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Legal antiquities

Chapter 26: INDEX.
By Edward J. White
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About This Book

A collection of essays surveys historical legal institutions and practices, presenting chapters on marriage laws and customs, witchcraft prosecutions, judicial recall, trial by battle and by ordeal, peine forte et dure, wager of law, benefit of clergy, sanctuary, ancient punishments, and quaint wills. The author traces how these measures evolved with changing social standards, warns against impulsive statutory tinkering, and argues for cautious reform that preserves proven customary rules while protecting judicial independence and evidentiary safeguards. The account emphasizes learning from past mistakes to avoid repeating cruel or ineffective remedies.

INDEX.

References are to Pages

  • A
  • Abjuration, in case of sanctuary, 250.
  • Adonijah, sanctuary claimed by, 245, 246.
  • Adulteress, lost dower, in England, 26.
  • Agrippina, her marriage to Claudius, 18.
  • Alcibiades, recall of, 83.
  • Alexander III., decree concerning consent marriages, 22.
  • Alfred, administration of justice under, 89, 90.
  • Alfred, jury trials under, 151.
  • Alfred, sanctuary under, 251.
  • Alfred, wager of law, under, 197.
  • Amber witch, 71.
  • Ancient punishments (see punishment), 273, 306.
  • Anglo-Saxon courts, 90.
  • Anglo-Saxon law against witchcraft, 49.
  • Anglo-Saxon wills, 312.
  • Anglo-Saxons, judicial recall under, 88, 90.
  • Anglo-Saxons, recognized sale-marriages, 20.
  • Animals, wills to, 322.
  • Appellee, meaning of, in trial by battle, 115.
  • Approver, in trials for felony charges, 117.
  • Aristeides, recall of, 83.
  • Aristotle, on judicial recall, 82, 86.
  • Aristotle, will of, 310.
  • Arrowsmith, case of, Anthony, 183.
  • Arthur, king, and Flollo, trial by battle between, 127.
  • Ashford, trial by battle with Thornton, 133.
  • Assize, a substitute for battle, under Henry II., 119.
  • Assyrian marriages, 13.
  • Astrology in mediaeval times, 49.
  • Athelstan, laws of, governing ordeals, 149.
  • Athelstan, sanctuary, under, 252.
  • Athenian judges, recall of, 83.
  • Athens, recall in, 81.
  • Attainder, standing mute to avoid, 173.
  • Aunts and nephews, marriages between, 18.
  • Authorities upon witchcraft, 70.
  • B
  • Babylon, effect of recall in, 103, 104.
  • Babylon marriages, 13.
  • Babylon, trials in ancient, 79.
  • Babylon, wager of law, in ancient, 197.
  • Babylonian judges (note), 74.
  • Balance, ordeal by, 143.
  • Banishment, in ancient Greece, 82.
  • Banns, custom of, 21.
  • Banns, legal advantages of, 22.
  • Barabas, release of, by Pilate, 102.
  • Battle, trial by, 109, 140.
  • Battle, origin of trial by, 109.
  • Battle, traced to ancient periods, 109.
  • Battle, regulated by Burgundians, 501 A. D., 111.
  • Battle, regulated by Otho, in 983 A. D., 112.
  • Battle, adjudged legal method of trial by Ld. Ellenborough, 133.
  • Battle, intended to prevent perjury, when established, 112.
  • Battle, London exempted from, by charter, 119.
  • Battle by use of “Approvers”, 117.
  • Battle, under military form, 125, 126.
  • Battle, in case William of Eu, 126.
  • Battle, in finance, 118.
  • Battle, in trials on debt, 119.
  • Battle, under writ of right, in full, 120, 122.
  • Battle, trial before Henry III., 129.
  • Battle, trial before Henry VI., 131.
  • Battle, discouraged by Edward III., 118.
  • Battle, trial by, before Henry VII., 132.
  • Battle, under felony charge, 116.
  • Battle, superceded by assize, under Henry II., 119.
  • Battle, under charge of treason, 116.
  • Battle between Hereford and Norfolk, 130.
  • Battle, introduced into England by Normans, 114.
  • Battle, between King Arthur and Flollo, 127.
  • Battle for treason, under Priscot, C. J., in reign of Henry VI., 118.
  • Battle, effect of chivalry upon, 113.
  • Battle under writ of right, 116.
  • Battle, trial before Edward III., 129.
  • Battle between Essex and Montford, 128.
  • Battle, under Queen Elizabeth, 132.
  • Battle between men and women, in Germany, 127.
  • Battle, abolished by St. Louis, in France, in 1260, 134.
  • Battle, abolished by 59’ George III., 134.
  • Battle, used by Chaucer, 135.
  • Battle, Shakespeare’s references to, 136, 137.
  • Battle, reference of Scott, to, 137, 138.
  • Battle, referred to, by Thackeray, 139.
  • Beccaria, his views on punishment, 274.
  • Beheading, punishment by, 276.
  • Bekker’s work on witchcraft, 69.
  • Benefit of clergy, 233, 243.
  • Benefit of clergy, definition of, 224.
  • Benefit of clergy, Biblical foundation for, 228.
  • Benefit of clergy, condition contributing to, 225.
  • Benefit of clergy, none, in desertion, 234.
  • Benefit of clergy, did not extend to treason, 228.
  • Benefit of clergy, nuns entitled to, 228, 229.
  • Benefit of clergy, “clergyable” and “unclergyable crimes,” 233.
  • Benefit of clergy, burning in hand, in, 231.
  • Benefit of clergy, practice in reading, in, 230.
  • Benefit of clergy, in Bracton’s time, 229.
  • Benefit of clergy, case of Ben Jonson, 238, 239.
  • Benefit of clergy, under Henry II., 226.
  • Benefit of clergy, under Edward III., 229.
  • Benefit of clergy, under Edward IV., 230.
