Israel in Europe

1 The oldest Greek author in whose works the term occurs is the orator Isaeus who flourished B.C. 364; the earliest Latin writer is Plautus who died B.C. 184. Of course, the word, though very good Hebrew, may have been imported into Europe by the Phoenicians. But it would be a bold man who would attempt to distinguish between Jewish and Phoenician merchants at this time of day.

2 I. Macc. xiii. 51.

3 On the other hand, a famous Palestinian authority, Abbahu (c. 279–320 A.D.), was a noted friend of Greek. He taught it to his daughters as “an ornament.” Of Abbahu it was said that he was the living illustration of Ecclesiastes vii. 18 “It is good that thou shouldst take hold of this (i.e. the Jewish Law), yet also from that (i.e. Gentile culture) withdraw not thy hand: for he that feareth God shall come forth of them all.” Hellenism might appeal sometimes to the Jew’s head, though it never thrilled his heart. Cf. p. 39 below.

4 Hdt. i. 1–5.

5 Justin Mart. Dial. i.–vii.

6 I am referring here to what seems to me characteristic of Hebraism in the earlier periods when it came into contact and conflict with Hellenism. In its subsequent development Pharisaism (which gradually absorbed the whole of the Jewish people) avoided undue asceticism and laid stress on the joy of living. “Joyous service” became the keynote of Judaism and Jewish life in the Middle-ages, as it was the keynote of many Pharisees in the first centuries of the Christian era. The Essenes, though highly important in the history of primitive Christianity, had less influence on the main development of Rabbinic Judaism.

7 Bk. i. ch. vi. 5–7.

8 Mac. xiv.–xv.

9 Pro L. Flacco, 28. All the references made to the Jews and Judaism in Greek and Latin literature have been well collected and interpreted by T. Reinach in his Textes d’auteurs grecs et romains relatifs au Judaisme (Paris, 1895).

10 Suetonius, Julius, 84.

11 Id. Augustus, 93.

12 Suetonius, Tiberius, 36.

13 Tacitus, Historia, v. 9.

14 Suetonius, Claudius, 25. Cp. Acts, xviii. 2.

15 Sat. i. 9, 69, etc.

16 Ant. 18. 3 (4).

17 Sat. v. 184.

18 Fgm. ap. Augustin., Civ. D. 6, 11.

19 Sat. xiv. 96–99, etc.

20 Isaiah iii. 26.

21 Deuter. vii. 3; Nehem. xiii. 25.

22 Juvenal, Sat. xiv. 97.

23 Tacitus, Hist. v. 9.

24 Hist. v. 4.

25 Hist. v. 8.

26 Ib. 5. Cp. Juv. Sat. xiv. 103–4.

27 Annales, xv. 44.

28 Juv. Sat. iii. 12–14.

29 Hist. i. 1.

30 It is, however, only fair to add that the Jewish records know nothing of these atrocities, and, as M. Reinach justly comments, the above details (for which Dion Cassius is our sole authority) “inspirent la méfiance.” The numbers of the victims, as reported by Dion, are in themselves sufficient to throw doubt upon the story.

31 H. Graetz, History of the Jews, Eng. tr. vol. ii. p. 405.

32 Mommsen, History of Rome, Eng. tr. vol. iv. p. 642.

33 Just. Mart. Dial. xvii.

34 c Cels. vi. 27.

35 This account of the fervid response of the Jews to Julian’s call, based on the authority of Christian writers, is pronounced by the Jewish historian Graetz “purely fictitious” (History of the Jews, Eng. tr. vol. ii. p. 606). At any rate, it seems to be a fiction that bears upon it a clearer mark of verisimilitude than many a “historical” document relating to this period.

36 That the ‘Haman’ so burned was only an effigy is now clearly shown by an original Geonic Responsum on the subject discovered in the Cairo Geniza and published in the Jewish Quarterly Review, xvi. pp. 651 fol.

37 The exact date of the “Tour” is disputed. It probably occupied the thirteen years between 1160 and 1173.

38 Benjamin of Tudela’s Itinerary, p. 24 (ed. Asher). A new critical edition (by M. N. Adler) has recently appeared in the Jewish Quarterly Review. For the passage in the text see ibid. xvi. 730.

