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Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech

Chapter 28: D
By Edward Sapir
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Language & Communication

About This Book

The book presents language as a culturally grounded system of symbolic speech, arguing against purely biological or interjectional origin theories. It treats speech components from sounds and articulatory mechanisms to words and sentence structure, and outlines phonetics, phonology, and grammatical processes such as affixation, mutation, reduplication, and stress. It proposes ways to classify languages by conceptual types and degree of synthesis, and traces historical change through drift, phonetic laws, and analogical leveling. It examines language contact, borrowing, and mutual influence, and discusses relations between language, race, and culture and how linguistic features shape literary style and prosody.

D

  1. Danish, (49) (110) (136) (175) (217)
  2. Demonstrative ideas, (97) (98) (114)
  3. Dental articulations, (54) (192)
  4. Derivational concepts. See Concepts.
  5. Determinative structure, (135)
  6. Dialects:
    1. causes of, (160-3)
    2. compromise between, (159)
    3. distinctness of, (159)
    4. drifts in, diverging, (183) (184)
    5. drifts in, parallel, (184-93)
    6. splitting up of, (162) (164)
    7. unity of, (157-9)
  7. Diffusion, morphological, (217-20)
  8. Diphthongs, (56)
  9. Drift, linguistic, (160-3) (183) (184)
    1. components of, (172-4)
    2. determinants of, in English, (168-82)
    3. direction of, (165) (166) (183)
    4. direction of, illustrated in English, (166-8)
    5. examples of general, in English, (174-82)
    6. parallelisms in, (184-93)
    7. speed of, (183) (184)
    8. See Phonetic Law; Phonetic processes.
  10. Duplication of words, (79-81)
  11. Dutch, (175) (188) (212) (224)

E

  1. Elements of speech, (24-42)
  2. Emotion, expression of:
    1. involuntary, (3)
    2. linguistic, (39-41)
  3. English:
    1. agentive suffix, (87)
    2. analogical leveling, (202) (203)
    3. analytic tendency, (135) (136) (216) (217)
    4. animate and inanimate, (176) (177) (179) (180)
    5. aspect, (114)
    6. attribution, (101)
    7. case, history of, (169) (170) (175-7) (179)
    8. compounds, (67) (68) (69) (70)
    9. concepts, grammatical, in sentence, (86-94)
    10. concepts, passage of concrete into derivational, (108) (109)
    11. consonantal change, (64) (78)
    12. culture of speakers of, (229) (230)
    13. desire, expression of, (39)
    14. diminutive suffix, (87)
    15. drift, (166-82)
    16. duplication, word, (79) (80)
    17. esthetic qualities, (241) (243)
    18. feeling-tone, (41) (42)
    19. form, word, (59) (60) (61)
    20. French influence on, (206) (207) (208) (210) (211) (215) (216)
    21. function and form, (93) (94)
    22. fusing and juxtaposing, (137) (138) (139-41)
    23. gender, (100)
    24. Greek influence on, (215) (216)
    25. influence of, (207)
    26. influence on, morphological, lack of deep, (215-17)
    27. interrogative words, (170)
    28. invariable words, tendency to, (180-2) (208)
    29. infixing, (75)
    30. Latin influence on, (206) (207) (208) (215) (216)
    31. loan-words, (182)
    32. modality, (90) (91) (92) (93)
    33. number, (90) (91)
    34. order, word, (65) (66) (170) (171) (177-9) (191) (192)
    35. parts of speech, (123-5)
    36. patterning, formal, (62) (63)
    37. personal relations, (91) (92) (93)
    38. phonetic drifts, history of, (184-93) (194) (197-9)
    39. phonetic leveling, (193) (194)
    40. phonetic pattern, (200) (206)
    41. plurality, (38) (39) (100) (105) (106) (202)
    42. race of speakers of, (223-7)
    43. reference, definiteness of, (89) (90) (92) (93)
    44. relational words, (32)
    45. relations, genetic, (163) (175) (183) (218)
    46. rhythm, (171) (172)
    47. sentence, analysis of, (37)
    48. sentence, dependence of word on, (116)
    49. sound-imitative words, (6) (80)
    50. sounds, (44) (45) (49) (51) (53) (54)
    51. stress and pitch, (36) (55) (83)
    52. structure, (151) (180)
    53. survivals, morphological, (149) (152)
    54. symbolism, (134)
    55. syntactic adhesions, (117) (118)
    56. syntactic values, transfer of, (120)
    57. tense, (91) (93) (102) (103) (104)
    58. verb, syntactic relations of, (115)
    59. verse, (245) (246)
    60. vocalic change, (76)
    61. word and element, analysis of, (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (35)
  4. English, Middle, (175) (176) (188) (191) (201) (202) (203)
  5. English people, (223) (224)
  6. Eskimo, (60) (68) (70) (74) (118) (134) (135) (230) (243)
  7. Eskimos, (230)
  8. Ewe (Guinea coast, Africa), (80) (84) (150) (154) (155)
  9. Expiratory sounds, (55)
  10. “Explosives,” (52)