  • Benefit of clergy, under Henry VI., 231.
  • Benefit of clergy, under Henry VII., 231.
  • Benefit of clergy, under Henry VIII., 234, 235.
  • Benefit of clergy, abolished, in England, in 1825, 236.
  • Benefit of clergy, claimed in United States, 239, 241.
  • Benefit of clergy, abolished in U. S. in 1790, 236.
  • Bentham, Jeremy, will of, 324.
  • Berkeley, marriage of Lord Thomas, 28.
  • Betrothals, in Anglo-Saxon days, 36.
  • Betrothal-rings, 34.
  • Biblical theory of marriage, 14.
  • Bier, ordeal of, 143, 145.
  • Bilboes, punishment, by, 303.
  • Blinding, punishment, by, 295.
  • Boaz, his espousal of Ruth, 36.
  • Boiling in oil, punishment by, 285.
  • Bracton, does not refer to ordeals, 157.
  • Bracton, benefit of clergy, in time of, 229.
  • Bracton, description of law wager, by, 201, 202.
  • Bracton, standing mute, during time, of, 179.
  • Branding, punishment, by, 297.
  • Brank, punishment, by, 305.
  • Brazil, marriages of infants in, 29.
  • Burgundian code, on trial by battle, 111.
  • Burning in hand, in benefit of clergy, 231.
  • Burning, punishment by, 276.
  • Burnworth, case of, in 1726, 186.
  • Burr, Aaron, trial of, 100.
  • Burn’s idea of the devil, 69.
  • Burying alive, punishment by, 282.
  • C
  • Caesar, Augustus used the recall, 88.
  • Caesar’s reference to marriage-settlements among Gauls, 32.
  • Calverly, case of Walter, in 1605, 184.
  • Cambyses, recall of Sisamnes (note), 78.
  • Canute, ordeals under, 152.
  • Capture, marriage by, 13.
  • Cardunville, William’s case, 22.
  • Cathay, marriages in (note), 13.
  • Catholic marriage forms, 34.
  • Cato, loaning of wife by, 27.
  • Ceylon, polyandry in, 16.
  • Chancery, jurisdiction of, 90.
  • Charitable wills, 323.
  • Charlemagne, law of, against witchcraft, 50.
  • Charlemagne, edict, of, on trials by ordeal, 147, 148.
  • Charles le-Gros, accusation and trial of his wife, 159.
  • Chatelet, of Paris, punishments, at, 289, 292.
  • Child marriages, 29.
  • Child of concubine, property right of, 18.
  • Chinese marriage customs, 12.
  • Chivalry, influence of, on battle, 112, 113.
  • Church and witchcraft, in early times, 49.
  • Churchmen, trials of, by wager of law, 210.
  • Church’s influence on trials by ordeal, 168, 169.
  • Cimon, recall of, 83.
  • Circassians, capture-marriages among (note), 13.
  • Clarendon, assize of, 154.
  • Clarendon, assize of, and law wager, 209.
  • Claudius, law allowing marriage to niece, 18.
  • Cleisthenes, on judicial recall, 82.
  • Clergy, benefit of (see benefit of clergy), 223, 243.
  • Clergy, neck-verse used in, 229.
  • Clitherow, Margaret, case of, 180, 183.
  • Clovis’ marriage to Clotilde, 32.
  • Cnut, proceedings in “false judgment” under, 106.
  • Cnut, wills, under, 312.
  • Cnut’s law against witchcraft, 49.
  • Cnut’s law against certain sale-marriages, 20.
  • Code of Hammurabi, on recall of judges, 78.
  • Coemptio in manum, definition of, 16.
  • Coke, on Slade’s case of law wager, 213.
  • Coke, on wager of law, 200.
  • Colynbourgh, Alice, trial of, by law wager, in 1435, 211.
  • Combat, trial by (see Battle, trial by), 109.
  • Common pleas courts, in old England, 90.
  • Compurgators, character of, in wager or law, 198.
  • Compurgators, as witnesses, 158.
  • Compurgation by fire ordeal, 142, 143.
  • Concubinage, definition of, 18.
  • Concubine, property right of progeny of, 18.
  • Concubinatus, under Roman law, 18.
  • Confarreatio, definition of, 16.
  • Confarreatio, obsolete, by end of Roman Republic (note), 17.
  • Congress, abolished benefit of clergy, in 1790, 236.
  • Constantine, law of, against witchcraft, 48.
  • Constantine, sanctuary, under, 248.
  • Corey, Giles, trial for witchcraft, 66.
  • Corey, Giles, case of pressing to death, in 1692, 187, 189.
  • Corey, Martha’s trial for witchcraft, 65.
  • Corsned, ordeal, by, 143, 144.
  • County Court, of Anglo-Saxons, 90.
  • Courts, in ancient England, 90.
  • Crimes, unclergyable, 233.
  • Criminal cases, wager of law, in, during 14th century, 204.
  • Crucifixion, punishment by, 280.
  • Cross, ordeal by, 143, 144, 148.
  • Cumanus, cruelty of, in witch persecutions, 54.
  • Curia regis, in early England, 90.
  • Custom, of throwing rice, 34.
  • Custom, of throwing shoes, 34.
  • Custom, of throwing stockings, 34.
  • Custom, of throwing bouquets, 34.
  • Customs, of marriage, 12, 44.
  • D
  • David and Goliath, trial by, 109.
  • David’s Psalms, authorizing benefit of clergy, 228.
  • Debt, wager of law, in (note), 207.
  • Debt, battle in trials for, 119.
  • Definition of benefit of clergy, 224.
  • Definition of Confarreatio, 16.
  • Definition of trial by ordeal, 141.
  • Definition of wager of law, 196.
  • Descent from concubine, 18.
  • Detinue, wager of law, in (note), 207.
  • Dinah’s proposed marriage to Shechem, 14.