39 H. Graetz, History of the Jews, vol. iii. p. 31.

40 H. Graetz, History of the Jews, vol. iii. p. 38.

41 With regard to the legal relations between the Jews and the various mediaeval states see J. E. Scherer’s Beiträge zur Geschichte des Judenrechtes im Mittelalter (1901), a work unhappily left incomplete by the death of the author.

42 Joseph Jacobs, “The God of Israel” in the Nineteenth Century, September 1879.

43 J. E. Sandys, A History of Classical Scholarship, pp. 539 fol.

44 H. Graetz, History of the Jews, vol. iii. p. 349. For some fine translations of Jehuda Halevi’s poems the reader may turn to Mrs. H. Lucas’ The Jewish Year (Macmillan, 1898) and to Mrs. R. N. Salaman’s Songs of Exile (Macmillan, 1905). Jehuda Halevi’s philosophical dialogue the Khazari has recently been translated into English by Dr. H. Hirschfeld (Routledge, 1905).

45 Joseph Jacobs, “The God of Israel,” The Nineteenth Century, September, 1879. The Guide has been translated into English by Dr. M. Friedländer (1885; new edition, Routledge, 1904).

46 H. Graetz, History of the Jews, vol. iii. p. 509.

47 For Maimonides see the volume on the subject by D. Yellin and I. Abrahams in the Jewish Worthies Series, Vol. I. (Macmillan, 1903).

48 Vogelstein and Rieger, Geschichte der Juden in Rom, i, pp. 136 fol. In general this work should be consulted for all points of contact between the Papacy and Judaism in the middle ages.

49 Ibn Verga, Shebet Yehuda (ed. Wiener), p. 50.

50 Statutes of Avignon quoted by Israel Abrahams, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, p. 408.

51 In the first century of our era Aristo of Pella is said to have been the author of an attempt to prove from the Prophets that Jesus was the Messiah. Justin Martyr followed in his path, and the latter writer’s arguments subsequently reappear in the works of Tertullian and other Fathers. See W. Trollope’s edition of S. Justini Dialogus, p. 4.

52 Heine’s famous satire “Disputation” well characterises the futility of these public controversies; “der Jude wird verbrannt” was Lessing’s grim summary in Nathan der Weise. See also Schechter, Studies in Judaism, pp. 125 fol.

53 Lord Curzon, Problems of the Far East, p. 298.

54 Israel Abrahams, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, p. 407.

55 Lord Curzon, Problems of the Far East, p. 303.

56 Inferno, xi. 49–50.

57 Deuter. xxiii. 19.

58 Ps. xv. 1, 5.

59 Koran (Sale’s tr.) ch. ii.

60 Rep. 555 E.

61 Laws, 742 c.

62 Pol. i. 3, 23.

63 Fifth Homily.

64 We hear, for example, that early in the thirteenth century interest was fixed by law at 12½ per cent. at Verona, while at Modena towards the end of the same century it seems to have been as high as 20 per cent. The Republic of Genoa, a hundred years later, despite Italy’s commercial prosperity, paid from 7 to 10 per cent. to her creditors. Much more oppressive were the conditions of the money market in France and England. Instances occur of 50 per cent., and there is an edict of Philip Augustus limiting the Jews in France to 48 per cent. At the beginning of the fourteenth century an ordinance of Philip the Fair allows 20 per cent. after the first year of a loan, while in England under Henry III. there are cases on record of 10 per cent. for two months.

65 The notorious legend of Hugh of Lincoln is placed by the chronicler, Matthew Paris, in the year 1255. The prolific nature of monkish imagination on this subject is shown by the subjoined facts due to Tyrwhitt’s researches: “In the first four months of the Acta Sanctorum by Bollandus, I find the following names of children canonized, as having been murdered by Jews:

I suppose the remaining eight months would furnish at least as many more.” Quoted by Dr. W. W. Skeat, Chaucer, Intr., p. xxiii.

