Legendary Islands of the Atlantic: A Study of Medieval Geography

INDEX

Adam of Bremen, 106;
on Greenland, 94
Anghiera. See Martyr, Peter
Animal and bird names, 44
Antela, 149
Antiglia, map opp. 74, 75, 147
Antilles, 144;
identity with Antillia, 162
Antillia, 188;
as an early map item, 144;
Atlantis and, 148;
on Beccario map of 1426, 151;
on Beccario map of 1435, 70, 151;
on Benincasa map of 1482, 70, 159;
on Bianco map of 1436, 156;
Humboldt’s hypothesis of origin of name, 148;
identity with the Antilles, 162;
on Laon globe of 1493, 161;
of the mainland, 147;
Martyr’s (Peter) identification, 145;
origin of the name, 148;
other identifications, 146;
on Pareto map of 1455, 157;
on Roselli map of 1468, 155;
on Ruysch map of 1508, 145;
Seven Cities (island) and, 69, 188;
spelling of the word, 146;
unmentioned on certain notable maps, 161;
on Weimar map, 150, 159
Arctic monastery, 136–137, 138
Ari Frode, 101
Arna-Magnaean MS. No. 194, 116, 119
Arna-Magnaean MS. No. 557, on Markland, 115
Athens and Atlantis, 1, 33
Atlantic continental mass, theory of Termier, 19
Atlantic submarine banks, 24
Atlantis, Antillia and, 148;
improbability of existence, 18;
invasion of the Mediterranean, 16;
location and size, 17;
Plato’s account, 3, 11, 32, 187;
Sargasso Sea as, 29;
submergence, question of, 22;
Termier on, 14
Avezac, M. A. P. d’, 8, 114
Avienus, 27
Ayala, Pedro de, 65, 68
Azores, description, 164;
floral and faunal indications of mainland connection, 21;
Mayda and, 92;
names of islands, 21;
occurrence of name “Seven Cities” in, 78;
two series on Bianco map of 1448, 122
Babcock, W. H., “Early Norse Visits,” 6, 115, 172, 184;
“Indications of Visits,” 46, 57, 71, 86, 150
Baffin Land, 111, 184
Bahamas, 155, 163, 188
Barra, 181, 183
Basques, 8
Beauvois, Eugène, 131, 184
Beccario map of 1426, Antillia on, 151;
reproduction of a photographed section (ill.), opp. 45;
St. Brendan’s Islands on, 45
Beccario map of 1435, Antilles, four islands, on, 153;
Antillia on, 70, 151, 153;
Daculi on, 183;
reproduction of section (ill.), 152
Behaim globe of 1492, St. Brendan’s Islands on, 47
Benedict, R. D., 38
Benincasa map of 1482, Antillia on, 70, 159;
reproduction of section (ill.), 160
Beothuks, 123, 131
Bermuda and Mayda, 93, 188
Bianco map of 1436, Antillia on, 156;
reproduction of section (ill.), 179;
Stokafixa on, 185
Bianco map of 1448, St. Brendan’s Islands on, 46;
two series of Azores, 122
Bimini (Beimini), 146
Bird names, 44
Birds, isle of, 166
Blaskets, 181
Blunt, E. M., 91
Boid, Captain, 170
Book of the Spanish Friar, 44, 55, 92, 165;
on the Azores, 165
Bourne, E. G., 55
Bra, 181
Brazil (island), on Catalan map of 1375, 58;
on Catalan map of about 1480, 61;
on Dalorto map of 1325, 50, 56, 121;
early maps, occurrence, 55;
location and shape, 57;
in place of Markland, 121;
Mayda and, 83;
on Nicolay map of 1560, 61, 121;
Norse and Irish omission of name, 66;
St. Lawrence, Gulf of, and, 59, 187;
Seven Cities (island) and, 68;
on Sylvanus map of 1511, 65;
two on the same map, 121–122
Brazil (word), derivation, 50, 52;
spellings, 50;
various applications, 121
