XIX (pp. 91—95)
XX (pp. 96—103)
IV. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION INTO FRENCH
I
When I think over my own expensive education, I can see quite clearly that the years which came between my departure from the school-room at home and the time I got into the top form at school were elaborately wasted. My time was mainly taken up with grammar, endless Latin proses, and verses that were not poetry; none of which exercises did me the slightest good. I forgot the grammar as soon as I conveniently could; I could never do Latin prose till I had read great chunks of Latin authors, or verses till I had studied the poets; and these accomplishments came to me by imitation and not by rules. Mean-while my imagination was simply starved. And yet there is so much in English literature to stimulate the imagination of children!—I know that from my pre-school experience; and I believe nearly all children have some imagination to start with, before it is smothered under the verbs in -µı. Fortunately I was not a conscientious or hard-working boy, and so I escaped the mental paralysis which overtook some of my worthier companions.—From G. F. BRADLY’S Dick.
II
Daudet is naturally an optimist, and that spontaneous optimism is his distinctive mark among all the novelists of the contemporary school. There are characters in his works quite as depraved as those in Flaubert and in Zola. But from the way in which he describes them one feels that he despises their ignominy, and that he is indignant at their baseness. Now the pessimist, in whose eyes baseness and ignominy are the very essence of man, is no longer capable of indignation or contempt. Nearly always Daudet’s books present to us, if only incidentally, some favourite character which does credit to humanity. Out-and-out pessimists accuse him of distorting human nature by attributing to it imaginary graces and virtues: but does not their unbending pessimism distort it in another direction by showing to us, under the pretext of being truthful, only its meannesses and its horrors?—From PELLISSIER, Le Mouvement littéraire au XIXe siècle.
III
Doctor Strong’s was an excellent school: as different from Mr. Creakle’s as good is from evil. It was very gravely and decorously ordered, and on a sound system with an appeal, in everything, to the honour and good faith of the boys, and an avowed intention to rely on their possession of those qualities, unless they proved unworthy of it, which worked wonders. We all felt we had a part in the management of the place, and in sustaining its character and dignity. Hence we soon became warmly attached to it, and learned with a good will, desiring to do it credit. We had noble games out of hours, and plenty of liberty; but even then, as I remember, we were well spoken of in the town, and rarely did any disgrace, by our appearance or manner, to the reputation of Doctor Strong and Doctor Strong’s boys. The Doctor himself was the idol of the whole school; and it must have been a badly composed school if he had been anything else, for he was the kindest of men; with a simple faith in him that might have touched the stone hearts of the very urns upon the wall.—From DICKENS’S David Copperfield.
IV
His style, created from moment to moment, subordinates the form of the language to the need of expressing the immediate sensation in its original vividness. He multiplies ellipses, anastrophes, words unexpectedly connected; he takes from every vocabulary its most expressive terms; he models himself upon the very appearance of things as they are; he knows no other rhythm than that of successive impressions. He is perpetually on the move. His agility occasionally seems a little feverish. We feel some anxiety; we are afraid that the sentence may not find its balance. A few lines from his works can be recognized at a glance, for he has only had clumsy imitators, his style being, moreover, in the language of Montaigne, of one substance with the author, being the author himself. And yet one could hardly say that this style breaks with tradition. He stops short just at the point at which his idiosyncrasies would degenerate into faults.—From PETIT DE JULLEVILLE, Histoire de la littérature française, vol. viii.
V
But the pupils — the young noblemen! Pale and haggard faces, lank and bony figures, children with countenances of old men, deformities with irons upon their limbs, boys of stunted growth, and others whose long meagre legs would hardly bear the stooping bodies, all crowded on the view together. There was every ugliness or distortion that told of unnatural aversion conceived by parents for their offspring, or of young lives which, from the earliest dawn of infancy, had been one horrible endurance of cruelty and neglect. There were little faces which should have been handsome, darkened with the scowl of sullen, dogged suffering. There was childhood with the light of its eye quenched, its beauty gone, and its helplessness alone remaining; there were vicious-faced boys, brooding, with leaden eyes, like malefactors in jail; and there were young creatures on whom the sins of their frail parents had descended, weeping even for the mercenary nurses they had known, and lonesome even in their loneliness. With every kindly sympathy and affection blasted in its birth, with every young and healthy feeling flogged and starved down, with every revengeful passion that can fester in swollen hearts, eating its evil way to their core in silence, what an incipient Hell was breeding here!—From DICKENS’S Nicholas Nickleby.