  • Diocletian, prohibition of polygamy by, 16.
  • Divorcement, under Hammurabi, 31.
  • Donatio propter nuptias, of Roman law, 31.
  • Dower, at church door, 32.
  • Dower, under Anglo-Saxons, 32.
  • Dower, under reign of Edward I., 26.
  • Dower, Shakespeare’s reference to law of (note), 33.
  • Dowry, under Hammurabi’s code, 31.
  • Dowry, origin of, 31.
  • Drawing and quartering, punishment by, 283.
  • Drowning, punishment by, 277.
  • Ducking, punishment by, 303.
  • Durant, John, case of, in 1734, 187.
  • “Dusty-foot courts”, 90.
  • E
  • Ears, cutting off, punishment, by, 296.
  • “Earthenware-scourge”, recall known as, in Athens, 83.
  • Edda, Elder, song of, 165.
  • Edward, the Confessor, sanctuary, under, 254.
  • Edward, the Confessor, ordeals, under, 152.
  • Edward, the Confessor, accusation against his mother, 159, 160.
  • Edward, the Elder, ordeals, under, 152.
  • Edward I., his marriage to Marguerite, in 1299, 32.
  • Edward I., sanctuary, under, 256.
  • Edward I., timidity of judges, under, 93.
  • Edward I., standing mute, under, 175.
  • Edward I., statute on dower, 26.
  • Edward II., punishment by drowning, under, 278.
  • Edward III., benefit of clergy, under, 229.
  • Edward III., peine forte et dure, under, 180.
  • Edward III., battle, discouraged by, 118.
  • Edward III., marriages of infants, under, 28.
  • Edward III., wager of law, under, 202.
  • Edward III., trial by battle before, 129.
  • Edward IV., benefit of clergy, under, 230.
  • Edward IV., wills, under, 317.
  • Edward VI., wills, under, 318.
  • Egypt, wills, in ancient, 309.
  • Elizabeth, abolished law wager, in ecclesiastic courts, 208.
  • Elizabeth, statute of, on benefit of clergy, 231.
  • Elizabeth, trial, by battle, under, 132.
  • Elizabeth, statute of, against witchcraft, 57.
  • Elizabeth, Queen, sanctuary claimed by, 260, 261.
  • Ellenborough, on trial by battle, in 1817, 133.
  • Ellsworth, Oliver, framed judiciary bill, in U. S., 96.
  • Emma, Queen, trial of, by ordeal, 159, 160.
  • England, administration in ancient, of justice, 89, 90.
  • England, witchcraft in, 70.
  • Essex, trial by battle with Montford, 128.
  • Eucharist, ordeal by, 143, 144.
  • F
  • “Fair Maid of Perth”, ordeal of bier, in (note), 166.
  • False-judgment, in Anglo-Saxon days, 92.
  • Fejee-Islanders, marriages by (note), 13.
  • Felony, attainder in, 173.
  • Felony, trial by battle for, 116.
  • Felton, case of John, in 1628 (note), 185.
  • Fiction, wills, in, 332.
  • Fisher’s, trial by battle, 131.
  • Flaying, punishment, by, 300.
  • Flollo and King Arthur, battle between, 127.
  • Fou-hi, Emperor, established marriage, in China, 12.
  • Fourteenth century wills, 319.
  • Franklin, will of Benjamin, 326.
  • Freakish wills, 324.
  • France, witchcraft in, 70.
  • G
  • Gallows-marriages, 41, 43.
  • Galzu, the judge, 74.
  • Garnier, case of, on witchcraft persecution, 55.
  • Gauls, marriage among, 32.
  • Gaunt, John of, and Catherine Swinford, 19.
  • Gaunt, John, will of, 320.
  • Gemot court, of Anglo-Saxons, 90.
  • Genesis, law of marriage traced to, 14.
  • George II., law of, regarding marriage, 24.
  • George III., abolished peine forte et dure, in 1772, 189.
  • George III., judges under, 95.
  • George III., abolished trial by battle, in England, 134.
  • Germans, trial by battle among, at early day, 109, 110.
  • Glanville, law of marriage stated by, 21.
  • Glanville, on trial by battle, under writ of right, 120, 122.
  • Glanville, ordeals, in time of, 155.
  • Glanville, wills, during time of, 313.
  • Glanville, wager of law, during time of, 200.
  • Glazier’s company case, 214.
  • Godwin, Duke, trial of, by ordeal, 160, 161.
  • Goliath, trial with David, 109.
  • Goths, trial by battle among, 111.
  • “Great Law”, wager by, in 14th century, 204.
  • Greece, recall in, 81.
  • Greece, effect of recall in, 103, 104.
  • Greece, sanctuary in, 247.
  • Gregory of Tours, case of law wager, 209.
  • Guillotine, punishment by, 293.
  • Gundibald, law of, regulating trial by battle, 111.
  • H
  • Hair, plucking off, punishment by, 299.
  • Hale, Sir Mathew’s, trial of witches, 60.
  • Hammurabi’s prerogatives, in decision of causes, 79.
  • Hammurabi, made infallibility the test of the judge, 106.
  • Hammurabi’s law against witchcraft, 45.
  • Hammurabi, code of, regarding marriage dowry, 31.
  • Hammurabi’s code, on judicial recall, 77, 80.
  • Hand, marriages by, in Rome, 17.
  • Hanging, punishment by, 279.
  • Hawes, Nathaniel, case of, in 1721, 186.
  • Hebrews, practiced polygamy, 15.
  • Henry II., benefit of clergy, under, 226.
  • Henry II., justices itinerant, under, 91.
  • Henry II., will of, 315.
  • Henry III., abolished ordeals, 157.
  • Henry III., peine forte et dure, under reign of, 178.
  • Henry III., trial by battle before, 129.
  • Henry IV., sanctuary, in reign of, 259.