Brendan (Brandan; Brenainn), St., adventures, Lismore version, 34;
explanations of Brendan narratives, 35;
exploration, 34, 48, 187;
probable basis of fact in narratives, 38
Brendan’s (St.) Islands, 34;
on Beccario map of 1426, 45;
on Behaim globe of 1492, 47;
on Bianco map of 1448, 46;
on Dulcert map of 1339, 42;
Hereford map testimony, 38;
on later maps, 48;
on the Pizigani map of 1367, 43
Bretons, exploration, 8, 84
Brown, A. S., 78
Buache, N., 78
Bullar, Joseph and Henry, 79
Buss Island, 174, disappearance from map, 177;
discovery, 175;
map (ill.), 176
Cabot, John, 10, 55
Canary Islands, mainland connection, question of, 21;
tradition concerning St. Brendan, 39
Canerio map, 146
Cape Breton, 118–119, 127, 132, 135, 185;
Mayda and, 92, 93
Cape Cod, Mayda and, 92, 188
Capmany, Antonio de, 54
Carthaginians, Corvo and, 167;
statues and coins, 169
Cartier, Jacques, 59
Cartwright, George, 123
Catalan map of 1375, Brazil (island) on, 58;
Mayda on, 84;
reproduction (ill.), 58
Catalan map of about 1480, Brazil (island) on, 61;
Fixlanda (Iceland) on, 141;
Greenland on, 62, 96, 120;
reproduction of section (ill.), 64
Catholique, La, 180
Cerne, 27
Chau Ju-Kua, 2
Chesapeake Bay, 119
Christy, Miller, 175, 176, 177
Churchill Collection, 140
Clavus map of 1427, Greenland on, 105, 139;
reproduction of section (ill.), 104
Coins found in Corvo, 167
Columbus, Christopher, 10
Columbus, Ferdinand, “Life of Christopher Columbus,” 69, 71, 140, 144
Conigi, Li, 8, 165, 172, 182
Coombs, Captain, 100
Coppo map of 1528, Greenland on, 96;
reproduction (ill.), 97
Corvo, 22;
ancient memorials, 166;
comparative representations on maps (ill.), 172;
equestrian statues, 168;
Mayda and, 92;
origin of name, 164;
Pizigani map of 1367 and, 168
Cuba, 153, 162, 163, 188
Daculi, 181;
on Pareto map of 1455, 183
Dalorto map of 1325, Brazil (island) on, 50, 56, 121;
mythical islands on, 181;
reproduction (ill.), 51
Dawson, S. E., 48
Demons, 37, 89;
islands of, 178
Desceliers map of 1546, Greenland on, 99;
Mayda on, 87;
reproduction of section (ill.), 76;
saintly islands on, 180;
Seven Cities (island) on, 75
Devil Rock, 91
Diodorus Siculus, 1, 4, 16, 42, 166
Disko, 184
Dragons, 37, 83, 149
Drogio, first mention, 124, 127;
meaning, 133;
region designated, 132;
spelling, 132;
on Zeno map of 1558, 126
Dulcert map of 1339, St. Brendan’s Islands on, 42
Edrisi, “Geography,” 7, 39, 166, 168;
on the isle of birds, 166
Egerton MS. 2803. See World map in portolan atlas of about 1508
Emmanuel (ship), 175
Emperadada, Encorporada, Encorporade (Incorporado), 180
Equestrian statues, 168
Eric the Red, 101, 108, 109, 115
Eskimos, 110, 111
Espinosa, Alonso de, 39
Esthlanda, 131
Estotiland, 122; derivation, conjectures, 130;
first mention, 124, 127;
on Prunes map of 1553, 131;
region designated, 130;
on Zeno map of 1558, 126
Estotilanders, 131
Faria y Sousa, Manuel de, 73;
on Corvo, 169
Fischer, Joseph, 61, 105, 116, 139
Fischer, Theobald, 44, 45, 46, 47, 56, 57, 84, 86, 92, 114, 122, 147, 161, 165, 172, 182, 185
Fixlanda, 96, 185;
on Catalan map of 1480, 141
Flores, 8, 171, 172, 182
Florida, 146, 155, 163, 188
Formaleoni, Vicenzio, 148
Fortunate Islands, 38, 39.