VI
It is not only his nerves which are sensitive, it is also his heart, and the keenness of his sensations is equalled by that of his sympathies. He is interested in his characters, and it is by loving them that he makes us love them. If the figures he paints give us a life-like impression, it is because they lived not only in his imagination but also in his heart.... Daudet can feel in his heart that love which Dickens felt towards those who are ill-favoured or poor. His favourite heroes are especially those who are sensitive, and who are made wretched by their sensitiveness. In order to create Jack he left the Nabab, which he had already begun, and wrote in less than a year that book which is at the same time tender and cruel, but in which cruelty is only another form of tenderness, and which so oppressed the heart of George Sand that after reading it she, the indefatigable worker, remained for three whole days without being able to produce anything at all.—From PELLISSIER, Le Mouvement littéraire au XIXe siècle.
VII
It was not very large certainly, being about six feet long by four broad. It could not be called light, as there were bars and a grating to the window. But it was uncommonly comfortable to look at. The space under the window at the farther end was occupied by a square table covered with a reasonably clean and whole red and blue tablecloth; a hard-seated sofa covered with red stuff occupied one side; and a good stout wooden chair afforded a seat for another boy, so that three could sit and work together. Over the door were a row of hat-pegs, and on each side book-cases with cupboards at the bottom; shelves and cupboards being filled indiscriminately with school-books, a cup or two, a mouse-trap and brass candlesticks, leather straps, and some curious-looking articles which puzzled Tom not a little, until his friend explained that they were climbing-irons, and showed their use. A cricket-bat and small fishing-rod stood up in one corner.—From HUGHES’S Tom Brown’s School-days.
VIII
Daudet’s imagination does not consist in the invention of facts or characters: he pictures to himself with extraordinary vividness what has passed before his eyes. Though they are marvellously real, his scenes have not that precise and strict perfection which Flaubert used to give to his. He catches in mid-flight the faintest details and holds fast their very movement. The vibration is still there, and one can feel the tremor in the air and the play of the light.
As to his human figures, I question whether Daudet has ever had his equal in the picturesque truthfulness of his portraits, in the capacity of reproducing the expression of a face, an attitude or dress. And it does not follow that, as certain “psychological” writers have hinted, Daudet was deficient in “psychology.” We cannot find in him that cold, pedantic psychology which consists of the authors’s own reflections; and if, to be a “psychologist,” it is necessary to explain minutely every step and every gesture, or to put wearisome commentaries in the place of action, Daudet does not deserve the name. But perhaps there is a distinction to be made between a novel and an anatomical treatise.—From PETIT DE JULLEVILLE, Hist. de la litt. fr. vol. viii.
IX
The founders and arbiters of the public-school system who ordained that life in these institutions should be one incessant round of activity from the beginning of term to its end have perhaps proved to be the children of wisdom. To a healthy boy who can manage to keep his place in the crowd without undue straining, there is a tonic effect in the absence of leisure; and the sense of being a lively part in a great and ever-moving body is an admirable enemy to stagnation of mind. It is only the special case, the variant from the type, who suffers when he is included in masses that move by rule; and if we are inclined to admit the dangerous premise that any suffering can be good for a young soul, we may cheerfully conclude that the rough process is justified if it turns the variant into a solid, ordinary person; or, if he is a hopeless rebel, at least teaches him that the thorns of life are not tender to him who kicks.—From The First Round, by ST. JOHN LUCAS.
X
Much of the influence he gained over his scholars was attributable to his knowledge of the individual characteristics of boys. He is said to have known every boy in the school, his appearance, his habits, and his companions. It cannot be said that he was always genial in manner; the youngest boys especially regarded him with awe, and his own sense of the intense seriousness of life and duty gave a sternness and austerity to his aspect which made many of his pupils afraid of him. His conception of a school was that it should be first of all a place for the formation of character, and next a place for learning and study, as a means for the attainment of this higher end. Discipline and guidance were in his view still more prominently the business of a schoolmaster than the impartation of knowledge. His influence was stimulative rather than formative, the secret of his power consisting not so much in the novelty of his ideas or methods as in his commanding and magnetic ersonality.—From Thomas Arnold, by SIR JOSHUA FITCH.
XI
He was contented, in a dull kind of way, with the even monotony of his days. Life at school, he felt, would be always the same; he would attain no distinctions, but at least he would suffer no violent agonies. If you could not be brilliant and wonderful it was as well to be completely insignificant. Defiant eccentricity led to much discomfort, unless you possessed invincible contempt for ordinary popularity; and the way of the harmless imbecile was hard at a public school. When you were at school all the old standards did seem to alter most strangely. After all, why bother about standards? Why think at all? School was really pleasanter when you did not think but just drifted. Yet, could a place where it was better not to think except about everyday events be really right? All boys were either beasts or worms or geese. The geese were most numerous, and usually followed and applauded the beasts. Oh monstrous, stale, unprofitable world!—From The First Round, by ST. JOHN LUCAS.