  • Henry IV., peine forte et dure, under, 180.
  • Henry VI., law wager, under, 212.
  • Henry VI., wager of law, under, 206, 207.
  • Henry VI., peine forte et dure, under, 180.
  • Henry VI., trial by battle, before, 131.
  • Henry VII., benefit of clergy, under, 231.
  • Henry VII., trial by battle, before, 132.
  • Henry VII., sanctuary, under, 262.
  • Henry VII., sanctuary, under, 257.
  • Henry VII., peine forte et dure, under (note), 180.
  • Henry VIII., benefit of clergy, under, 234, 235.
  • Henry VIII., sanctuary curtailed by, 267.
  • Henry VIII., law wager, under, in 1527 (note), 213.
  • Hereford, battle with Norfolk, 130.
  • Hexham, sanctuary, at, 253.
  • Hincmar, views of, on ordeals, 162.
  • Holt, chief justice, cases by, on law wager, 214, 216.
  • Holt, lord chief justice’s trial of witches, 61.
  • Hopkins, Matthew, his cruelty against witches, 59.
  • Horsey, Doctor’s case, 236.
  • Hundred court, of Anglo-Saxons, 90.
  • Hungarians, marriages of infants, among, 29.
  • Huntingdon witch trials, 61.
  • Hutchinson’s work on witchcraft, 69.
  • Hyperbolus, recall of, in Athens, 86.
  • I
  • Ina, sanctuary, under, 251.
  • Independence of judges, established by William III., 94.
  • Independence of judges, under Constitution of U. S., 97.
  • Independence of judges, wisdom of, demonstrated, 106.
  • India, polyandry in, 16.
  • Ine, laws of, governing ordeals, 149.
  • Infallibility, the test of judicial action in Hammurabi’s time, 106.
  • Infant marriages, 28.
  • Infant marriages, in Brazil, 29.
  • Innocent III., marriage under, 21.
  • Inquisition, punishment by, 286, 288.
  • Iron, ordeal by hot, 143.
  • Isaac and Rebekah, 33.
  • Israelites, taking a wife, by (note), 13.
  • Israelites, wager of law, under ancient, 197.
  • Itinerant justices, 91.
  • J
  • Jacob’s will, 309.
  • James I., repealed right to sanctuary, 268.
  • James of Scotland, his belief in witchcraft, 57.
  • Jealousies, law of, 141, 142.
  • Joan of Arc, persecution of, 52.
  • Jonson, clergy, claimed by Ben, 238, 239.
  • Judge, definition of, 74.
  • Judges, in patriarchial days, 75, 76.
  • Judges, servants of king, in old England, 91.
  • Judges, liability of, in England, 95.
  • Judicial recall, 74, 108.
  • Judicial tenure in American colonies, 98.
  • Judgment in peine forte et dure, 172, 173.
  • Jury trials under King Alfred, 151.
  • Jury trials used instead of battle, under Edward III., 118.
  • Justice, King, the fountain of, in England, 90.
  • Justice, sale of, in ancient England, 90.
  • Justices, itinerant, in England, 91.
  • Justinian’s definition of marriage, 12.
  • K
  • Katherine, of Aragon, will of, 321.
  • Kent, Chancellor, on common-law marriages, 23.
  • Kentucky, clergy claimed, in, 241.
  • King, the fountain of justice, in England, 90.
  • King Alfred’s courts, 89, 90.
  • King’s bench, court of, in England, 90.
  • Knighthood, effect upon trial by battle, 113, 114.
  • L
  • Lamech, established polygamy, 15.
  • Law, wager of (See wager of law), 196, 220.
  • Law suits under Hammurabi, 80.
  • Legitimacy, of mantle-children, 18, 19.
  • Leo, Emperor, law against concubinage, 18.
  • Littleton, on benefit of clergy, 230.
  • Littleton, law of dower, by, 32.
  • London, charter of, exempting trials by battle, 119.
  • Longfellow, presents case of Giles Cory, 187, 189.
  • Louis le Debonnaire, abolished ordeal of the cross, 148.
  • Luther, marriage ceremony, by (note), 36.
  • Law, of marriage, 12, 44.
  • M
  • Maiden-rent, 30.
  • Majestas, under Roman Republic, 88.
  • Mantle-children, law of, 18, 19.
  • Marriage, laws and customs of, 12, 44.
  • Marriage, definition of, 12.
  • Marriage, three forms of, 15.
  • Marriage, Biblical theory concerning, 14.
  • Marriage, under Mosaic law, 14.
  • Marriage, per verba de praesenti, at common law, 23.
  • Marriage, in facie ecclesiae, 23.
  • Marriage, by sale, 13.
  • Marriage, by rape, 13.
  • Marriage, by capture, 13
  • Marriage, Morganatic (note), 17.
  • Marriage, putative, 26.
  • Marriage, retroactive, 26.
  • Marriage, required to be celebrated by clergy, in 1753, 24.
  • Marriage, a civil contract, under English law of 1836, 24.
  • Marriage, within Levitical degree prohibited, 17.
  • Marriage, between uncles and nieces, 18.
  • Marriage, between aunts and nephews, 18.
  • Marriage banns, 21.
  • Marriage dowry, origin of, 31.
  • Marriage, not a religious ordinance, 20.
  • Marriage, religious ceremony required in 1563, 20.
  • Marriage, legitimates, mantle-children, 18, 19.
  • Marriage-ring, origin of, 33.
  • Marriage, forms of, by Roman law, 16.
  • Marriage, under Twelve Tables, of Romans (note), 21.
  • Marriage, exalted by Roman law, 16.
  • Marriage, by hand, in ancient Rome, 17.
  • Marriage, a partnership, by Roman law, 16.
  • Marriage, among Gauls, Caesar’s reference to, 32.
  • Marriage, in Pericles’ time, 27.
  • Marriage, appertained to spiritual forum, in 12th century, 21.
