La genèse de l'esprit national égyptien (1863-1882)

The study traces the emergence of Egyptian national consciousness during the late nineteenth century, focusing on the reign of a reforming ruler and the complex interaction of fiscal crisis, modernization efforts, and foreign interference. It reconstructs political and intellectual currents by drawing on unpublished memoirs, contemporary Arabic newspapers, and foreign press, showing an intellectual renewal led by reformist thinkers and a concurrent military movement. It analyzes how public opinion, financial dependency, and press debates contributed to intervention by European powers and eventual occupation, and situates these developments within longer cultural continuities of the rural population and language-religion transformations.