XII
At present those who pursue philosophy at all are mere striplings just emerged from boyhood, who take it up in the intervals of business; and, after just dipping into the most abstruse part of the study, abandon the pursuit altogether.
And pray what is the right plan?
Just the opposite. In youth and boyhood they ought to be put through a course of instruction carefully suited to their years; and while their bodies are growing up to manhood, especial attention should be paid to them, as a serviceable acquisition in the cause of philosophy. At the approach of that period during which the mind begins to attain its maturity, the mental exercises ought to be rendered more severe. Finally, when their bodily powers begin to fail, and they are released from public duties and military service, from that time forward they ought to consecrate themselves altogether to the study of philosophy, if they are to live happily on earth, and after death to crown the life they have led with a corresponding destiny in another world.—From PLATO’S Republic, bk. vi.
V. SUJETS DE RÉDACTION
I
Le soir, après souper, je relisais mon Robinson, je l’apprenais par cœur; le jour, je le jouais, je le jouais avec rage, et tout ce qui m’entourait, je l’enrôlais dans ma comédie (voir p. 6).
1. Un matin, il aperçoit de loin une trentaine de
sauvages, qui débarquent dans son Île et allument un grand
feu. Ils ont avec eux deux prisonniers, et, pendant
qu’ils en tuent un et le découpent pour le faire rôtir,
l’autre s’échappe.
2. Trois des sauvages se mettent à sa poursuite,
mais il court plus vite qu’eux et gagne une crique,
qu’il traverse à la nage. Un de ses ennemis
s’arrête, ne sachant pas nager, et les deux autres
n’atteignent le bord que longtemps après le fugitif, qui se
dirige précisément du côté de Robinson.
3. Celui-ci décide de le sauver, prend son fusil,
et, par un raccourci, arrive entre lui et ceux qui le
poursuivent. Ne voulant pas faire feu de peur
d’attirer l’attention du reste de la troupe, il
s’élance sur le plus proche et l’abat d’un coup
de crosse.
4. L’autre se dispose à lui décocher one
flèche. Il se résout alors à tirer, et le tue.
Stupéfaction du fugitif; façon dont il exprime sa reconnaissance.
5. Robinson le conduit dans sa caverne, lui donne
à manger et à boire, et lui fait ensuite signe de se coucher et
de dormir.
II
— Mon perroquet, criai-je, mon perroquet!
— Il parle donc maintenant? dit Jacques.
S’il parlait, je crois bien; on
l’entendait d’une lieue (voir. p. 12).
1. Dans une villa isolée aux environs de Paris
(en faire la description) demeure un vieillard fantasque, qu’on
dit fort riche, bien qu’il n’ait pas de domestique.
2. Un cambrioleur, le sachant seul, conçoit le
projet de le dévaliser et s’en ouvre à un camarade, qui
accepte volontiers de l’aider dans une expédition aussi
simple.
3. Les deux bandits s’introduisent la nuit dans
le jardin, et pénètrent sans bruit dans la maison.
4. Ils approchent de la chambre du vieillard,
lorsque l’un d’eux laisse tomber sa lanterne
sourde. Aussitôt une voix perçante crie: “Qui va
là?”
5. Se voyant découverts et croyant avoir affaire a
forte partie, ils prennent la fuite.
C’est un perroquet qui leur a fait peur!
III
C’est toujours la même chanson, des larmes et de la misère! les affaires qui ne vont pas, des loyers en retard, des créanciers qui font des scènes, les diamants de la mère vendus, l’argenterie au mont-de-piété (voir p. 21).
1. Doléances de Mrs. Micawber à l’arrivée
de David dans la maison. Elie était bien loin de se douter, avant
son mariage, qu’il lui faudrait jamais prendre un locataire,
mais que faire dans sa position? Et elle lui explique les
difficultés du ménage.
2. Visite d’un créancier brutal; désespoir de
Mr. Micawber; son étonnante gaieté une demi-heure après.
3. Un jour, Mrs. Micawber confie à David
qu’elle n’a plus un sou et que, pour subvenir aux
besoins de la famille, ii ne lui reste qu’un talon de
fromage.
4. Il met à sa disposition les deux ou trois
schellings qu’il possède, mais elle les refuse avec dignité
et le prie de porter une partie de son argenterie chez un prêteur
sur gages.