  • Marriage, in Glanville’s time, 21.
  • Marriage, by infants, 28.
  • Marriage, in United States, 23.
  • Marriage, form of, in Persia, 34.
  • Marriage, among Hungarians, 29.
  • Marriage, at gallows, 41.
  • Marriage, in a “shift”, 37, 42.
  • Marriage, between Shechem and Dinah, proposal of, 14.
  • Marriage, between Claudius and Agrippina, 18.
  • Marriage of Richard de Anesty, in 1143, 21.
  • Marriage between John of Gaunt and Catherine Swinford, 19.
  • Marriage between Duke Richard and Gunnora, 19.
  • Marriage laws, in England, in 7th century, 21.
  • Marshal, trial for treason must be before, 118.
  • Marshall, Chief Justice, on independence of courts, 101.
  • Marshall, Chief Justice, probable recall of, 100.
  • Marshall, will of Chief Justice, 327.
  • Mary, Queen, law against witches, in Scotland, 56.
  • Mary, Queen, sanctuary, under, 259.
  • Massachusetts, clergy claimed in, 239.
  • Massola, punishment by, 293, 294.
  • Meinhold’s “Amber Witch”, 71.
  • Menu, institutes of, on marriage (note), 13.
  • “Middle Law”, wager by, in 14th century, 204.
  • Millis case, 24, 25.
  • Milton’s idea of the devil, 69.
  • Minnesota, clergy claimed in, 241.
  • Minority alone protected by the courts, 103.
  • “Minstrelsy of Scottish Border”, ordeal of bier, in, 166.
  • Mischief of recall in Athens, 86.
  • Molay, persecution of, under charge of witchcraft, 52.
  • Monogamy, definition of, 15.
  • Monogamy, best suited to civilization, 15.
  • Monogamy, in ancient Greece and Rome (note), 16.
  • Morganatic marriages, 17.
  • Mosaic code, sanctuary traced to, 244.
  • Mosaic code, wager of law, under, 196.
  • Mosaic conception of judicial functions, 75, 76.
  • Mosaic law, against witchcraft, 46.
  • Mosaic law, requiring marriage to brother’s widow, 35.
  • Moses, law of marriage, 14.
  • Moses, advice to judges, 75, 76.
  • Moses, warning, of, in rendering judgment, 101.
  • N
  • Narada, institutes of, 145.
  • Nazarene, delivery of, to multitude, 122.
  • Neck-verse, in benefit of clergy, 229.
  • Necromancy in mediaeval times, 49.
  • Neilson, trial by battle by, 129.
  • “New England Tragedies”, case of Giles Cory, in, 187, 189.
  • New Zealand, marriages, in (note), 13.
  • Nil debit, wager or law, in cases of, 197.
  • Norfolk, battle with Hereford, 130.
  • Normans, introduced battle, into England, 114.
  • Northampton, assize of, 154.
  • North Carolina, clergy claimed in, 240.
  • Nuns, entitled to clergy, 228.
  • Nurse, Rebecca’s trial for witchcraft, 67.
  • O
  • Oath-helpers, in wager of law, 205, 207.
  • Oil, ordeal by, 143.
  • Ordeal, trial by, 141, 170.
  • Ordeal, definition of, 141.
  • Ordeal, antiquity of, 141.
  • Ordeal of the bier, 143.
  • Ordeal, by the corsned, 143.
  • Ordeal, by red hot iron, 143.
  • Ordeal, by the Eucharist, 143.
  • Ordeal, by fire, 142, 143.
  • Ordeal, by the cross, 143.
  • Ordeal, of the bier, as presented in Richard III., 166.
  • Ordeal, by balance, 143.
  • Ordeal, by poison, 143.
  • Ordeal, by water, 143.
  • Ordeal, by hot oil, 143.
  • Ordeal, influence of Church on trials by, 168, 169.
  • Ordeal, under Ine, 149.
  • Ordeal, trials, under Richard I., 163.
  • Ordeal, trials, reported by Palgrave, 163, 164.
  • Ordeal, of bier, as presented in “Minstrelsy of Scottish Border”, 166.
  • Ordeal, of bier, in “Fair Maid of Perth” (note), 166.
  • Ordeal, to establish paternity of children, 159.
  • Ordeal, under Athelstan, 149.
  • Ordeal, under Canute, 152.
  • Ordeal, under Edward the Elder, 152.
  • Ordeal, under Edward the Confessor, 152.
  • Ordeal, under William Rufus, 156.
  • Ordeal, under Charlemagne, 147, 148.
  • Ordeal, under William the Conqueror, 153.
  • Ordeal, under Henry II., 154, 155.
  • Ordeal, in time of Glanville, 155.
  • Ordeal, abolished by Henry III., 157.
  • Ostracism, in ancient Greece, 81.
  • Otho, established trial by battle, in 983 A. D., 112.
  • P
  • Partnership, marriage, a, by Roman law, 16.
  • Palgrave’s record of ordeal trials, 163, 164.
  • Parson’s, Chief Justice, on marriages at common law, 23.
  • Paynel, William and Margaret’s case, in 1302, 26.
  • Peine forte et dure, 172, 195.
  • Peine forte et dure, definition of, 172.
  • Peine forte et dure, proceeding in, 174.
  • Peine forte et dure, judgment in, 172, 173.
  • Peine forte et dure, applied in 1215 (note), 174.
  • Peine forte et dure, case of, in 1219, 178.
  • Peine forte et dure, statute of Westminster on, 178.
  • Peine forte et dure, under Edward I., 175, 176.
  • Peine forte et dure, under Henry III., 178.
  • Peine forte et dure, under Edward III., 179, 180.
  • Peine forte et dure during Bracton’s time, 179.
  • Peine forte et dure, under Henry IV., 180.
  • Peine forte et dure, under Henry VII. (note), 180.
