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Jewish Immigration to the United States from 1881 to 1910 / Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Vol. LIX, No. 4, 1914 cover

Jewish Immigration to the United States from 1881 to 1910 / Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Vol. LIX, No. 4, 1914

Chapter 134: TABLE L
By Samuel Joseph
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About This Book

The study examines Jewish emigration from Eastern Europe between 1881 and 1910, analyzing economic, social, and political conditions in Russia, Romania, and Austria-Hungary that prompted departure. It surveys occupational and urban distribution of Jewish communities, legal restrictions, violent persecutions, and economic pressures such as land and trade exclusions. Statistical methods are deployed to estimate numbers and national origins of immigrants to the United States, including decade-by-decade and annual variation analyses. The work interprets how Eastern European policies and social structures shaped the character, skills, and settlement patterns of Jewish immigrants in the United States, and concludes with comparative summaries of causes and immigration trends.



TABLE XLVIII

"OLD" AND "NEW" (JEWISH EXCEPTED) AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION, 1908 TO 1910[1]ToT

Class Immigrant aliens Emigrant aliens Number departed per 100 admitted
Old Immigration 599732 79664 13
New immigration (Jewish excepted) 1461506 615549 42
Jewish immigration 236100 18543 8
Total 2297338 713356 32
[1] From Emigration Conditions in Europe, p. 42.


TABLE XLIX

EUROPEAN IMMIGRANT ALIENS,[1] 1907, AND EUROPEAN EMIGRANT ALIENS, 1908[2]ToT

People Immigrant aliens 1907 Emigrant aliens 1908
Number Per cent. of total Number Per cent. of total Number departed per 100 admitted
Jewish 149182 12.1 7702 2.0 5
Bulgarian, Servian and Montenegrin 27174 2.2 5965 1.6 22
Croatian and Slovenian 47826 3.9 28584 7.5 60
English 51126 4.1 5320 1.4 10
German 92936 7.5 14418 3.8 15
Greek 46283 3.7 6763 1.8 14
Irish 38706 3.1 2441 .6 6
Italian, North 1564 4.2 19507 5.1 37
Italian, South 242497 19.6 147828 38.8 60
Lithuanian 25884 2.1 3388 .9 13
Magyar 60071 4.9 29276 7.7 48
Polish 138033 11.2 46727 12.3 33
Scandinavian 53425 4.3 5801 1.5 11
Slovak 42041 3.4 23573 6.2 56
Total 1237341[3]   381044   32
[1] All peoples with an inward movement of less than 25,000 omitted.
[2] From Emigration Conditions in Europe, pp. 39-40.
[3] All European immigrants, including Syrians.


TABLE L

TOTAL EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED[1] AND TOTAL OF THOSE ADMITTED DURING THIS PERIOD IN THE UNITED STATES PREVIOUSLY, 1899 TO 1910[2]ToT

People Number admitted In United States previously
Number Per cent of admitted
Jewish 1074442 22914 2.1
Bohemian and Moravian 100189 4066 4.1
Croatian and Slovenian 355542 43037 12.8
English 408614 103828 25.4
Finnish 151774 17189 11.3
French 115783 33859 29.2
German 754375 86458 11.5
Greek 216962 12283 5.7
Irish 439742 80636 18.3
Italian, North 372668 56738 15.2
Italian, South 1911933 262508 13.7
Lithuanian 175258 6186 3.5
Magyar 337351 39785 11.8
Polish 949064 65155 6.9
Ruthenian 147375 18492 12.5
Scandinavian 586306 86700 14.8
Scotch 136842 27684 20.2
Slovak 377527 71889 19.0
Total[3] 9220066 1108948 12.0
[1] All peoples with an immigration below 100,000 omitted.
[2] From Emigration Conditions in Europe, p. 51.
[3] Includes all European peoples entered and Syrians.


TABLE LI

OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

Group Number Per cent
No occupation 484175 45.1
Skilled laborers 395823 36.8
Professional 7455 .7
Miscellaneous 186989 17.4
Total 1074442 100.0
[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.