5. David s’acquitte de la commission, et le
soir on festine sans souci du lendemain.
IV
— Monsieur Eyssette, conclut le principal, vous pouvez vous retirer. Pour ce soir encore, il faudra que vous couchiez à l’hôtel.... Soyez ici demain à huit heures (voir p. 34).
1. Il vient de voir le principal, qui l’a
trouvé bien jeune, mais qui a pourtant consenti à le prendre,
grâce à la chaude recommandation du recteur.
2. Son chagrin d’être loin de ses parents, mais
sa joie de sentir qu’au lieu d’être une charge pour
eux, il gagnera désormais sa vie et pourra bientôt leur venir en
aide.
3. Amabilité du recteur, qui lui a promis de ne pas
le perdre de vue.
4. Son déjeuner chez la vieille Annou.
5. Son arrivée, le soir, à Sarlande. Rues
noires et désertes. Il n’a pu se défendre d’un
sentiment de tristesse, mais il va tellement travailler
qu’il n’aura pas le temps de s’ennuyer.
V
Quelquefois, quand ils avaient été bien sages, je leur racontais une histoire.... J’avais composé à leur intention cinq ou six petits contes fantastiques: Les Débuts d’une cigale, Les Infortunes de Jean Lapin, etc. (voir p. 43).
-
Du palais d’un jeune lapin
Dame belette, un beau matin,
S’empara: c’est une rusée.
Le maître étant absent, ce lui fut chose aisée.
Elle porta chez lui ses pénates, un jour
Qu’il était allé faire à l’aurore sa cour
Parmi le thym et la rosée.
Après qu’il eut brouté, trotté, fait tous ses tours,
Jeannot lapin retourne aux souterrains séjours.
La belette avait mis le nez à la fenêtre.
“O dieux hospitaliers! que vois-je ici paraître!
Dit l’animal chassé du paternel logis.
Holà! madame la belette,
Que l’on déloge sans trompette,
Ou je vais avertir tous les rats du pays.”
La dame au nez pointu répondit que la terre
Était au premier occupant.
C’était un beau sujet de guerre
Qu’un logis où lui-même il n’entrait qu’en rampant!
“Et quand ce serait un royaume,
Je voudrais bien savoir, dit-elle, queue loi
En a pour toujours fait l’octroi
A Jean, fils ou neveu de Pierre ou de Guillaume,
Plutôt qu’à Paul, plutôt qu’à moi.”
Jean lapin allégua la coutume et l’usage:
“Ce sont, dit-il, leurs lois qui m’ont de ce logis
Rendu maître et seigneur, et qui, de père en fils,
L’ont de Pierre à Simon, puis à moi Jean, transmis.
Le premier occupant, est-ce une loi plus sage?
— Or bien, sans crier davantage,
Rapportons-nous, dit-elle, à Raminagrobis.”
C’était un chat vivant comme un dévot ermite,
Un chat faisant la chattemite,
Un saint homme de chat, bien fourré, gros et gras,
Arbitre expert sur tous les cas.
Jean lapin pour juge l’agrée.
Les voilà tous deux arrivés
Devant sa majesté fourrée.
Grippeminaud leur dit: “Mes enfants, approchez,
Approchez; je suis sourd, les ans en sont la cause.”
L’un et l’autre approcha, ne craignant nulle chose.
Aussitôt qu’à portée il vit les contestants,
Grippeminaud, le bon apôtre,
Jetant des deux côtés la griffe en même temps,
Mit les plaideurs d’accord en croquant l’un et ’autre.
Ceci ressemble fort aux débats qu’ont parfois
Les petits souverains se rapportant aux rois.
VI
Le petit Chose rêve aux yeux noirs toutes les nuits, il n’en dort plus (voir p. 60).
1. Les yeux noirs habitent, libres et heureux, dans
un grand château avec leurs parents, dont ils sont toute la joie.
2. Arrive l’horrible fée aux lunettes, qui les
force à la suivre, les retient prisonniers au collège de Sarlande
et les fait coudre d’un bout de l’année à
l’autre.
3. Désespoir des parents; leurs recherches
inutiles. Ils finissent par annoncer qu’ils donneront
leur fille en mariage à celui qui la leur rendra.
4. Le petit Chose délivre les yeux noirs et les
ramène au château. Grandes réjouissances.
5. La mère informe sa fille de la promesse
qu’on a faite de sa main. Celle-ci rougit et avoue tout bas
qu’elle aimait déjà son libérateur avant qu’il la
délivrât.