66 A contemporary historian pathetically states that in 1248 “no foreigner, let alone an Englishman, could look at an English coin with dry eyes and unbroken heart.” Henry III. issued a new coin; but it was not long ere it reached the condition of the older one. In England the penalty for the crime was loss of life or limbs.

67 W. Cunningham, The Growth of English Industry and Commerce, p. 187.

68 The original charter of expulsion has recently been discovered; it was, by a gracious irony of history, found at Leicester at a time when a Jew had been thrice mayor of the town.

69 See above, p. 98.

70 Alami, quoted by H. Graetz, History of the Jews, vol. iv. p. 220.

71 A History of the Inquisition of Spain, by H. C. Lea (Macmillan, Vols. I., II. and III. of which have now appeared, 1906), is a monumental work on its subject.

72 Apologia pro vita sua, p. 29.

73 This attachment of Jews to countries with which they have long been identified recurs at the present day. Jewish emigration associations are constantly faced by the reluctance of very many Russian Jews to tear themselves from Russia.

74 As a matter of fact, Celestine V. hardly deserves this sentence. It was not cowardice but native humility, the consciousness of the temptations of power, physical weakness, and the hermit’s longing for tranquillity that impelled the Pope to resign after five months and eight days’ pontificate. Commentators had hitherto agreed in applying the above passage to Celestine V., but recent opinion rejects the traditional interpretation. However that may be, the point which concerns us is that Dante censures a pope.

75 See Berliner, Persönliche Beziehungen zwischen Christen und Juden. Reference should also be made to the same author’s Geschichte der Juden in Rom.

76 Paradiso, xii.

77 Praef. ad Librum de Serm. Lat., quoted by Tyrwhitt in Dr. W. W. Skeat’s Chaucer, Intr., p. xxiii.

78 See above, p. 170.

79 A good account of the Roman Ghetto may be found in E. Rodocanachi’s Le Saint-Siège et les Juifs: Le Ghetto à Rome (Paris, 1891).

80 Browning in his Holy-Cross Day has depicted the farcical grotesqueness of these efforts at conversion as unsparingly as Heine satirised the compulsory controversies. Cp. above, p. 98 n.

81 Diary, March 23, 1646.

82 I. Abrahams, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, pp. 409–410.

83 S. Schechter, Studies in Judaism, p. 15.

84 William Hazlitt’s Translation, ch. 857.

85 Ch. 853.

86 Ch. 852.

87 Ch. 700.

88 Ch. 859.

89 Ch. 852.

90 Ch. 864.

91 Ibid.

92 H. Graetz, History of the Jews, vol. iv. p. 502.

93 Ch. 857.

94 Ch. 864.

95 Ch. 866.

96 Ch. 852.

97 Ibid.

98 Ibid.

99 Ibid.

100 Ch. 856.

101 Ch. 861.

102 Ch. 864.

103 Ch. 852.

104 Ch. 855.

105 Ch. 867.

106 Ch. 862.

107 Ch. 858.

108 Ch. 852.

109 Ch. 854.

110 Ch. 860.

111 Ch. 854.

112 Ch. 855.

113 Ch. 854.

114 Ch. 861.

115 Ch. 865.

116 Ch. 869.

117 Ch. 355. O Martin, Martin! What of the “circumcision of the heart,” to say nothing about Christian charity? But this was in 1541.

118 Ch. 861.

119 Ch. 865.

120 Ch. 866.

121 Von den Juden und Ihren Luegen (1544) is the title of one of these pamphlets. See H. Graetz, History of the Jews, vol. iv. pp. 583 fol.

122 For the history of the Hamburg Jews, see M. Grunwald’s Hamburg’s Deutsche Juden, 1904.

123 On Pfefferkorn and Reuchlin see two papers by S. A. Hirsch in A Book of Essays (Macmillan, 1905).

124 See above, p. 175.

125 Perhaps the most lucid and impartial estimate of Spinoza’s place in the world of thought, accessible to the English reader, is to be found in Sir Frederick Pollock’s Spinoza: His Life and Philosophy. This work also contains in an appendix a reprint of the English translation (1706) of the Dutch biography of Spinoza by his friend the Lutheran minister Johannes Colerus, published in 1705. The latest biography of Spinoza, based on new materials, is J. Freudenthal’s Spinoza, sein Leben und seine Lehre, Erster Band, Das Leben Spinozas (Stuttgart, 1904).

