APPENDIX
EVOLUTIONARY TABLES
1.—GEOLOGICAL AGES AND PERIODS
| Ages in the Organic History of the Earth. | Periods of Geology. | Vertebrate Fossils. | Approximate length of Paleontological Periods. | ||
| I. Archeozoic age (primordial) Age of invertebrates |
{ | 1. Laurentian 2. Huronian 3. Cambrian |
No fossil remains of vertebrates | 52 million years Sedimentary strata 63,000 ft. thick | |
| II. Paleozoic age (primary) Age of fishes |
4. Silurian 5. Devonian 6. Carboniferous 7. Permian |
Fishes Dipneusts Amphibia Reptiles |
34 million years Sedimentary strata 41,200 ft. thick | ||
| III. Mesozoic age (secondary) Age of reptiles |
8. Triassic 9. Jurassic 10. Cretaceous |
Monotremes Marsupials Mallotheria Pro-placentals |
11 million years Sedimentary strata 12,200 ft. thick | ||
| IV. Cenozoic age (tertiary) Age of mammals |
11. Eocene 12. Oligocene 13. Miocene 14. Pliocene |
{ { { { | Prosimiæ Lemurs Cynopitheca Baboons Anthropoides Man-like apes Pithecanthropi Ape-men |
3 million years 3,600 ft. thick | |
| V. Anthropozoic age (quaternary) Age of man |
15. Glacial 16. Post-glacial |
Pre-historic man Savage and civilised man |
300,000 years Sedimentary strata little thickness | ||
2A.—MAN'S GENEALOGICAL TREE—First Half
EARLIER ANCESTRAL SERIES, WITHOUT FOSSIL REMAINS, BEFORE THE SILURIAN PERIOD
| Chief Stages. | Ancestral Stem-Groups. | Living Relatives of our Ancestors. | Paleon- tology. | Onto- geny. | Morph- ology. | |
| Stages 1-5: Protist- Ancestors Unicellular organisms | { | 1. Monera (Plasmodoma) without nuclei | 1. Chromacea (Chroococcus) Phycochromacea | O | I? | I |
1-2: Plasmodomous Protophyta |
{ | 2. Algaria Unicellular algæ with nuclei | 2. Paulotomea Palmellacea Eremosphaera | O | I? | I |
| { | 3. Lobosa Unicellular (Amœboid) Rhizopods | 3. Amœbina Amœba Lecocyta | O | II | II | |
| 3-5: Plasmophagous Protozoa | { | 4. Infusoria (Unicellular) Zoomonades | 4. Flagellata Euflagellata | O | ? | II |
| { | 5. Blastæades Multicellular cell-colonies Blastula? | 5. Catallacta Magosphaera Volvocina | O | III | III | |
| Stages 6-11: Invertebrate Metazoa- Ancestors | { | 6. Gastræades with two germinal layers | 6. Gastrula Hydra, Olynthus, Orthonectida | O | III | III |
6-8: Cœlenteria, without anus or body-cavity |
{ | 7. Platodes I. Platodaria (without nephridia) | 7. Cryptocœla (Convoluta) (Proporus) | O | ? | I |
| { | 8. Platodes II. Platodinia (with nephridia) | 8. Rhabdocœla (Vortex) (Monotus) | O | ? | I | |
9-11: Vermalia, with anus and body-cavity |
{ | 9. Provermalia Rotatoria Primitive worms | 9. Gastrotricha Trochozoa Trochophora | O | ? | I |
| { | 10. Frontonia (Rhynchelminthes) Snouted worms | 10. Enteropneusta Balanoglossus Cephalodiscus | O | ? | I | |
| { | 11. Prochordonia Worms with chorda | 11. Copelata Appendicaria | O | II | II | |
Stages 12-15: Monorrhina- Ancestors Earliest vertebrates, without jaws or pairs of limbs, with single nostril |
{ | 12. Acrania I. (Prospondylia) |
12. Larvæ of Amphioxus | O | III | II |
| { | 13. Acrania II. Later skull-less animals | 13. Leptocardia Amphioxus (Lancelet) | O | I | III | |
| { | 14. Cyclostoma I. (Archicrania) | 14. Larvæ of Petromyzon | O | III | II | |
| { | 15. Cyclostoma II. Later round- mouthed animals | 15. Marsipobranchia Myxinoides Petromyzontes | O | I | III | |
2B.—MAN'S GENEALOGICAL TREE—Second Half
LATER ANCESTRAL SERIES, WITH FOSSIL REMAINS, BEGINNING IN THE SILURIAN
| Geological Periods. | Stem-Groups of Ancestors. | Living Relatives of our Ancestors. | Paleon- tology. | Onto- geny. | Morpho- logy. | |
| Silurian | { | 16. Selachii Primitive fishes Proselachii | 16. Notidanides Chlamydoselachus Heptanchus | I | II | III |
| Silurian | { | 17. Ganoides Plated fishes Proganoides | 17. Accipenserides Sturgeon, Polypterus | II | I | II |
| Devonian | { | 18. Dipneusta Paladipneusta | 18. Neodipneusta Ceratodus, Protopterus | I | II | II |
| Carboniferous | { | 19. Amphibia Stegocephala | 19. Phanerobranchia and Salamandrina (Proteus, Triton) | III | III | III |
| Permian | { | 20. Reptilia Proreptilia | 20. Rhyncocephalia Primitive lizards Hatteria | III | II | II |
| Triassic | { | 21. Monotrema Promammalia | 21. Ornithodelphia Echnida Ornithorhyncus | I | III | III |
| Jurassic | { | 22. Marsupialia Prodidelphia | 22. Didelphia Didelphys, Perameles | I | II | II |
| Cretaceous | { | 23. Mallotheria Prochoriata | 23. Insectivora Erinaceida (Ictopsida+) | III | I | I |
| Older Eocene | { | 24. Lemuravida Earlier lemurs Dent. 3, 1, 4, 3 | 24. Pachylemures (Hypopsodus+) (Adapis+) | III | I? | II |
| Later Eocene | { | 25. Lemurogona Later lemurs Dent. 2, 1, 4, 3 | 25. Autolemures (Eulemur) (Stenops) | II | I? | II |
| Oligocene | { | 26. Dysmopitheca Western apes Dent. 2, 1, 3, 3 | 26. Platyrrhinæ (Anthropops+) (Homunculus+) | I | I | II |
| Older Miocene | { | 27. Cynopitheca Baboons (tailed) | 27. Papiomorpha (Cynocephalus) | I | I | III |
| Later Miocene | { | 28. Anthropoides Anthropoid apes (tailless) | 28. Hylobatida Hylobates Satyrus | I | II | III |
| Pliocene | { | 29. Pithecanthropi Ape-like men (alali = speechless) | 29. Anthropitheca Chimpanzee Gorilla | II | III | III |
| Pleistocene | { | 30. Homines (loquaces = with speech) | 30. Weddahs Australian natives | I | III | III |
3.—CLASSIFICATION OF THE PRIMATES
N.B.— * indicates extinct forms, + living groups, ++ the hypothetical stem-form. Cf. History of Creation, chap. xxvii.; Evolution of Man, chap. xxiii.