VII
Quand il entrait dans l’étude brusquement, ses clefs à la main, c’était comme une pierre dans un étang de grenouilles (voir p. 65).
1. Une belle matinée d’été à la campagne.
Sur la lisière d’un bois s’arrête un lièvre,
l’oreille au guet.
2. Est-il un être plus malheureux que lui? se dit-
il. Son naturel craintif l’empêche de jouir de
l’existence; toujours inquiet, il n’ose même pas fermer
les yeux pour dormir.
3. Pendant qu’il songe ainsi, une abeille vient
à passer. Son bourdonnement soudain lui fait peur, et il
détale pour gagner son gîte.
4. Il passe en courant sur le bord d’un étang,
où une douzaine de grenouilles se reposent dans
l’herbe. A sa vue, saisies d’effroi, elles se
précipitent dans l’eau.
5. Rentré chez lui, le lièvre se félicite de les
avoir épouvantées. Il ne se trouve plus si malheureux à la pensée
que lui aussi en fait trembler d’autres.
VIII
Vingt fois de suite on lui faisait raconter son histoire, et à chaque fois le misérable inventait quelque nouveau détail (voir p. 70).
1. Portrait fantaisiste du petit Chose.
2. Depuis longtemps en butte à ses persécutions
(en citer deux ou trois exemples), Boucoyran ne voulait pas se
plaindre, mais l’autre jour il y a bien été forcé.
3. Une boulette de papier mâché était venue
s’aplatir contre la chaire. Accusé de l’avoir lancée
et sommé de prendre ses livres et de sortir, il a poliment
répondu qu’il n’avait rien fait, et tous les élèves ont
déclaré que ce n’était pas lui qui avait lancé la
boulette.
4. Alors, furieux, le tyran s’est rué sur lui
et l’a traîné jusque dans la cour, où il l’a presque
assassiné (donner des détails).
5. Boucoyran aurait aisément pu se défendre, mais
il a préféré n’en rien faire pour laisser tous les torts à
son bourreau, et s’il souffre encore des coups qu’il
a reçus, il se réjouit d’avoir, pan sa patience, démasqué
le traître, qui n’osera plus en donner à personne.
IX
Heureusement je pensai à Jacques; quelle bonne idée sa lettre avait eue d’arriver précisément le matin! (voir p. 81).
Vous supposerez que l’après-midi le petit Chose
reçoit une autre lettre, cette fois de sa mère.
1. Madame Eyssette a cru s’apercevoir que la
gaieté de sa dernière lettre était factice, et elle craint
qu’il ne soit au fond très malheureux. Qu’il lui dise
la vérité, cela le soulagera.
2. Elle le plaint de tout son cœur, mais
qu’il ne se décourage pas. Grâce à son travail acharné, il
pourra dans deux on trois ans passer l’examen qui lui
permettra d’être professeur.
3. Son frère Jacques est à Paris et parait très
content. Détails sur son départ, la position qu’il a
trouvée et son ambition littéraire.
4. Quant à son père, il est toujours en voyage pour
le compte d’une compagnie, de sorte qu’elle est
maintenant toute seule. Cette solitude lui pèse, mais elle
va écrire à l’oncle Baptiste pour lui demander de la
recevoir chez lui pendant quelques mois.
5. Les voilà donc tous dispersés, mais elle espère
que la Providence récompensera leurs efforts et qu’ils
pourront avant longtemps reconstruire le foyer.
X
Si l’étude me parut longue, je n’ai pas besoin de vous le dire (voir p. 93).
Pour abréger la longueur de l’étude, le petit Chose écrit à son frère Jacques.
1. Plaisir que lui a causé sa lettre. Il le
félicite chaudement d’avoir si bien réussi.
2. La description qu’il lui fait de sa chambre
l’a ravi, et il saura bientôt s’il ne l’a pas trop
embellie avec son imagination de poète, car il va partir lui
aussi pour Paris et lui demander l’hospitalité!
3. Ce n’est pas là une plaisanterie, il part
le jour même. Impossible de rester plus longtemps au
collège. Il lui est arrivé une terrible histoire,
qu’il lui contera de vive voix.
4. Dans un accès de désespoir, il a même voulu se
tuer! L’abbé Germane, dont il lui a déjà parlé, est
arrivé juste à temps pour l’en empêcher.
5. C’est au bon abbé qu’il a emprunté
l’argent pour le voyage. Il lui a promis de tâcher
d’être un homme, et il entend tenir sa promesse. Il rougit
maintenant de sa lâcheté et se sent plein de courage.