F

  1. Faucal position, (53)
  2. Feeling-tones of words, (41) (42)
  3. Fijians, (230)
  4. Finnish, (135) (155) (219)
  5. Finns, (226)
  6. Flemish, (212)
  7. “Foot, feet” (English), history of, (184-93) (197-9) (201) (202)
  8. Form, cultural, (233) (234)
    1. feeling of language for, (58) (62) (63) (152) (153) (210) (220)
    2. “inner,” (132) (133)
  9. Form, linguistic:
    1. conservatism of, (102-4)
    2. differences of, mechanical origin of, (105) (106)
    3. elaboration of, reasons for, (102-6)
    4. function and, independence of, (59-63) (93) (94)
    5. grammatical concepts embodied in, (82-126)
    6. grammatical processes embodying, (59-85)
    7. permanence of different aspects of, relative, (153-6)
    8. twofold consideration of, (59-61)
    9. See Structure, linguistic.
  10. Form-classes, (105) (113)
    1. See Gender.
  11. Formal units of speech, (33)
  12. “Formlessness, inner,” (132) (133)
  13. Fox (N. Amer.), (74)
  14. French:
    1. analytical tendency, (135) (136) (137)
    2. esthetic qualities, (241)
    3. gender, (102) (104) (113)
    4. influence, (205) (206) (207) (208) (209) (210) (211) (212) (215) (216)
    5. order, word, (67)
    6. plurality, (99)
    7. sounds, (51) (212)
    8. sounds as words, single, (24)
    9. stress, (55) (118)
    10. structure, (151) (154)
    11. tense forms, (103)
    12. verse, (245) (246)
  15. French, Norman, (224)
  16. French people, (224) (225)
  17. Freud, (168)
  18. Fricatives, (52)
  19. Frisian, (175) (224)
  20. Ful (Soudan), (79) (81)
  21. Function, independence of form and, (59-63) (93) (94)
  22. Functional units of speech, (33)
  23. Fusion, (137) (138) (139) (140) (141) (149)
  24. Fusional languages, (147) (150) (151)
    1. See Fusion.
  25. Fusional-agglutinative, (148) (150) (151)
  26. Fusional-isolating, (148) (150)
  27. “Fuss, Füsse” (German), history of, (184) (185) (191-3) (197-99)