126 Confessio Amantis, bk. vii.

127 See above, p. 199.

128 It was by some of these German miners whom the merchant venturers of Cornwall engaged in exploiting the Cornish mines, under a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth, that the “dowsing rod” (Schlagruthe, or striking-rod) was introduced into England for the purpose of discovering mineral veins. Professor W. F. Barrett, “Water-Finding,” in the Times, January 21, 1905.

129 Essay, Of Usurie.

130 Merchant of Venice, Act i. Sc. 3.

131 I. Abrahams, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, p. 251.

132 S. R. Gardiner, History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, vol. ii. p. 30, n. 3.

133 See above, p. 148.

134 Spectator, No. 213, Nov. 3 1711.

135 Ib. No. 495, Sept. 27, 1712.

136 Quoted in H. Graetz’s History of the Jews, vol. v. p. 359.

137 T. Carlyle, History of Frederick the Great, bk. xvi. ch. vii.

138 This arrangement was abolished by the Separation Law promulgated on December 9, 1905, when the Republic resolved neither “to recognise, pay salaries to, nor subsidise any form of worship.” The Jews have shared the effects of this Act with the Protestants and Roman Catholics of France, and like the former of these Christian denominations, and unlike the latter, readily accepted the change.

139 Over the Teacups, pp. 193 fol.

140 J. G. Lockhart, Life of Sir W. Scott, Ch. xlvi.

141 The original of Scott’s Rebecca is said to have been a real person—Rebecca Gratz of Philadelphia. Washington Irving, who knew Miss Gratz, introduced her to Scott’s notice. She was born in 1781, and died in 1869. Her claim to have been “the original of Rebecca in Ivanhoe” is sustained in a paper with that title in the Century Magazine, 1882, pp. 679 fol.

142 Don Juan, Canto II. lxv. It is only fair to add that Scott also, at the time of his financial distress, embittered by the harsh treatment which he experienced at the hands of his Jewish creditors, Abud and Son, expressed himself in very strong terms concerning “the vagabond stock-jobbing Jews” in general, and the Abuds in particular. See Scott’s Diary under dates Nov. 25, 1825, and Oct. 9, 1826, in J. G. Lockhart, Life of Sir W. Scott, Ch. lxv. and lxxi.

143 Table-Talk.

144 Luther’s Table-Talk, Ch. 852.

145 Coleridge’s Table-Talk, April 14, 1830.

146 Cp. above, p. 225.

147 Editor’s note on May 30, 1830.

148 Aug. 14, 1833.

149 Editor’s note on April 14, 1830.

150 Charles Lamb, Essay on Imperfect Sympathies.

151 J. Morley, Life of W. E. Gladstone, Vol. i. pp. 106, 375.

152 See below, pp. 378 fol.

153 See The Jewish Encyclopaedia, passim.

154 This phase of the internal history of Russia since 1881 is well summarised in an article on “The Constitutional Agitation in Russia,” by Prince Kropotkin, The Nineteenth Century, January, 1905.

155 See Memorandum of the Armenian Patriarchate, protesting against the edict of spoliation, issued on June 12–25, 1903, in Armenia, October and November, 1906.

156 See A. Vambéry, “The Awakening of the Tartars,” The Nineteenth Century, February, 1905.

157 The Times, October 8, 1904.

158 According to the census returns of 1897, the number of illiterate inhabitants in the country varies from 44.9 to 89.2 per cent.

159 E. F. G. Law, “The Present Condition of Russia,” The Fortnightly Review, April, 1882.

160 Vice-Consul Wagstaff’s report, in Goldwin Smith’s “The Jews,” The Nineteenth Century, Nov. 1882.

161 See above, p. 148. Cp. p. 167.

162 Olga Novikoff, “The Temperance Movement in Russia,” The Nineteenth Century, Sept. 1882. Cp. M. O. Menchikoff, “The Jewish Peril in Russia,” The Monthly Review, Feb. 1904.