  • Peine forte et dure, cases of, in 1221, 179.
  • Peine forte et dure, from 15th to 18th century, 177.
  • Peine forte et dure, from 16th to 17th century, 184.
  • Peine forte et dure, abolished in 1772, 189.
  • Peine forte et dure, in United States, 187, 190.
  • Peine forte et dure, abolished by act of Congress, in U. S., in 1825, 191.
  • Peine forte et dure, case of Giles Cory, in 1692, 187, 189.
  • Peine forte et dure, case of Walter Calverly, 184.
  • Peine forte et dure, case of Margaret Clitherow, 180, 183.
  • Peine forte et dure, case of John Durant, in 1734, 187.
  • Peine forte et dure, case of John Felton, in 1628 (note), 185.
  • Peine forte et dure, case of Anthony Arrowsmith, 183.
  • Peine forte et dure, case of Burnworth, in 1726, 186.
  • Peine forte et dure, case of Phillips, in 1720, 186.
  • Peine forte et dure, case of Nathaniel Hawes, in 1721, 186.
  • Peine forte et dure, illustrations of, from Shakespeare, 192, 193.
  • Peine forte et dure, case of Sir Richard Weston, in 1615, 184, 185.
  • Peine forte et dure, case of Major Strangeways, in 1657, 185.
  • Peine forte et dure, case of Juliana Quick, 180.
  • Peine forte et dure, case of Cecelia Rygeway, 180.
  • Peine forte et dure, in 1827, 190.
  • Peine forte et dure, conclusions regarding, 193, 195.
  • Penn, William’s trial of witches, 62.
  • Penn, will of William, 328.
  • Pericles, marriage under, 27.
  • Perjury, battle established to prevent, 112.
  • Persia, form of marriages in, 34, 35.
  • Petalism, law of repealed, 452 B. C., 87.
  • Petalism, in Syracuse, 86.
  • Phillips, of Newgate, case of, in 1720, 186.
  • Piepoudre courts, under Anglo-Saxons, 90.
  • Plato, will of, 310.
  • Poetic wills, 330, 333.
  • Poison, ordeal by, 143, 146.
  • Pelagius I., Pope, case of law wager, in 6th century, 209.
  • Poland, capture-marriages in (note), 13.
  • Political methods, trial of judges by, in Greece, 105.
  • Polygamy, definition of, 15.
  • Polygamy, established by Lamech, among Hebrews, 15.
  • Polygamy, among Hebrews, 15.
  • Polygamy, prohibited by Diocletian, 16.
  • Polygamy, in Persia, 15.
  • Polygamy, in Turkey, 15.
  • Polygamy, in Rome, 15.
  • Polyandry, definition of, 15.
  • Polyandry, origin of, 16.
  • Polyandry, practiced in India, Thibet and Ceylon, 16.
  • Preators, recalled in Rome, 87.
  • Precipitation, punishment by, 279.
  • Pressing to death (See peine forte et dure), 172, 195.
  • Primogeniture, effect of, on law of wills, 317.
  • Priscot, C. J., on trial by battle for treason, 118.
  • Privilege of sanctuary (See sanctuary), 244, 272.
  • Procedure of recall, in Athens, 82.
  • Property rights of wife, by Roman law, 16.
  • Property, protected by courts, alone, 103.
  • Punishment, as viewed by Beccaria, 274.
  • Punishment, definition of, 273.
  • Punishment, by Chatelet, of Paris, 289, 292
  • Punishment, by beheading, 276.
  • Punishment, by Bilboes, 303.
  • Punishment, by blinding, 295.
  • Punishment, by boiling in oil, 285.
  • Punishment, by branding, with hot iron, 297.
  • Punishment, by crank, 305.
  • Punishment, by burning to death, 276.
  • Punishment, by burying alive, 282.
  • Punishment, by crucifixion, 280.
  • Punishment, by cutting off ears, 296.
  • Punishment, by drawing and quartering, 283, 284.
  • Punishment, by drowning, 277.
  • Punishment, by ducking, 303.
  • Punishment, by exposure to wild beasts, 279.
  • Punishment, by flaying, 300.
  • Punishment, by guillotine, 293.
  • Punishment, by hanging, 279.
  • Punishment, by inquisition, 286, 288.
  • Punishment, by Massola, 293, 294.
  • Punishment, by plucking off the hair, 299.
  • Punishment, by precipitation, 279.
  • Punishment, by rack, 304.
  • Punishment, by sawing asunder, 279.
  • Punishment, by scourging with thorns, 302.
  • Punishment, by stocks, 304.
  • Punishment, by strangling, 279.
  • Punishment, by stoning to death, 279.
  • Punishment, by wheel, 301.
  • Punishments (See ancient punishments), 273, 306.
  • Purchase of justice, in England, 91.
  • Putative marriages, 26.
  • Q
  • Quaint and curious wills (See wills, quaint and curious), 307, 334.
  • Quick, Juliana, case of, 180.
  • R
  • Rack, punishment, by, 304.
  • Rape-marriages, 13.
  • Recall of judges, 74, 108.
  • Recall of judges, meaning, of, 74.
  • Recall, among Medes and Persians (note), 78.
  • Recall, effect of, in Babylon and Greece, 103, 104.
  • Recall, established by Cleisthenes, in Greece, 82.
  • Recall, in ancient Greece, 81.
  • Recall, in Athens, explained by Aristotle, 82.
  • Recall, discarded in Athens, 86.
  • Recall, in ancient Rome, 87.
  • Recall, by Augustus Caesar, 88.
  • Recall, by King, in England, 94.
  • Recall, by “false-judgment” trials, in England, 93.
  • Recall, in case of Rebecca Nurse, 102.
  • Re-hearings, none, under Hammurabi’s code, 78.
  • Retroactive marriages, 26.
  • Rice, an emblem of fruitfulness, 35.
