Jungle days

A volcano in eruption and a jungle monkey—nothing can ever quite prepare our minds for the first sight of these. Neither the crude wood-cut of Vesuvius in our old school geography, nor the latest colored moving picture of Kilauea, adumbrates the awe of the silent, ascending line of smoke, or the nocturnal glow of fires, old as earth itself is old. Your canoe slips through the reflection of everhanging jungle, and you suddenly spy a little face peering out from the fronds,—a face wistful, serious, grave as with the weight of planetary responsibilities; and so human that you feel that somewhere in its past it too could tell of an Eden tragedy. If not an apple, it must at least have nibbled a berry of some little vine of self-consciousness. How unlike the immobile features of the deer and rodents and jungle cats is this sober, anxious little ego! And how vividly our orchid climbing days return when we see a family of bandarlog swarming up a liana. These miniatures of ourselves seem to climb as easily against gravitation as we loll down hill with it.

This Guiana jungle is a strange and wonderful place when we think of it from the view-point of its monkey tenants. Their floors are swaying vines and bending branches, their roofs green waving fans and banners. Their nearer neighbors are humming-birds and leaf-winged butterflies, gaudy toucans and screeching parrots. Far up through skylights they catch glimpses of vultures, soaring a mile above earth, and yet with eyes so keen that an accidental headlong fall to earth of any little monkey would bring a score of hungry ghouls. Through the skylight, too, hurtles swift death,—harpy eagles, whose grip is the end.

The jungle sends up enormous trees, one hundred, two hundred feet, among the branches of some of which fifteen hundred generations of monkeys have gambolled. If these stood like oaks in a meadow, isolated and alone, the four-handed ones would perish or have to take to the ground. But lignum vitæ rather than arbor vitæ should be the simian’s password, for the vines which bind together the whole tropical forest are the way of life of the monkey. By means of the untold fathoms of ratlines and suspension bridges, tight ropes and ladders, these jungle people can range for thousands of miles without ever coming to earth, living in the realm of orchids and birds’ nests, of sloths and tree lizards.

Their very name has come to be a byword, although, like their physical bodies in past ages, it is bound to us etymologically by monna and madonna. We laugh at their comic little faces and ways and, if we are incurably fanatic or quite egocentric, or fearful of what comes after death, we indignantly deny all past kinship of a common ancestor. On the other hand, if we love the truth and have a sense of humor, we recognize that these little jungle folk have missed being human by some very little accident, being, but for the grace of some side-tracking, ourselves. And while we swagger upright and think of our brains with complacency, are we sure that all the advantage is on our side?

As with us, the whole of the lives of these monkeys is one long struggle against gravitation. They are born and weaned, they play and fight, they eat and sleep, in midair far from the ground, and only when death comes, do the tiny fingers relax and headlong they slip through fronds and leaves to the earth itself. This same eternal pull of earth holds us completely in thrall at birth, then we roll over, struggle to hands and knees and creep reptile-like for a space. At last we rise upon unsteady soles and from three to seventy we walk or run, swinging our arms to balance us, frequently tumbling to earth again, exhausted after a few hours and sinking upon chair or bed to gather strength against another day of upright struggle.

The joys of climbing, of balance, of swaying limbs, of headlong leaps from self-earned lofty vistas, pass with boyhood for most of us. They are renewed for me sometimes when I mount the ratlines of a ship plunging through heavy seas, or in the first rush of a nose dive from high in air.

We cheat the power of earth with elevators, though to do so we must call upon the lightning or waters for aid. Instead of holding to clean-barked boughs, swaying aloft in the sunlight, we creep beneath the ground and dangle unsteadily from dirty straps. In place of plucking our fruit fresh from its native stem and eating it amid the green glow of its own foliage, we barter for its shrivelled pulp sealed in cans of tin. We gape at and applaud those of our kind who dare, upon tight-rope or trapeze, feats which any self-respecting monkey would smack her child for thus bungling.