163 See above, p. 329.

164 Goldwin Smith, ubi supra.

165 Ibid.

166 Goldwin Smith, ubi supra.

167 See above, p. 154.

168 For a full account of this and other aspects of Russian domestic policy, the reader is referred to Herr Wolf von Schierbrand’s Russia: Her Strength and her Weakness, 1904.

169 E. F. G. Law, ubi supra.

170 Olga Novikoff, ubi supra.

171 Goldwin Smith, “The Jews,” The Nineteenth Century, Nov. 1882. Cp. Pierre Botkine, Secretary of the Russian Legation in Washington, “A Voice for Russia,” The Century Magazine, Feb. 1893.

172 Laurence Oliphant, “The Jew and the Eastern Question,” The Nineteenth Century, Aug. 1882.

173 Pierre Botkine, Secretary of the Russian Legation in Washington, “A Voice for Russia,” in The Century Magazine, Feb. 1893. Cp. “A reply” to it by Joseph Jacobs, Secretary of the Russo-Jewish Committee, London, in the same periodical, July, 1893.

174 In 1902–3 the Russian Empire, according to the Statistical Table in the Jewish Year Book, contained 5,189,401 Jews, representing 04.13 of the total population (125,668,000). There are serious reasons, however, to believe that their real number is considerably in excess of this figure.

175 The Times, June 14, 1905.

176 Towards the end of 1904 a Bill was introduced in the Council of the Empire, preventing the promotion even of baptized Jews. But, owing to reasons which will be explained in the sequel, it was withdrawn.—The newspaper Voshod, reported by Reuter in a despatch dated St. Petersburg, Dec. 23.

177 H. H. Munro in the Morning Post, June 3, 1904.

178 Statement by M. De Plehve, The Standard, April 8, 1904.

179 Reuter telegram, dated Melbourne, June 4, 1903.

180 The Daily Chronicle, June 22, 1903.

181 Reuter telegram, dated Berlin, May 30, 1903.

182 Andrew D. White, “A Diplomat’s Recollections of Russia,” The Century Magazine, Nov. 1904.

183 Prince Kropotkin, “The Constitutional Agitation in Russia,” The Nineteenth Century, Jan. 1905.

184 Those were the words of the Crown Prosecutor at the Kishineff Trial, The Times, Dec. 25, 1903.

185 The Times, Dec. 19, 1903.

186 Ibid.

187 Reuter telegram, dated Kishineff, Dec. 21, 1903.

188 Reuter telegram, dated St. Petersburg, Dec. 17, 1903.

189 M. O. Menchikoff, one of the editors of the Novoe Vremya, “The Jewish Peril in Russia,” The Monthly Review, Feb. 1904.

190 Reuter telegram, dated St. Petersburg, June 4, 1903.

191 The Standard correspondent at Kieff, under date Dec. 18, 1903.

192 A meagre account of the occurrence appeared in The Standard, Sept. 25, 1903.

193 The Times, Dec. 21, 1903.

194 Tugan-Baranowsky, “Anti-Semitism in Contemporary Russia,” The Monthly Review, Jan. 1904.

195 Some very illuminating revelations concerning the organisation of these authorised riots were made during a recent trial at St. Petersburg. See Reuter telegram from that town, Oct. 26, 1906, and an account by the Tribune correspondent under same date.

196 See Reuter telegram, dated St. Petersburg, June 13, and Mr. Lucien Wolf’s letter in The Times of June 14, 1904.

197 Andrew D. White, “A Diplomat’s Recollections of Russia,” The Century Magazine, Nov. 1904.

198 The Standard, Aug. 1, 1904.

199 Lucien Wolf, “M. De Plehve and the Jewish Question,” in The Times, Feb. 6, 1904.

200 Reuter telegram, Aug. 17, 1904.

201 Reuter telegram, dated St. Petersburg, Sept. 12, 1904.

202 Reuter telegram, dated Kattowitz (Silesia), Sept. 12, 1904.

203 The Special Commissioner of the Daily Telegraph, Dec. 10, 1904.

204 Reuter telegram, dated St. Petersburg, Sept. 3, 1904.

205 Reuter telegram, dated New York, January 10, 1905.

206 According to the returns of the last census (1899), 78 per cent. of the population over 7 years of age can neither read nor write.