See also Brendan’s (St.) Islands
Freducci, Conde, 150
Frisland, 136, 175, 185;
Buss Island and, 177;
confusion with Iceland, 141;
occurrence of name, 140;
on Zeno map of 1558, 141
Galvano, Antonio, 72
Germain, Louis, 21
Germanus, Donnus Nicolaus, world map (after 1466), Greenland on, 105, 139;
reproduction of section (ill.), opp. 105
Ginnungagap, 178
Gnupsson, Eric, 109
Gosch, C. C. A., 175
Grand Banks, 185
Grand Manan, 188
Great Abaco, 155, 162–163
Great Iceland, 184
Greeks, early exploration, 4
Green Island, 95;
on sixteenth-century maps, 97;
various islands;
shrinkage of the name, 99
Greenland, Adam of Bremen’s account, 94;
on Catalan map of about 1480, 62, 96, 120;
on Clavus map of 1427, 105, 139;
on Coppo map of 1528, 96;
on Desceliers map of 1546, 99;
on Germanus (D. N.) map, 105, 139;
insular character, 95;
intercourse with Markland, 119;
life of Icelandic colony, 106;
on Nicolay map of 1560, 98;
Norse settlements, 137;
Norse settlements (with map), 103;
origin of name, 101;
on Ortelius map of 1570, 99;
as a peninsula, 105;
on Sigurdr Stefánsson map, 106;
Thorláksson map of 1606 (ill.), 98;
on Zeno map of 1558, 105, 139
Greenlanders, early explorations, 109
Grocland, 184
Gunnbjörn’s skerries, 174
Haiti, 162
Hall, James, 177
Hand of Satan, 156, 178
Hardiman, James, 50
Harrisse, Henry, 144
Hauk’s Book on Markland, 114
Hebrides, 181, 182, 183
Helluland, 115, 116, 188
Henriques, Borges de F., 171, 173
Hereford map of 1275, St. Brendan’s Islands on, 38
Himilco, 27
Holmes, W. H., 3
Hood, Thomas, 180
Hovgaard, William, on Icelandic settlement of Greenland, 102, 109, 110, 115, 116;
suggestion of two Winelands, 119
Humboldt, Alexander von, on Antillia, 148;
on Bianco map of 1436, 157;
on Corvo, 167;
“Examen critique,” 37, 52, 55, 78, 81, 148, 167, 169, 185
Hydrographic Office, 30, 31, 32
I in Mar, 155, 188
Icaria, 136;
on Zeno map of 1558, 142
Iceland, confusion on maps, 141;
Great Iceland, 184;
Greenland discovery and relations, 101;
on Zeno map of 1558, 141
Illa Verde, 96.
See also Greenland
Imagination in cartography, 143
Incorporado, 180
Ireland, submerged lands about, 25
Irish sea-roving, 5
Island of the Seven Cities. See Seven Cities (island)
Islands, cataclysms, 174;
mythical and scattered, 174
Italians, exploration, 8
Jamaica, 163, 188
Janvier, T. A., 30
Jomard, E. F., 8, 30, 43, 55, 70, 83, 147, 149, 166, 179, 182
Jónsson, Finnur, 102–103
Jowett, Benjamin, 11, 18
Karlsefni, Thorfinn, 109, 115, 116;
geography of narrative and later records, 117
Kilda, St., 142, 183
Kjalarness, 116, 118
Kohl, J. G., 139
Kohl collection, 57, 85
Krakens, 149
Kretschmer, Konrad, 45, 48, 57, 58, 60, 61, 69, 70, 75, 82, 84, 86, 87, 96, 97, 98, 99, 105, 114, 117, 121, 131, 132, 140, 146, 157, 159, 162, 172, 178, 179, 180, 183
Krümmel, Otto, 30
Kunstmann, Friedrich, 146, 180
Labrador as Markland, 117
La Catholique, 180
La Man Satanaxio, 156, 178
Laon globe of 1493, Antillia on, 161
Legname, 8, 114
Leif Ericsson, 109
Li Conigi, 8, 165, 172, 182
Lismore, Book of, 34
Lucas, F. W., 122, 125;
on Drogio, 133;
on the Zeno narrative, 137, 138
Madeira Islands, as the Fortunate Islands of St. Brendan, 42;
name, 44, 114
Magnaghi, Alberto, 50, 69, 121, 181
Major, R. H., 122, 124, 129;
study of the Zeno narrative, 136
Malte-Brun, Conrad, 167
Man or Mam, 83. See also Mayda
Maps (ills.), Beccario of 1426, opp. 45;
Beccario of 1435, 152;
Benincasa of 1482, 160;
Bianco of 1436, 179;
Buss Island of 1673, 176;