| Orders. | Sub-Orders. | Families. | Genera. |
| I Prosimiae Lemurs (Hemipitheci) The orbits imperfectly separated from the temporal depression by a bony arch. Womb double or two-horned. Placenta diffuse, indeciduate (as a rule). Cerebrum relatively small, smooth, or little furrowed. |
1. Lemuravida (Palalemures) Early lemurs (generalists) Originally with claws on all or most fingers: later transition to nails. Tarsus primitive. |
1. Pachylemures* (Hypopsodina) Dent. 44 = 3.1.4.3/3.1.4.3 Primitive dentition |
Archiprimas++ Lemuravus* Early Eocene Pelycodus* Early Eocene Hypopsodus* Late Eocene |
| 2. Necrolemures (Anaptomorpha Dent. 40 = 2.1.4.3/2.1.4.3 Reduced dentition |
Adapis* Plesiadapis* Necrolemur* | ||
| 2. Lemurogona (Neolemures) Modern lemures (specialists) All fingers usually have nails (except the second toe). Tarsus modified. |
3. Autolemures+ (Lemurida) Dent. 36 = 2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3 Specialised dentition |
Eulemur Hapalemur Lepilemur Nycticebus Stenops Galago | |
| 4. Chirolemures+ (Chiromyida) Dent. 18 = 1.0.1.3/1.0.0.3 Rodent dentition | Chiromys (Claws on all fingers except first) | ||
| II Simiae Apes (Pitheci or simiales) Orbits completely separated from the temporal depression by a bony septum. Womb simple, pear-shaped. Placenta discoid, deciduate. Cerebrum relatively large and much furrowed. |
3. Platyrrhinae Flat-nosed apes Hesperopitheca Western apes (American). Nostrils lateral, with wide partition 3 premolars | 5. Arctopitheca+ Dent. 32 = 2.1.3.2/2.1.3.2 Nail on hallux only |
Hapale Midas |
| 6. Dysmopitheca+ Dent. 36 = 2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3 Nails on all fingers |
Callithrix Nyctipithecus Cebus Mycetes Ateles | ||
| 4. Catarrhinae Narrow-nosed apes Eopitheca Eastern apes (Arctogoea) Europe, Asia, and Africa. Nostrils forward, with narrow septum 2 premolars. Nails on all fingers | 7. Cynopitheca+ Dent 32 = 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3 Generally with tail and cheek-pouches. Sacrum with 3 or 4 vertebræ |
Cynocephalus Cercopithecus Inuus Semnopithecus Colobus Nasalis | |
| 8. Anthropomorpha+ Dent. 32 = 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3 No tail or cheek-pouches Sacrum with 5 vertebræ |
Hylobates Satyrus Pliopithecus* Gorilla Anthropithecus Dryopithecus* Pithecanthropus* Homo | ||
4.—GENEALOGICAL TREE OF THE PRIMATES
EXPLANATION OF GENEALOGICAL TABLE 1
CHRONOMETRIC REDUCTION OF BIOGENETIC PERIODS
The enormous length of the biogenetic periods (i.e., the periods during which organic life has been evolving on our planet) is still very differently estimated by geologists and paleontologists, astronomers and physicists, because the empirical data of the calculation are very incomplete and admit great differences of estimate. However, most modern experts aver that their length runs to 100 and 200 million years (some say double this, and even more). If we take the lesser figure of 100 millions, we find this distributed over the five chief periods of organic geology very much as is shown on Table 1. In order to get a clearer idea of the vast duration of these evolutionary periods, and to appreciate the relative shortness of the "historical period," Dr. H. Schmidt (Jena) has reduced the 100,000,000 years to a day. In this scheme the twenty-four hours of "creation-day" are distributed as follows over the five evolutionary periods:
| I. | Archeozoic period (52 million years) | = | 12h. | 30m. |
| II. | Paleozoic period (34 million years) | = | 8h. | 7m. |
| III. | Mesozoic period (11 million years) | = | 2h. | 38m. |
| IV. | Cenozoic period (3 million years) | = | 43m. | |
| V. | Anthropozoic period (0·1-0·2 million years) | = | 2m. |
If we put the length of the "historic period" at 6,000 years, it only makes five seconds of "creation-day"; the Christian era would amount to two seconds.