207 See above, p. 243.

208 See a most interesting sketch of the movement in S. Schechter’s Studies in Judaism, pp. 1 fol., the same author’s article on the subject in Nord und Süd, January, 1905, and S. M. Dubnow’s article in the Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. vi. pp. 251 fol.

209 H. Sutherland Edwards, Sir William White: His Life and Correspondence, p. 84.

210 Ibid. See also a summary of this period under title “The Jews in Roumania” in The Standard, Sept. 30, 1902.

211 J. Morley, Life of W. E. Gladstone, Vol. iii. p. 475 (1891).

212 The story is related at length by Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Ch. xxvi.

213 One example will suffice. The peasant word for a convivial gathering is written sedatore, and pronounced shezetoare.

214 Alexander A. Landesco, in The Century Magazine, May, 1906, p. 160.

215 The Vienna correspondent of The Times, June 10, 1902.

216 Carmen Sylva, “The Jews in Roumania,” The Century Magazine, March, 1906.

217 See statistics of population in the Jewish Year Book for 1902–03. Cp. the Statesman’s Year Book for 1906.

218 Report from Bucharest, published in the Pester Lloyd, see The Standard, Sept. 27, 1902. Cp. the article “Oath More Judaico” in the Jewish Encyclopedia, ix. p. 367.

219 The Vienna correspondent of The Standard, Sept. 19, 1902.

220 Reuter telegram, dated Bucharest, April 12, 1902.

221 The Times, June 10, 1902.

222 Reuter telegram, dated Washington, Sept. 17, 1902.

223 The Standard, Sept. 23, 1902.

224 The attitude of the various Powers is described at length by the correspondents of the London Press in their respective capitals. See Standard, Sept. 20, 25, 26; Morning Post, Sept. 20; Daily Chronicle, Sept. 22, etc.

225 The Daily Chronicle, September 29, 1902.

226 Carmen Sylva, “The Jews in Roumania,” The Century Magazine, March, 1906.

227 Alexander A. Landesco, The Century Magazine, May, 1906, p. 160.

228 The Vienna correspondent of the Standard, Sept. 26, 1902.

229 Isocrates, Panegyr. 50.

230 In Germany, out of a total population of 56,500,000, there are 587,000 Jews, of whom 376,000 reside in Prussia. In Austria there are 1,150,000 out of a total population of 26,000,000, and in Hungary 850,000 out of a total population of 19,000,000. The percentage of Jews, therefore, is in Germany 01.04, in Austria 04.80, in Hungary 04.43.—Jewish Year-Book, 1902–03.

231 “The Jews in Germany,” by the author of “German Home Life,” The Contemporary Review, January, 1881.

232 Ernest Schuster, “The Anti-Jewish Agitation in Germany,” The Fortnightly Review, March 1, 1881.

233 Statutes quoted by Lucien Wolf in “The Anti-Jewish Agitation,” The Nineteenth Century, February, 1881.

234 Ernest Schuster, ubi supra.

235 See above, p. 307.

236 “The Jews in Germany,” by the author of “German Home Life,” The Contemporary Review, January, 1881. For these and similar demands see also Ernest Schuster, ubi supra.

237 Karl Blind, “The Conflict in Germany,” The Nineteenth Century, February, 1882.

238 The Vienna Correspondent of the Times in a letter dated Nov. 11, 1904.

239 The Times, October 22, 1904.

240 Reuter telegram, dated Vienna, June 11, 1906. Cp. “Hidden Forces in Austrian Politics,” a letter by “Scotus Viaticus” in the Spectator, July 7, 1906.

241 The Vienna correspondent of The Times, January 7, 1907.

242 Lucien Wolf, “The Anti-Jewish Agitation,” The Nineteenth Century, Feb., 1881.

243 Étude sur l’Ecclésiaste, pp. 91 fol.

