Lessons in the Shanghai Dialect

LESSON XXIII
The Points of the Compass

The four cardinal points of the compass in Chinese are expressed: Toong, nen, si, pok (東, 南, 西, 北) East, South, West, North. Thus it will be seen that they do not follow the same order as we. North East is Toong-pok (東北), lit. East North. North West is Si-pok (西北), lit. West North. South East is Toong-nen (東南) , and South West is Si-nen (西南).

The word pien (邊) is generally added when direction or place is indicated. Thus we have for the North Pok-pien, for the West Si-pien. Pien literally means “side,” and is a shortened form of pien-deu (邊頭).

In giving directions as to locality, the Chinese make very frequent use of the points of the compass.If you wish a person to go towards the North you say dzau pok (朝北) “towards the North.”

VOCABULARY

• To break, smash, se° 碎, °tang-se° 打碎, or khau-se° 敲碎.
• To beget to nourish, °yang 養, or sang °yang 生養.
• To lose, to forfeit, seh 失, or seh-theh 失脫.
• To arrange, to attend to matters, to direct ban° 辦.
• A Compradore, °ma-ban° 買辦.
• To consult, saung-liang 商量, tsung-tsak 斟酌.
• To point with the hand, °tien 點, or °ts-°tien 指點.
• To separate, fung 分, or fung-khe 分開.
• To hinder, oppose, °tsoo 阻, or °tsoo-taung° 阻檔.
• To answer, we-deu 回頭, or we-tah 回答.
• To exchange, to barter, wen° 換, or diau° 調.
• To attend to a thing to make it right, loong° 弄, or loong°-°hau 弄好.
• To distinguish, fung-pih 分別.
• A difference, ih kuh fung-pih 一個分別.
• Wages, koong-dien 工錢.
• Salary, sok-sieu 束脩, sing-foong° 薪俸, or sing-°soe 薪水.
• Misery, °khoo-nau° 苦腦.
• Rain, °yui 雨,
• To rain, lauh °yui 落雨.
• Coolie, tsheh-tien° 出店.
• A duck, ih tsak ah 一隻鴨.
• A broom, ih °po °sau-°tseu 一把掃箒.
• A snake, ih diau zo 一條蛇.
• A stick of bamboo, ih kung tsok-deu 一根竹頭.
• Glass, poo-li 玻璃.
• A glass (for the table), ih tsak poo-li pe-°ts 一隻玻璃杯子.

°Doong (桶) is the classifier for casks, tubs and buckets.

• A bucket of water, ih °doong °s 一桶水.

Bing (瓶) is the classifier for bottles.

• A bottle of medicine, ih bing yak 一瓶藥.

Siang (箱) is the classifier for boxes of things.

• A box of dollars, ih siang yang-dien 一箱洋錢.
• A box of tea, ih siang dzo-yih 一箱茶葉.
• Tired, sa-doo 弛瘏.
• Square, faung 方.
• Round, yoen 圓.
• Little (to a small extent), sau-we 稍爲.
• Thick, °‘eu 厚.
• Thin, bok 薄.
• Instead of, °de-thi° 代替.
• Sufficient, keu-z° 榖事, keu-z°-tse 彀事哉, or °yeu-tse 有哉.
• Together with (two persons doing a thing), da-ka 大家.
• To get wet, ling-sak 淋濕.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