  • Rice-throwing, 34.
  • Richarda, Empress, trial of, by ordeal, 159.
  • Richard de Anesty’s marriage, in 1143, 21.
  • Richard, Duke of, and Gunnora, 19.
  • Richard I., ordeal trials under, 163.
  • Richard III., ordeal of bier, as presented in, 166.
  • Right, writ of, procedure in battle under, 116.
  • Ring, in marriages, origin of, 33.
  • Roland, song of, 135.
  • Roman forms of marriage, 16.
  • Roman marriage laws basis of our own, 16.
  • Roman marriage exalted, 16.
  • Roman marriage a partnership relation, 16.
  • Romans, wager of law, under, 197.
  • Rome, recall of judges in ancient, 87.
  • Rome, sanctuary in, 247.
  • Ruth and Boaz, espousal of, 36.
  • S
  • Sabines, rape of the (note), 13.
  • Saint Louis, abolished trial by battle, in France, in 1260, 134.
  • Sale-marriages, 13.
  • Sale-marriages, in Cnut’s time, 20.
  • Sale-marriages, recognized by church, 20.
  • Salem witch trials, 62, 68.
  • Sale, of justice in old England, 90.
  • Samuel, Mother, persecution of, 56.
  • Sanctuary, privilege of, 244, 272.
  • Sanctuary, definition of, 244.
  • Sanctuary, how claimed, 258, 259.
  • Sanctuary, under Mosaic code, 244.
  • Sanctuary, in Greece and Rome, 247.
  • Sanctuary, under Alfred, 251.
  • Sanctuary, under Constantine, 248.
  • Sanctuary, under Anglo-Saxons, 249.
  • Sanctuary, under Athelstan, 252.
  • Sanctuary, under Ina, 251.
  • Sanctuary, under Edward the Confessor, 254.
  • Sanctuary, under William the Conqueror, 252.
  • Sanctuary, abjuration of realm, in, 250.
  • Sanctuary, under Edward I., 256.
  • Sanctuary, in reign of Henry IV., 259.
  • Sanctuary, under Henry VII., 257, 262.
  • Sanctuary, curtailed by Henry VIII., 267.
  • Sanctuary, repealed by James I., 268.
  • Sanctuary, in Scotland, 265.
  • Sanctuary, under Queen Mary, 259.
  • Sanctuary, claimed by Queen Elizabeth, 260.
  • Sanctuary, at Hexham, 253.
  • Sanctuary, in literature, 269, 270.
  • Sawing asunder, punishment by, 279.
  • Saxons, sanctuary under, 249.
  • Saxons, wager of law, under, 197.
  • Scipio, trial by battle before, 126.
  • Scotland, persecutions for witchcraft in, 57.
  • Scotland, sanctuary, in, 265.
  • Scott, Sir Walter’s references to trial by battle, 137, 138.
  • Scott’s “Minstrelsy of Scottish Border”, 166.
  • Scourge, recall known as, in Athens, 83.
  • Scourging, with thorns, punishment, by, 302.
  • Selden, gives origin of marriage-ring, 33.
  • Selden, on trial by battle, 111.
  • Selden, procedure of trial by battle by, 122, 124.
  • Sennacherib, will of, 310.
  • Shakespeare’s reference to trial by battle, 136, 137.
  • Shakespeare’s reference to maiden-rent (note), 30.
  • Shakespeare, mention of the gemmal ring, by (note), 35.
  • Shakespeare, illustrations of peine forte et dure, by, 192, 193.
  • Shakespeare’s reference to sanctuary, 269.
  • Shakespeare’s will, 324.
  • Shechem’s negotiation for Dinah, 31.
  • Shells, used for votes on Athenian recall, 82.
  • Shoe, custom of throwing, 35.
  • Sisamnes, recall of (note), 78.
  • Smock-marriages, 37, 42.
  • Solomon, polygamy of, 15.
  • Sorcery, law of, 45, 70.
  • Spartans, marriages by capture, among (note), 13.
  • Stafford, Humphrey, sanctuary claimed by, 262.
  • St. Cunigundi, trial of, by ordeal, 159.
  • Standing mute (See peine forte et dure), 172, 195.
  • Standing mute, plea of not guilty, for, in 1827, 190.
  • Stedinger, persecutions of, 51.
  • Stocking-throwing, 34, 37.
  • Stocks, punishment, by, 304.
  • Stone’s case of clergy, 232.
  • Stoning to death, punishment by, 279.
  • Strangeways, case of Major, in 1657, 185.
  • Strangling, punishment by, 279.
  • Surgeons, under Hammurabi, 81.
  • Sweden, trial by battle in, 111.
  • Syracuse, the recall in, 86.
  • T
  • Tartars, marriages by (note), 13.
  • Templars, persecutions of, 52.
  • Testimony, value of, in time Henry II., 154.
  • Teutberga, trial of, by ordeal, 161, 162.
  • Themistocles, recall of, 83.
  • Testament (See wills, quaint and curious), 307, 334.
  • Thackeray’s references to trial by battle, 139.
  • Theodosius, law against marriages by, 17.
  • Thibet, polyandry in, 16.
  • “Third Law”, wager by, in 14th century, 204.
  • Thomas A’Becket, and benefit of clergy, 226.
  • Treason, battle could be stopped during trial of, 116.
  • Treason, benefit of clergy did not extend to, 228.
  • Trent, Council of, requiring religious ceremony, 20.
  • Trials in ancient Babylon, 79.
  • Trial by battle, 109, 140.
  • Trial by ordeal, 141, 170.
  • Trial of witches, 60, 70.
  • Tudor, Owen, claimed sanctuary, 260.
  • U
  • Unclergyable crimes, 233.
  • Uncles and nieces, marriages between, 18.
  • United States, clergy claimed in, 239, 241.
  • United States, clergy abolished in, in 1790, 236.