244 See Qu’est-ce qu’une Nation? a paper read at the Sorbonne on March 11, 1882, in Discours et Conférences, pp. 277 fol.

245 See lectures and speeches delivered in 1883 in Discours et Conférences, pp. 336, 374, etc.

246 See Ed. Drumont’s La France Juive, a work which, published in 1886, raised its author at once to the rank of commander-in-chief of the anti-Semitic forces in France.

247 86,885 in a total population of 38,595,000, i.e. a percentage of 00.22, Jewish Year Book, 1902–03.

248 The Standard, Dec. 7, 1903.

249 A statistic supplied to the Commission for Tlemcen shows that out of 6000 Jews there are only 10 possessing more than £2000, and another, supplied for Constantine, shows that out of 1024 Jewish electors there are only 10 possessed of real estate and 146 merchants. The rest lead a miserable hand-to-mouth existence.—Le Temps, Sept. 25, 1901.

250 J. Morley, Life of W. E. Gladstone, vol. iv. pp. 552, 558.

251 E.g. Sir J. G. T. Sinclair, A Defence of Russia (1877); T. P. O’Connor, Lord Beaconsfield: a Biography (1878); etc.

252 In justice to the writer it must be added that this ungenerous and untrue caricature was the common estimate of Disraeli entertained by all his political opponents. Except Lord Acton, they all agreed with the Duke of Argyll in holding that Disraeli was a “fantastic adventurer”—a man who, having no opinions of his own and no traditions with which to break, “was free to play with prejudices in which he did not share, and to express passions which were not his own, except in so far as they were tinged with personal resentment.” See Duke of Argyll: Autobiography and Memoirs, Vol. i. p. 280.

253 Malcolm MacColl, “Lord Beaconsfield,” The Contemporary Review, June, 1881.

254 Goldwin Smith, “The Jews,” The Nineteenth Century, Nov., 1882. The writer repeats all these views, in almost identical terms, in The Independent, June 21, 1906.

255 Israel Abrahams, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, Introd.

256 Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe, vol. ii. p. 281.

257 Goldwin Smith, ubi supra.

258 S. Singer, “The Russo-Jewish Immigrant,” in The English Illustrated Magazine, Sept. 1891.

259 David Baron, The Ancient Scriptures and the Modern Jew, p. 179, 1900.

260 Arnold White, The Modern Jew, 1899.

261 Jewish Year Book, 1902.

262 Report in The Standard, Dec. 14, 1903.

263 Arnold White, For Efficiency, 1902, price 3d.

264 “The Alien Inquiry: an omitted point,” The Standard, Sept. 5, 1903.

265 The Pioneer, Nov. 14, 1904. Commercial jealousy, embittered by racial prejudice, is also at the root of the anti-Japanese agitation now raging in California.

266 Charles Grant, The Contemporary Review, March, 1881.

267 See an article under the title “The East-End Hevra” in The Standard of April 27, and a reply to it in the issue of May 1, 1903.

268 J. H. Schooling, “Foreigners in England,” The Fortnightly Review, November, 1904. Mr. Chamberlain also, in the debate on the Aliens Bill (May 2, 1905), frankly avowed that he supported that measure because it harmonised with his policy of protection, and he very logically dwelt on the identity of the principle underlying both programmes.

269 Report of the Commission, pp. 19, 20.

270 The Daily Chronicle, January 9, 1903.

271 The Daily Chronicle, Feb. 17, 1904.

272 For the text of the Bill, see The Times, April 1, 1904.

273 The Standard, leading article, April 26, 1904.

274 Mr. Winston Churchill’s letter to a member of the Jewish community in Manchester, May 30, 1904.

275 The Daily Chronicle, May 18, 1903.

276 The Daily Chronicle, May 4, 1904.

277 Letter by Mr. Balfour, dated May 9, 1904.

278 The Daily Chronicle, May 13, 1904.

279 Ibid. May 14, 1904.

280 A Modern Exodus. By Violet Guttenberg.

281 Report in The Standard, April 2, 1904.

282 Report in The Times, April 17, 1905.

283 Mr. Wyndham’s statement in the House of Commons, April 25, 1904.

284 “Milesian,” letter in The Times, April 4, 1904.

