = | (2 + n) |
| p |
To Find the Circular Pitch:
| cp | = | π |
| pd |
To Find the Distance Between the Centers of Two Spur Gears:
| (n¹ + n²) |
| 2 |
| p |
Where n¹ + n² = the sum of the teeth of both gears.
APPENDIX L
SOME USEFUL ALLOYS
| Name of Alloy | Parts of Copper |
Parts of Tin |
Parts of Zinc |
Parts of Lead |
Parts of Other Metals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gun Metal | 91 | 9 | |||
| Bell Metal | 75 | 25 | |||
| Phosphor Bronze | 92½ | 7 | ½ phosphorus | ||
| Aluminum Bronze | 90 | 10 aluminum | |||
| Common Brass | 66⅔ | 33⅓ | |||
| Brazing Metal (soft) | 50 | 12½ | 37½ | ||
| German Silver | 60 | 20 | 20 nickel | ||
| Common Solder | 50 | 50 | |||
| Fine Solder | 66⅔ | 33⅓ | |||
| Babbitt Metal | 3 | 89 | 8 antimony | ||
| Pewter | 80 | 20 | |||
| Type Metal | 80 | 20 antimony | |||
| Aluminum Solder | 95 | 5 bismuth |
Magnetic Alloy.—An alloy that has strong magnetic properties is made of 25 parts of manganese, 14 parts of aluminum and 61 parts of copper, yet none of these metals are even slightly magnetic.
APPENDIX M
SOME HARD SOLDERS
Hard solders melt only at red heat and are used for soldering gold, silver, brass and other metals where a good strong joint is needed.
| Metal to be Soldered |
Parts of Gold |
Parts of Brass |
Parts of Silver |
Parts of Zinc |
Parts of Other Metals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gold | 66.67 | 22.22 | 11.11 copper | ||
| Silver | 43.75 | 50 | 6.25 | ||
| Brass | 87.5 | 12.5 |
APPENDIX N
HIGH SPEED STEEL
A special steel alloy which is largely used for turning tools in engine lathes and which will cut ordinary steel when the latter is revolved at a high surface velocity is called high speed steel. A tool made of high speed steel will not lose its temper and will keep its cutting edge hour after hour if they are kept cool by a stream of water running on them. A good high speed steel for machine tools is known by the trade name of blue-chip and is manufactured by the Firth-Sterling Steel Company of Pittsburg, Pa.
APPENDIX O
SOME ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS, TERMS AND FORMULAS
| Symbols | Terms | |
|---|---|---|
| E or EMF | = | Electromotive Force |
| I | = | Intensity of Current |
| R | = | Resistance |
| C | = | Capacity |
| Q | = | Quantity of Current |
| = | Magneto-Motive Force | |
| = | Reluctance (magnetic resistance) | |
| µ | = | Magnetic Permeability |
| W | = | Electric Energy |
| P | = | Electric Power |
SOME DEFINITIONS
E or EMF, or electromotive force, is the force that moves a current through a conductor.
I, or intensity of current, or current as it is called for short, is the flow of electricity through a conductor.
R, or resistance is that property of a conductor which opposes the flow of the current.
SOME ELECTRICAL UNITS
| Practical Units. | Electrical Quantity | |
|---|---|---|
| Volt | is the practical unit of EMF | |
| Ampere | is the practical unit of I | |
| Ohm | is the practical unit of R | |
| Watt | is the practical unit of P | |
OHM’S LAW
Since the intensity of an electric current varies directly as the electromotive force and inversely as the resistance, if you know the value of any two of the above units you can easily find the third.
| Amperes | = | Volts | , or | I | = | E |
| Ohms | R |
| Electromotive Force | = | Current | , or | E | = | I |
| Resistance | R |
| Resistance | = | Electromotive Force | , or | R | = | E |
| Current | I |
To Find Power of an Electric Current in Terms of Horse Power
| One Watt | = | 1 volt × 1 ampere |
| 746 Watts | = | 1 horse power. |
To find the power of an electric current in terms of horse-power, find the number of watts by multiplying the volts by the amperes and divide the watts by 746 and the result will give you the horse-power of the current.