G

  1. Gaelic, (225)
  2. Gender, (100-2) (113)
  3. German:
    1. French influence on, (208) (209) (212)
    2. grammatical
    3. concepts in sentence, (95)
    4. Latin influence on, (206) (208)
    5. phonetic drifts, history of, (184) (185) (188) (191-3) (197-9)
    6. plurality, (100)
    7. relations, (175) (183)
    8. sound-imitative words, (6)
    9. sounds, (56) (212)
    10. tense forms, (103)
    11. “umlaut,” (202) (203) (204)
    12. unanalyzable words, resistance to, (208) (209)
  4. German, High, (224)
  5. German, Middle High, (184) (185) (192) (204)
  6. German, Old High, (175) (184) (185) (192) (194)
  7. Germanic languages, (175) (183) (184) (185) (186) (206) (212) (226)
  8. Germanic, West, (175) (184) (185) (186) (187) (191) (192) (224)
  9. Germans, (224) (225) (226)
  10. Gesture languages, (20) (21)
  11. Ginneken, Jac van, (40)
  12. Glottal cords, (48)
    1. action of, (48-50)
  13. Glottal stop, (49)
  14. Gothic, (82) (175) (184)
  15. Grammar, (39)
  16. Grammatical element, (26-32)
  17. Grammatical concepts. See Concepts, grammatical.
  18. Grammatical processes:
    1. classified by, languages, (133-5)
    2. particular, development by each language of, (62) (63)
    3. types of, (63) (64)
    4. variety of, use in one language of, (61) (62)
  19. Greek, dialectic history of, (162)
  20. Greek, classical:
    1. affixing, (137)
    2. compounds, (67) (68)
    3. concord, (121)
    4. infixing, (75)
    5. influence, (207) (215) (216)
    6. pitch accent, (83)
    7. plurality, (100)
    8. reduplicated perfects, (82) (216)
    9. stress, (82) (83)
    10. structure, (139) (151) (152)
    11. synthetic character, (137)
    12. verse, (244) (246)
  21. Greek, modern, (137) (163) (194) (212)

H

  1. Haida (British Columbia), (56) (57) (150) (219) (229)
  2. Hamitic languages (N. Africa), (77) (219) (221)
  3. Hausa (Soudan), (81)
  4. Hebrew, (61) (62) (73) (76) (151) (207)
  5. Heine, (240)
  6. Hesitation, (172) (173) (183)
  7. History, linguistic, (153-6) (7-204)
  8. Hokan languages (N. Amer.), (220) (229)
  9. Hottentot (S. Africa), (55) (70) (80) (81)
  10. Hudson, W.H., (242)
  11. Humming, (50)
  12. Hupa (N. California), (71) (72)
  13. Hupa Indians, (228)

I

  1. Icelandic, Old, (175)
  2. India, languages of, (54)
  3. Indians, American, languages of, (34) (35) (49) (51) (56) (57) (58) (84) (85) (105) (130) (212) (213)
    1. See also Algonkin; Athabaskan; Chimariko; Chinook; Eskimo; Fox; Haida; Hokan; Hupa; Iroquois; Karok; Kwakiutl; Nahuatl; Nass; Navaho; Nootka; Ojibwa; Paiute; Sahaptin; Salinan; Shasta; Siouan; Sioux; Takelma; Tlingit; Tsimshian; Washo; Yana; Yokuts; Yurok.
  4. Indo-Chinese languages, (155) (164)
  5. Indo-European, (24) (75) (82) (163) (164) (174) (175) (186) (200) (226)
  6. Indo-Iranian languages, (175) (212)
  7. Infixes, (26) (64) (75) (76)
  8. Inflection. See Inflective languages.
  9. Inflective languages, (130) (136-41) (143) (144) (146) (155)
  10. Influence:
    1. cultural, reflected in language, (205-10)
    2. morphological, of alien language, (215-17) (220)
    3. phonetic, of alien language, (210-15)
  11. Inspiratory sounds, (55)
  12. Interjections, (4) (5)
  13. Irish, (224)
  14. Irish, (78) (79) (163) (218)
  15. Iroquois (N. Amer.), (69) (70)
  16. Isolating languages, (130) (133) (147) (150)
  17. Italian, (54) (55) (137) (163)
  18. “Its,” history of, (167) (176) (177)