285 E. B. Levin, letter in The Times, April 12, 1904.

286 “Milesian,” ubi supra.

287 “Milesian,” ubi supra.

288 See The Times, April 8 and 12, 1904.

289 The Standard, August 8, 1904.

290 J. H. Schooling, “Foreigners in England,” The Fortnightly Review, November, 1904.

291 W. Evans Gordon, “The Economic Side of Alien Immigration,” The Nineteenth Century, February, 1905.

292 W. Evans Gordon, letter in The Times, March 22, 1904.

293 Letter in The Standard, August 8, 1904.

294 Ibid. July 7, 1904.

295 J. Morley, Life of W. E. Gladstone, vol. iii. p. 475.

296 For a list of such works see the article “Inquisition” in the Encyclopaedia Britannica.

297 Jeremiah xxxii. 37. Cp. Isaiah xi. 12 etc.

298 S. Schechter, Studies in Judaism, pp. 131–2.

299 For an exhaustive account of the historic development of Zionism see Lucien Wolf, “Zionism,” in the Encyclopaedia Britannica.

300 For a full enumeration of the arguments and sentiments which impelled the mass of Russian and Roumanian Jews in the early ’Eighties to prefer an Eastern to a Western exodus, see Laurence Oliphant, “The Jew and the Eastern Question,” The Nineteenth Century, August, 1882.

301 Laurence Oliphant, ubi supra. On the other hand, it must not be forgotten that the members of the Chovevi Zion Societies represented but a very small proportion of the total Jews of the world.

302 The Jewish World, Aug. 15, 1902.

303 The St. Petersburg correspondent of The Times, Oct. 14, 1902.

304 See the late Minister’s of the Interior utterances on the subject: Lucien Wolf, “M. De Plehve and the Jewish Question,” in The Times, Feb. 6, 1904.

305 The Jewish Question, Gay and Bird, 1894, p. 27.

306 Pp. 31–32.

307 P. 38.

308 Table-Talk, April 13, 1830.

309 Lucien Wolf, “Zionism,” Encyclopaedia Britannica.

310 Aspects of the Jewish Question. By “A Quarterly Reviewer,” 1902, p. 76.

311 P. 16.

312 M. J. Landa, “The Doom of Zionism,” in The Manchester Guardian, Jan. 10, 1905.

313 “Palestine Revisited,” The Statesman, Oct. 23, 1904.

314 Lucien Wolf, article on “Zionism” in the Encyclopaedia Britannica.

315 Report in The Daily Chronicle, May 18, 1903.

316 Reuter telegram, dated Basel, Aug. 24, 1903.

317 Reuter telegram, dated St. Petersburg, Oct. 12, 1903.

318 “Palestine Revisited,” The Statesman, October 23, 1904.

319 On this aspect of the Jewish question see an article by M. Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu in the Revue des deux Mondes, March 1, 1903; and another on La Langue Française en Orient in Le Monde Illustré, April 11, 1903.

320 The Daily Chronicle, May 18, 1903.

321 L. J. Greenberg, report of a meeting of “Friends of Jewish Freedom,” in The Times, Dec. 7, 1904.

322 Communication dated Foreign Office, Aug. 14, 1903.

323 Report in The Standard, May 4, 1904.

324 Reuter telegram, dated Paris, Dec. 21, 1903; Paris correspondent of The Times, under same date.

325 The Daily Chronicle, Dec. 22, 1903. Cp. Mr. L. J. Greenberg’s statement, The Times, Dec. 7, 1904.

326 “The East Africa Protectorate,” The Nineteenth Century, September, 1904; cp. his book under the same title (1905), pp. 177–8; 315.

327 See The Times, Dec. 7, 1904.

328 Reuter telegram, dated Dec. 24, 1904.

329 Report in The Times, Dec. 20, 1904.

330 The American Hebrew, quoted in The Literary Digest, May 20, 1905.