The Capuchin, the bourgeois organ-grinder’s friend, in past years now and then climbed our gutter-pipe and at the reminding jerk on his cord, pitifully doffed his little cap and took our pennies. Here in his home we tame him and bind him to us with affection, so that with full liberty he chooses his sleeping box on our laps. He is silent, and gentle and serious like the coolies who work on the coastal rice-plantations.

This is, of course, merely generalization, comparable to the immortal description, “The French are a gay and polite people, fond of dancing and light wines.” Anyone who has been a friend to creatures,—dogs, birds, monkeys or any other of our quaint companions in this curious world,—knows that individuals vary in disposition and temperament only less than what we are pleased to call the highest order, Man.

Some Capuchins are silent; we have known some whose garrulity tried our patience and our hearing. There was once a man who took a cage to the African jungle and so far reversed the usual procedure as to enter it himself, while the gorillas congregated outside,—or so he hoped,—to gaze on the strange sight. His purpose was to study the language of gorillas. One suspects that the vocabulary thus acquired would be chiefly of a scurrilous nature, but who is so lacking in a sense of justice as to grudge the apes a chance to get even at last?

We have acquired some knowledge of monkey talk, especially from our Capuchin pets. It does not seem an extensive tongue but the same sound can, as with us, be given many different meanings by inflection, pantomime, or even facial expression. When one of our small Cebus friends is confronted by some terrifying sight, such as a monstrous iguana, he springs away precipitately, wide-open mouth expelling on a sharp breath a guttural hissing grunt. Engaged with us in a game of tag around the laboratory, he sometimes finds himself cornered; then he emits the same sound, but no one could now take it for an expression of fear. It is much prolonged, without the abrupt tone of real terror, and his white teeth gleam in his open mouth in an unmistakable grin as he capitulates and flings himself confidently into our outstretched hands.

One wistful little chap who was once a member of the laboratory family would sustain his part in serious discussion for minutes at a time. To open the conversation, one had only to approach him closely, look him in the eye, and smack the lips gently and repeatedly. To this he never failed to respond in kind, but much more rapidly than human lips could move, wrinkling his brows mightily the while with the effort of concentration, and occasionally varying his remarks by an emphatic shake of the head and a curious throaty chuckle with a falling cadence, which sounded for all the world as though he demanded briefly, “Whatcher got?”

Monkeys have bad dreams, nightmares that perhaps are shared by us. Often in the evening I have been distracted from some microscopic business in hand by a clamor from the compound, and going out have seen a pitiful monkey face, with frightened drowsy eyes peering anxiously for insubstantial bugbears, and heard small whimpers of allayed distress as nervous little hands clung to my solid and reassuring fingers.

Most Capuchins have in their repertoires some almost bird-like tones of clear twitters and chirrups, and, when they are particularly anxious to be noticed, a sweet call, Coo-coo-coo, whose blandishment it is difficult to resist. This same phrase, loud and prolonged is the call of the clan when widely separated in the jungle. It carries over half a mile.

The Beesa monkey, like the native Indian, is a silent mystery. Neither likes close confinement, and no emotion is shown by their placid, inscrutable faces. The young do not understand the strange new beings who have come into their lives, and soon pine away; as long as they live they are extremely affectionate, but mentally dull and timid.

Beesas are strange-looking beasts. The fur is black, very long and coarse, the tail appearing as large around as the whole body. The face is purplish-brown, surrounded in the adult, with a great ruff of yellowish-white. The young Beesa is more frowsy and less judicial in appearance. They roam through mid-jungle heights, a single great male leading his harem of five or six females, while as many half-grown youngsters trail behind. As they climb from tree to tree, sliding down vines or scaling steep aerial ladders, they utter a low, abrupt, penetrating grunt or cough sounding like a faint, dull blow of wood on wood, which ordinarily would never be noticed among the rustling of leaves and the occasional thump of a falling fruit or dead branch. When alarmed they slip away rapidly, and so short are their legs and so long their fur that they seem to flow instead of walk along the branches.

The squirrel monkeys or sackawinkis are, next to the marmosets, the smallest of the Guiana monkeys. Their noses appear to have been dipped into an ink bottle, and their brains into spirits of ammonia. They are living springs, never running down, but withal sober and silent in their contacts with life and ourselves.