Catalan of 1375, 58;
Catalan of about 1480, 64;
Clavus of 1427, 104;
Coppo of 1528, 97;
Corvo representations, 172;
Dalorto of 1325, 51;
Desceliers of 1546, 76;
Egerton MS. 2803, opp. 74;
Germanus (D. N.), after 1466, opp. 105;
Greenland, Norse settlements, 103;
Nicolay of 1560, 62;
Ortelius of 1570, 77;
Pareto of 1455, 158;
Pizigani of 1367, 40–41;
Ptolemy of 1513, 82;
Prunes of 1553, 88;
Sargasso Sea, 28;
Stefánsson of 1590, 107;
Thorláksson of 1606, 98;
Zeno of 1558, 126
Marco Polo, 53
Markland, Brazil (island) in place of, 121;
Hauk’s Book account, 114;
intercourse with Greenland, 119;
Labrador as, 117;
name, 114;
Newfoundland as, 114, 188;
Nova Scotia as, 118;
on Sigurdr Stefánsson map, 116;
Zeno narrative and, 122
Martyr, Peter, d’Anghiera, “Decades,” 145;
identification of Antillia, 145
Mayda, Azores and, 92;
basis of fact about, 91, 188;
Brazil (island) and, 83;
on Catalan map of 1375, 84;
“Man” and, 84;
modern maps, persistence on, 90;
name, spelling and origin, 81;
on Ortelius map of 1570, 90;
on Pizigani map of 1367, 83;
on Prunes map of 1553, 87;
problem of, 81;
on Ptolemy map of 1513, 82;
transference, on maps, to American waters, 87;
Vlaenderen and, 89
Mediterranean Sea, Atlantean invasion, 16
Mercator, Gerhard, world map of 1569, 125, 179, 184
Miller, Konrad, 39
Minia (ship), 178
Monastery in the Arctic, 136–137, 138
Montonis, 56, 181
Moorish voyages, 7
Morewood, S., 168
Mount Hope Bay, 188
Muratori, L. A., 53
Murray, Sir John, 24;
on the Sargasso Sea, 31
Murray, Sir John, and R. E. Peake, 177–178
Nansen, Fridtjof, 27, 29, 60, 61, 94, 101, 117
Navarro, L. F., 22
Navigation, early obstruction, 27
Negra’s Rock, 90, 91, 175, 186
Neome (Fair Island), 136, 140
Newfoundland, 185; as Markland, 114, 117;
on Nicolay map of 1560, 132
Nicolay map of 1560, Brazil (island) on, 61, 121;
Greenland on, 98;
Mayda on, 87;
Newfoundland on, 132;
reproduction of section (ill.), 62
Nordenskiöld, A. E., on Antillia, 144;
“Bidrag,” 61, 96, 120, 139, 141;
“Facsimile-Atlas,” 1, 48, 71, 75, 90, 99, 105, 125, 145, 161, 174, 179, 184;
“Periplus,” 27, 42, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61,69, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 98, 114, 121, 132, 139, 145, 150, 156, 165, 172, 178, 182;
on the Weimar map, 150
Norsemen, early exploration, 5;
early settlements in Greenland, 103 (with map), 137;
Eskimos and, 111
Nova Scotia as Markland, 118
Olsen, J. E., 55
Ortelius map of 1570, demon islands on, 179;
Greenland on, 99;
Mayda on, 90;
reproduction of section (ill.), 77;
Seven Cities (island) on, 75;
Zeno additions on, 125
Pareto map of 1455, Antillia on, 157;
Daculi on, 183;
reproduction of section (ill.), 158
Payne, E. J., 175
Perseus, 16, 17
Peter Martyr. See Martyr, Peter
Phoenicians, Corvo and, 167;
early explorations, 1, 3
Pizigani map of 1367, Corvo and, 168;
Daculi and Bra on, 182;
Mayda on, 83;
reproduction (ill.), 40–41;
St. Brendan’s Islands on, 43
Plato on Atlantis, 3, 11, 32, 187
Podolyn, Johan, 167
Poole, H. S., 177
Porlanda (Pomona), 136, 140
Porto Rico, 162
Porto Santo, 43
Portuguese discovery, 9;
refugees and Seven Cities island, 71
Promontorium Vinlandiae, 118, 119
Prunes map of 1553, Estotiland on, 131;
Mayda on, 87;
reproduction of section (ill.), 88;
Zeno islands on, 140
Ptolemy map of 1513, Mayda on, 82;
reproduction of section (ill.), 82
Ravenstein, E. G., 47, 71, 105, 145
Reeves, A. M., 115, 116, 131
Reylla, 188;