TABLE LII

JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REPORTING OCCUPATIONS, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

Group Number Per cent
Professional 7455 1.3
Skilled laborers 395823 67.1
Laborers 69444 11.8
Merchants and dealers 31491 5.3
Farm laborers 11460 1.9
Farmers 1008 .2
Miscellaneous 8051 1.3
Total 590267 100.0
[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.


TABLE LIII

JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS[1]ToT

Occupation Number
Actors 232
Architects 108
Clergymen 350
Editors 84
Electricians 359
Engineers 484
Lawyers 34
Literary and scientific persons 385
Musicians 1624
Officials (gov.) 18
Physicians 290
Sculptors and artists 357
Teachers 2192
Others 938
Total 7455
[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.


TABLE LIV

JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REPORTING SKILLED OCCUPATIONS, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

A. Principal skilled occupations

Occupation Number Per cent of total skilled
Tailors 145272 36.6
Carpenters, joiners, etc.[2] 40901 10.3
Dressmakers and seamstresses[2] 39482 10.0
Shoemakers 23519 5.9
Clerks and accountants 17066 4.3
Painters and glaziers 16387 4.1
Butchers 11413 2.9
Bakers 10925 2.8
Locksmiths 9385 2.4
Blacksmiths 8517 2.2
Total 322867 81.5

B. Other skilled occupationsToT

Occupation Number  
Tinners 6967  
Watch and clockmakers 4444  
Tobacco workers 4350  
Hat and capmakers 4070  
Barbers and hairdressers 4054  
Weavers and spinners 3971  
Tanners and curriers 3715  
Furriers and fur workers 3144  
Bookbinders 3009  
Masons 2507  
Plumbers 2455  
Saddlers and harness makers 2311  
Milliners 2291  
Metal workers (other than iron, steel and tin) 2231  
Machinists 1907  
Jewelers 1837  
Millers 1390  
Mechanics (not specified) 1203  
Upholsterers 1109  
Photographers 1013  
Iron and steel workers 604  
Textile workers (not specified) 436  
Others 13938  
Total 72956  
Grand total 395823  
[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.
[2] Seamstresses are included with dressmakers; cabinetmakers and woodworkers (not specified) with carpenters and joiners.


TABLE LV

OCCUPATIONS OF TOTAL EUROPEAN AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1909, AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL[1]ToT

Group Total immigrants Jewish immigrants Per cent of total
Professional 803222 6836 8.5
Skilled laborers 1247674 362936 29.1
Farm laborers 1290295 9633 0.1
Farmers 841466 908 1.1
Common laborers 2282565 66311 2.9
Servants 890093 61611 6.9
No occupation 2165287 445728 20.6
Miscellaneous 172652 36219 21.0
Total 8213034 990182 12.1
[1] From Emigration Conditions in Europe, p. 27.


TABLE LVI

TOTAL EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS[1] AND IMMIGRANTS WITHOUT OCCUPATION, 1899 TO 1910[2]ToT

People Total immigrants Without occupation (including women and children) Per cent of total
Jewish 1074442 484175 45.1
Bohemian and Moravian 100189 39700 39.5
Croatian and Slovenian 355542 37219 11.1
English 408614 158616 38.8
Finnish 151774 28766 18.9
French 115783 45745 39.5
German 745375 296082 39.7
Greek 216962 19244 8.9
Irish 439724 63456 14.4
Italian, North 372668 76046 20.4
Italian, South 1911933 440274 23.0
Lithuanian 175258 33718 19.2
Magyar 338151 78875 23.3
Polish 949064 200634 21.1
Ruthenian 147375 18915 12.9
Scandinavian 586306 111212 18.9
Scotch 136842 47634 34.9
Slovak 377527 87280 23.1
Total 9555673[3] 2506713 26.2
[1] All races with an immigration below 100,000 omitted.
[2] From Statistical Review of Immigration, p. 52.
[3] Total includes all races.