  • United States, cases of peine forte et dure, in, 187, 190.
  • United States, abolished peine forte et dure, by act of Congress, in 1825, 191.
  • United States, punishment by ducking, in, 303, 304.
  • United States, law wager in, 219.
  • Upton, trial by battle of, 130.
  • Usus, marriage by, under Roman law, 16.
  • V
  • Varus, Quintilius’ observations on trial by battle, 110.
  • Virgil, will of, 311.
  • Vladimir, his espousal of the daughter of Raguald, 36.
  • Votes, in Athenian recall, 82.
  • W
  • Wager of law, 196, 220.
  • Wager of law, definition of, 196.
  • Wager of law, origin of, 199.
  • Wager of law, procedure in, 197, 198.
  • Wager of law, in ancient Babylon, 197.
  • Wager of law, under Mosaic code, 196.
  • Wager of law, under Alfred, 197.
  • Wager of law, under Wihtraed, 200.
  • Wager of law, description of, by Bracton, 201, 202.
  • Wager of law, compurgators in, 198.
  • Wager of law, by oath-helpers, 205, 207.
  • Wager of law, observations of Coke, on, 200.
  • Wager of law, in cases of Nil debit, 197.
  • Wager of law, kinds of, in criminal cases, 204.
  • Wager of law, in debt and detinue (note), 207.
  • Wager of law, trial of churchmen by, 210.
  • Wager of law, case of Pope Pelagius I., in 6th century, 209.
  • Wager of law, under Saxons, 197.
  • Wager of law, under Glanville, 200.
  • Wager of law, irrational nature of procedure in, 208.
  • Wager of law, and assize of Clarendon, in 1166, 209.
  • Wager of law, under Edward III., 202.
  • Wager of law, under Henry VI., 206, 207, 212.
  • Wager of law, under Henry VIII., in 1527 (note), 213.
  • Wager of law, statute of Elizabeth on, 208.
  • Wager of law, abolished in England, in 1833, 208.
  • Wager of law, in United States, 219.
  • Wager of law, case of Gregory of Tours, 209.
  • Wager of law, trial of Alice Colynbourgh, by, in 1435, 211.
  • Wager of law, Slade’s case, 213.
  • Wager of law, case of Robert Welby, in 1492, 213.
  • Wager of law, miscellaneous cases of, 203, 204.
  • “Waking” witches, 59.
  • Waldenses, persecution of the, 53.
  • Warbois, witches of, 56.
  • Washington, will of General, 327.
  • Water, ordeal by, 143, 144, 149.
  • Webster, Daniel, plea of law wager by, 219, 220.
  • Welby, case of Robert, in law wager, in 1492, 213.
  • Wenham, Jane’s’ trial for witchcraft, 61.
  • Westminster, statute of, on peine forte et dure, 178.
  • Weston, Sir Richard, case of, in 1615, 184.
  • Wheel, punishment, by, 301.
  • Wild beasts, punishment by exposure to, 279.
  • Will, definition of, 307.
  • William Rufus, ordeals under, 156.
  • William the Conqueror, ordeals, under, 153.
  • William the Conqueror, sanctuary, under, 252.
  • William III., judges under, 94.
  • William IV., abolished wager of law, in 1833, 208.
  • Will, of Jacob, 309.
  • Will, of Sennacherib, 310.
  • Will, of Aristotle, 310.
  • Will, of Plato, 310.
  • Will, of Virgil, 311.
  • Will, of Henry II., 315.
  • Will, of John of Gaunt, 320.
  • Will, of Katherine of Aragon, 321.
  • Will, of Shakespeare, 324.
  • Will, of Jeremy Bentham, 324.
  • Will, of William Penn, 328.
  • Will, of Benjamin Franklin, 326.
  • Will, of Chief Justice Marshall, 327.
  • Will, of General Washington, 327.
  • Wills, quaint and curious (See quaint and curious wills), 307, 334.
  • Wills, in ancient Egypt, 309.
  • Wills, under Cnut, 312.
  • Wills, in Anglo-Saxon, days, 312.
  • Wills, during Glanville’s time, 313.
  • Wills, under Edward IV., 317.
  • Wills, under Edward VI., 318.
  • Wills, effect of primogeniture on, 317.
  • Wills, effect of church’s influence, on, 314.
  • Wills, of 14th century, 319.
  • Wills, with charitable objects, 323.
  • Wills, to animals, 322.
  • Wills, poetic, 330, 333.
  • Wills, in fiction, 332.
  • Wisdom of independent judiciary, 106.
  • Witch, definition of, 45.
  • Witchcraft, law of, 45, 70.
  • Witchcraft, under Mosaic law, 46.
  • Witchcraft, under Constantine, 48.
  • Witchcraft, law of Charlemagne against, 50.
  • Witchcraft, prohibited by Anglo-Saxon laws, 49.
  • Witchcraft, persecution of the Stedinger under law of, 51.
  • Witchcraft, in England, 70.
  • Witchcraft, laws against in England, 57, 58.
  • Witchcraft, in France, 70.
  • Witchcraft, in Scotland, 57.
  • Witchcraft, in Scotland, under Queen Mary, 56.
  • Witchcraft, persecutions of the Templars, 52.
  • Witchcraft, authorities upon, 70.
  • “Witch of Walkerne”, 61.
  • “Witch-finder General”, 59.
  • Witches, trial of by Hammurabi’s code, 46.
  • Witches, trial of by Mosaic law, 46.
  • Witches, trial of by law of Twelve Tables, 47.
  • Witches, punishment of, 59.
  • Witches, of Warbois, 56.
  • Witch-mania in Europe, 54, 59.
  • Witch-trials, at Salem, 62, 68.
  • Witnesses, compurgation by, 158.
  • Writ of right, procedure in battle under, 116.
  • Writ of right, procedure under, in full, 120, 122.