on Beccario map of 1435, 154;
on Roselli map of 1468, 155
Rink, Henry, on Greenland, 102, 104
Robert, M., 90
Rockall, 91, 100
Rocks, sunken, 91, 100
Romans, early exploration, 5
Roselli map of 1468, Antillia on, 155
Runic inscription in Greenland, 109–110
Ruysch map of 1508, Antillia inscription, 145;
island destroyed by combustion, 174
St. Anne, 180, 181
St. Brendan. See Brendan
St. Kilda, 142, 183
St. Lawrence, Gulf of, possible identification of Brazil (island) with, 59
St. Michael, (Azores), 78, 168, 169, 188
St. X, 180
Saintly islands, 180
Salvagio, 188;
on Beccario map of 1435, 154
Santarem, M. F., 52, 140
Sargasso Sea, 3, 18, 187;
as Atlantis, 29;
map (ill.), 28
Satanaxio, 156, 178, 188
Scandinavians. See Norsemen
Scharff, R. F., 21
Schott, Gerhard, 30
Schuchert, Charles, 23
Schuller, Rudolph, 13
Scorafixa, 185
Scylax of Caryanda, 27
Seller, John, 176
Seven Cities (island), 68, 188;
Antillia and, 69;
Brazil (island) and, 68;
on Desceliers map of 1546, 75;
home of Portuguese refugees, 71;
later reappearance as an island, 75;
mainland location, 74;
name in the Azores, 78;
on Ortelius map of 1570, 75
Shepherd, Thomas, 177
Shetland, 131, 181
Ships, early, 2
Skraelings, 111
Solberg, T., 57, 161
Soley, J. C., 30, 31
Spanish Friar. See Book of the Spanish Friar
Stefánsson (Sigurdr) map of 1590 (?), Greenland on, 106;
Helluland, Markland, and Vinland on, 116;
reproduction (ill.), 107
Stevens, John, 73
Stevenson, E. L., “Atlas of Portolan Charts,” 74, 141, 147;
“Facsimiles of Portolan Charts,” 57, 86, 155;
“Maps Illustrating Early Discovery,” 117, 140;
“Marine World Chart of Nicolo de Canerio Jannensis,” 146;
“Portolan Charts,” 27
Stokafixa, 185
Stokes, Whitley, 34
Storm, Gustav, 111, 184
Strabo, 42, 169
Straumey, 188
Straumfiord, 188
Submarine banks, 24
Sylvanus map of 1511, Brazil (island) on, 65
Tachylyte, 23
Termier, Pierre, on Atlantis, 14;
theory of ancient Atlantic continent, 19, 21, 23
Thevet, André, 169
Thorláksson map of 1606, reproduction (ill.), 98
Tobago, 99
Torfaeus’ “Gronlandia,” 96–97, 98, 106, 107, 116
Toscanelli, Paolo, 69, 144
Trouvères, 36
Tulloch, Captain, 100
Uzielli, Gustavo, 45, 57, 70, 86, 151, 172, 183
Valsequa map of 1439, 57
Van Keulen’s chart of 1795, 177
Vespucius, 10
Vignaud, Henry, “Columbian Tradition,” 10;
on the Toscanelli letter, 144
Vinland, 188;
Hovgaard’s suggestion, 119
Vlaenderen and Mayda, 89
Weare, G. E., 68
Weimar map (after 1481), Antillia on, 150, 159
Westropp, T. J., “Brasil,” 26, 34, 36, 60, 61, 96;
“Early Italian maps,” 54;
on submerged lands near Iceland, 25
Wiars, Thomas, 175
Wineland the Good, 116. See also Vinland
Winsor, Justin, 59, 60, 65, 85, 89, 132, 178
Wonderstrands, 116, 188
World map in portolan atlas of about 1508, Antiglia on, 147;
Iceland on, 141;
reproduction of section (ill.), opp. 74;
Seven Cities (island) on, 74
Yule, Sir Henry, 53
Zaltieri map of 1566, 61, 87, 98, 132
Zeno, Antonio and Nicolò, 9, 124
Zeno, Nicolò, the younger, 124, 134, 135, 143
Zeno map of 1558, Finland and Iceland on, 141;
Greenland on, 105, 139;
Icaria on, 142;
reproduction (ill.), 126
Zeno narrative, account of the book, 124;
brief summary, 135;
discrepancies of the fisherman’s story, 133;
geographical implication, 129;
Lucas’ study, 137;
Major’s study, 136;
Markland and, 122;
narrative quoted, 128

Legendary Islands of the Atlantic: A Study of Medieval Geography

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INDEX