TABLE LVII

OCCUPATIONS OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS[1] REPORTING EMPLOYMENT, 1899 TO 1910[2]ToT

People Number reporting employment Per cent
In professional occupations In skilled occupations Laborers, including farm laborers Miscellaneous
Jewish 590267 1.3 67.1 13.7 18.0
Bohemian and Moravian 60489 1.3 40.8 28.5 29.4
Bulgarian, Servian and Montenegrin 90991 .1 3.3 92.0 4.6
Croatian and Slovenian 298324 .1 5.0 86.4 8.5
English 249908 9.0 48.7 14.1 28.1
Finnish 123008 .3 6.0 67.2 26.5
French 70038 9.3 34.5 26.0 30.2
German 458293 3.5 30.0 37.7 28.8
Greek 197718 .3 7.7 86.2 5.8
Irish 376268 1.3 12.6 35.2 50.9
Italian, North 296622 1.1 20.4 66.5 12.0
Italian, South 1471659 .4 14.6 77.0 7.9
Lithuanian 141540 .1 6.7 76.1 17.2
Magyar 259276 .5 8.6 77.5 13.4
Polish 748430 .2 6.3 75.3 18.1
Roumanian 75531 .2 2.7 93.8 3.3
Russian 69986 1.4 9.1 82.7 6.8
Ruthenian 128460 .1 2.0 80.6 17.4
Scandinavian 475094 1.2 20.5 43.8 34.5
Scotch 89208 5.7 57.9 12.1 24.3
Slovak 290247 .1 4.4 80.0 15.5
Total 7048953[3] 1.4 20.2 79.3 19.1
[1] All races with an immigration below 50,000 omitted.
[2] From Statistical Review of Immigration, p. 53.
[3] Total includes all races.


TABLE LVIII

OCCUPATIONS OF SLAVIC AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REPORTING EMPLOYMENT, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

People No. reporting occupations Per cent
In professional occupations In skilled occupations Common Laborers (including farm laborers) Miscellaneous
Jewish 590267 1.3 67.1 13.7 18.0
Bohemian and Moravian 60489 1.3 40.8 28.5 29.4
Bulgarian, Servian and Montenegrin 90991 .1 3.3 92.0 4.6
Croatian and Slovenian 298324 .1 5.0 86.4 8.5
Polish 748430 .2 6.3 75.3 18.1
Russian 69986 1.4 9.1 82.7 6.8
Ruthenian 128460 .1 2.0 80.6 17.4
Slovak 290247 .1 4.4 80.0 15.5
[1] From Statistical Review of Immigration, p. 53.


TABLE LIX

OCCUPATIONS OF "OLD" AND "NEW" IMMIGRATION (JEWISH EXCEPTED) AND OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1899 TO 1909[1]ToT

Occupations "Old" immigrations "New" immigration (Jewish excepted) Jewish immigration
Number Per cent Number Per cent Number Per cent
Professional 56406 2.5 17080 .3 6836 .7
Skilled laborers 442754 19.5 441984 8.9 362936 36.7
Farm laborers 138598 6.1 1142064 23.1 9633 1.0
Farmers 40633 1.8 42605 .9 908 .1
Common laborers 402074 17.7 1814180 36.7 66311 6.7
Servants 424698 18.7 403784 8.2 61611 6.2
No occupation 678510 29.8 1041049 21.0 445728 45.0
Miscellaneous 90109 4.0 46324 .9 36219 3.7
Total 2273782 100.0 4949070 100.0 990182 100.0
[1] From Emigration Conditions in Europe, p. 29.


TABLE LX

ILLITERACY OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

Year Jewish immigrants 14 years of age and over Jewish immigrant illiterates[2] 14 years of age and over Per cent illiterate
1899 28428 5637 19.5
1900 47672 10607 22.2
1901 43367 10119 23.3
1902 42376 11921 28.1
1903 57159 14980 26.2
1904 82707 18763 22.6
1905 101357 22770 22.4
1906 110128 29444 26.7
1907 111486 31885 28.6
1908 77374 23217 30.3
1909 42341 12201 28.8
1910 62391 17963 28.8
Total 806786 209507 26.0
[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.
[2] Those who could neither read nor write.