There seems to be in some respects a relation between size and intelligence, not only as in elephants and shrews, but in monkeys. The marmosets,—tiny, furry, nervous little beings, are very stupid, food and safety occupying their almost every moment.

The monkey of monkeys of this jungle is the big red Howler. He lives in families, and when the great male raises his head and in the light of early dawn sends forth his mighty voice, its reverberations are distinctly audible three miles away. His tail is long and full-muscled, and the bare skin beneath its tip has lines and cushions which tell of things forever lost to us. The color of the long, silky hair is that of the gold nuggets in the streams which trickle through the jungle far below, and the emotions of our tame young Howler are those of a very young child,—he is curious, timid, resentful, excitable, greedy, affectionate, serious; as fond of lifting his voice in anger or joy as a negro at a revival and as volatile as a twenty-four-hour thermometer chart in a desert. Jungle monkeys, and an active volcano,—see them before you die, or you will have missed two splendid thrills in life.

Part II—Theory

A little monkey climbed down a swaying vine, hand over hand, until his face was close to a quiet pool of sweet water. The day before at evening, he had done the same thing. His mother and his ancestors for generations had done likewise. And always they chattered at the monkey they saw in the water, and finally in anger snatched at him, and their little fingers troubled the water and the monkey vanished. Then they drank eagerly, turned quickly, and clambered swiftly up to rest.

Today the little monkey began to chatter, then stopped. He moved, and the monkey in the water moved. He brushed away some hairs from his face and the water monkey. Then something happened. He stopped chattering and peered again and again at the face in the water. He put his little paw over his eyes and slowly took it away. Then he forgot his thirst, raised his head and gazed fixedly before him, wrinkling his forehead and remaining very quiet. And the more distant his gaze, the less he seemed to observe, and the deeper became the wrinkles.

The night came quickly and the tragedies of the darkness began. The little monkey had long ago forgotten his momentary abstraction and was curled in a slumbering ball high among the dense foliage of a jungle tree.... If there is such a thing as prophecy; if the first beginnings of great and momentous things make themselves felt abroad, then the cool night wind carried with it more than the scent of orchids and the calls of the night folk. It must have vibrated with the sense of the end of a great regime. The dominance of animals was tottering, the beginning of the end of earthly evolution. Something introspective had come to pass—a glimpse of the ego—a momentary flash of self consciousness. The little face in the water was not really another monkey. And the end of this realization was to be man.

But one such revelation was of no avail, and whether the little monkey was finally caught by his arch enemies—the serpents or leopards—or sometime slipped and fell into his pool we shall never know. But his memory can never die, for he was the first Seer; his eyes were the first to look Beyond and Within.

Then the new thing happened to great ape-like creatures. Day after day they would stop in their swift, hand over hand swinging through the tree-tops and gaze into space for a moment. These primitive penseurs were at a disadvantage, for when their less psychic brethren caught them off guard they promptly crept up and slew them. But relentless and remorseless as the waters of the open sea, these waves of abstraction rolled on. And like bits of drifting wreckage, came tossed and tumbled thoughts, dumb and inarticulate, groping and quite inadequate for any use.

The first periods of self-realization were like trances or obsessions, wholly subconscious and involuntary. For that which we have not conceived, we cannot intentionally formulate. With feet and hands clasped about branches, the great ape beings swayed back and forth in the ecstasy of day dreams. Then from the inward view, the inner sight with unseeing eyes of what they could not name, they came gradually to look again upon the outer world. And now was wrought the great change, for linked ideas flashed upon their confused brain, twin stars of thought which in their grand-apesons might evolve into knowledge of cause and effect, and the greatest of all things thoughtful-correlation.

Against single thinkers, the thoughtless ones could easily prevail. And all the more easily because in the beginning it was as it shall be in the end—the law of compensation allots brawn to one, and mind to another, as dominant attributes. This abstraction was a thing apart, and unlike all other changes which had come in the past. When one stumbled upon a new way of opening cocoanuts, or experienced witless facility in walking upright for a few steps, one naturally kept the knowledge to oneself. Why should any new-found ability be shared! But these disturbing, inexplicable trances often led to a greater interest in one’s neighbor or one’s mate.

Ah, one’s mate! One had not thought of this before, except as a pleasing something to be kept near one. Blindly one had captured it somehow and one felt that one would tear that fellow ape apart with teeth and sheer muscle if he came nearer one’s mate; and if ... but here some buzzing fly was sure to distract, or a troublesome itching of one’s back which required one’s whole attention, and then, ... well there was always something else, or food or sleep.

Not only to the great bull apes came these lightning glimpses of self, but to the females. But there was a difference. The correlation was direct. The momentary loss due to introspection was all but negatived by the instantaneous return to the objective: a return which was like the ascent of the diver with his pearl: a swift recovery of consciousness leavened with the unfathomable mystery of intuition. And through all the throes of thought conception, when bull apes travailed with wrinkled brows and aching heads for the sustained glimmer which ever faded and died out, their mates went about, ambling on crooked knuckles, and their little pig eyes shot swiftly their message to one another—they understood.

They understood and waited quietly. And for this waiting they shall have naught but praise, superlative praise. For it is not difficult to wait in ignorance. Thus the crystal waits for its perfect growth: the seed for the century-delayed warmth and water. But with understanding to have patience: to feel, however dumbly and blindly, the future of equality, of splendid unanimity of interest and respect, and to play one’s hopeless, inarticulate part and wait—this is very wonderful.

And this was the part of the female apes, and the ape women. And the difference between these was too fine for any written words. But as nearly as may be it was the difference between waiting, and waiting with understanding. And there were ape women when as yet there were no ape men for them to mate with. They followed the law and accepted any bull ape who broke through their subconscious restraint—that restraint and appraisement which worked for evolution a hundred thousand years ago—and will tomorrow. So the bulls continued to come wooing like great brutal things of lust and brawn. And the ape women, with a last sidewise glance at their sisters, went with them.

And the bull apes, they too obeyed the law, and performed the three functions of their life—they sought their food, escaped their enemies, and enjoyed their mates. But they also did a fourth thing equally important in the long run, which was hardly classifiable, because it was instinctive and its selfishness obscured by heredity. They killed every weakling, or crippled bull or disabled female. One great brawny female had to use tooth and muscle to save her baby. Thus for once the law failed. And the failure of the law was due to intuition. And this was the second great result of the vision of the Seer.

The bulls had made but little use of their new-found self-realizations. But now the ape woman fought for her babe’s life and won. Weak and small he certainly was, but he possessed wonderful quickness, and every pursuit and attempt on his life was unsuccessful. And he grew up and became a failure as an ape. For he tired of catching flies, and scratching and sunning and sleeping did not seem to fill up all the hours of daylight. He played with stones and gathered them in heaps, and then fled. For at this point all the bull apes in sight, having forgotten yesterday’s identical experience, rushed up, expecting that such labor must mean new-found food. Then he found hollow trees and beat upon them for hours with palm or stick. But he sought no mate, which was perhaps fortunate, for he would doubtless have returned maimed, or else been slain outright by the outraged female.

Then one day came to pass the third wonderful thing. A great woman, who had left her fang marks on every bull who had tried to woo her, came shuffling along and joined the weakling. He fled only a short distance and then returned fearlessly. For deceit and treachery were still to be evolved, and when the mighty ape woman showed favor to him he knew that it was truth. He accepted her, and continued to fear the world and to potter about with his stones, and bright-colored blossoms, and his banging of hollow trees. Then he commenced making club-like affairs, and sat outside the burrows of small animals and smashed them when they appeared. And one day he smashed the head of a female ape, who, following the fourth law had attempted to slay him, the unbearable weakling. Her mate was roused to such a pitch, that his self-consciousness dominated and he hunted his victim down. And this was the end of the weakling, who yet had carried out his destiny.

When the great ape woman bore a child, it fulfilled the promise of the little monkey’s first ecstasy. The prophecy of the night wind had come to pass. Here was balance of brawn and mind. Against his twin thoughts, his correlation, his weapons, his resources, opponents melted away. And this first ape man found ape women ready: waiting and understanding.