• (1) Tsoong-kok tsok-deu doo° °yeu yoong°-deu, °khau-°i tsoo° lan °lau de-°ts °lau iui°-°ts °lau too-hau° meh-z°.
• (2) °Ngoo mung°-°ts yi san we, dan°-°z yi ih kyui° ’veh we-deu.
• (3) Tsoong°-dien-nyung °yang too-hau° kyi °lau ah.
• (4) °Hau-la-va°? °Hau-la zia°-zia°.
• (5) Kyung-tsau °hau-°tien va°? Zauh-ya°-deu chuh-ts yak °lau kyung-tsau sau-we °hau-°tien.
• (6) Nyih-deu toong-pien tsheh °lau si-pien lauh.
• (7) Pok-pien °lang °lau nen-pien °noen.
• (8) °Ngoo-nyi iau° da-ka saung-liang na°-nung tsoo°-deu.
• (9) Di°-kuh poo-li ’man bok kuh, yoong-yi° °tang-se°.
• (10) Khoen°-kyien° nyung iau° tsoo° ’veh °hau kuh z°-°thi meh, iung-ke °tsoo-taung° yi.
• (11) Khoen°-yang-nyung seh-theh-ts ih tsak yang °lau iau° chi° zing yi.
• (12) Sien-sang iau° °kyi-hau° sok-sieu? Iau° san-seh kwhe° °yang-dien ih nyoeh.
• (13) Noong°-kuh yoong°-nyung °kyi-hau° koong-dien ih nyoeh? Zeh kwhe° yang-dien ih nyoeh.
• (14) Toong-pok foong iau° lauh °yui.
• (15) Yien°-°dze la° lauh °yui, tsoong-iau° tan ih °ting san° °sang-°ts ling sak.
• (16) Zauh-nyih °ngoo °tseu-°ts san-seh °li-loo°, °soo-°i kyung-tsau ’man sa-doo.
• (17) °Ngoo °tien peh yi khoen° ih diau zo.
• (18) Di°-kuh kwen-°foo ’veh we° ban° z°-°thi.
• (19) Noong° °tau le-tse, °ngoo thih-tsung iau° tau° noong° han-deu chi°.
• (20) Di°-kuh nyung seh-theh-°ts yi-kuh sang-i °lau sang-°ts dzang-yoen kuh bing° zeh-dze °khoo-nau° tuh-juh.
• (21) Di°-tsak siang-°ts °z faung kuh, di°-tsak °doong °z yoen-kuh.
• (22) Tsheh-tien° le wo° iau° doong-dien we°-ts iau° chi° °ma ih °po °sau-°tseu °lau.
• (23) Di°-kuh °ts-deu thuh bok iau° noong° chi° wen° °‘eu-°tien kuh.
• (24) Noong° thuh sa-doo, °ngoo le °de noong° tsoo°.
• (25) Di°-sen° °mung ’veh °hau khe, chi° kyau° mok-ziang loong °hau.
• (26) Yi-kuh seh-wo° tah-ts noong°-kuh seh-wo° °yeu fung-pih.
• (27) Di°-kuh °liang kuh nyung dzang-tsaung siang-mo°, fung-khe meh °hau.

• (一) 中國竹頭大有用頭可以做籃佬檯子佬椅子佬多化物事.
• (二) 我問之伊三回但是伊一句勿回頭.
• (三) 種田人養多化雞佬鴨.
• (四) 好拉否? 好拉謝謝.
• (五) 今朝好點否? 昨夜頭吃之藥佬今朝稍爲好點.
• (六) 日頭東邊出佬西邊落.
• (七) 北邊冷佬南邊煖.
• (八) 我伲要大家商量那能做頭.
• (九) 第個玻璃蠻薄個容易打碎.
• (十) 看見人要做勿好個事體末應該阻擋伊.
• (十一) 看羊人失脫之一隻羊佬要去尋伊.
• (十二) 先生要幾化束脩? 要三十塊洋錢一月.
• (十三) 儂個用人幾化工錢一月? 六塊洋錢一月.
• (十四) 東北風要落雨.
• (十五) 現在拉落雨終要擔一頂傘省之淋濕.
• (十六) 昨日我走之三十里路所以今朝我蠻弛瘏.
• (十七) 我點擦伊看一條蛇.
• (十八) 第個官府勿會辦事體.
• (十九) 儂倒來哉我貼準要到儂壗頭去.
• (二十) 第個人失脫之伊個生意佬生之長遠個病實在苦惱得極.
• (廿一) 第隻箱子是方個第隻桶是圓個.
• (廿二) 出店來話要銅錢爲之要去買一把掃帚佬.
• (廿三) 第個紙頭忒薄要儂去換厚點個.
• (廿四) 儂忒弛瘏我來代儂做.
• (廿五) 第扇門勿好開去叫木匠弄好.
• (廿六) 伊個說話搭之儂個說話有分別.
• (廿七) 第個兩個人常莊相駡分開末好.

(Translate into Chinese)

• (1) Is there any answer? Yes, please wait until I write it.
• (2) The cold wind blows from the North; you ought to wear more clothes.
• (3) The scholar was unable to answer what the teacher asked him.
• (4) I want to consult with you on an important matter.
• (5) When it rains the children cannot go out to play.
• (6) I have a fan, you have a knife, I want a knife, you want a fan, let us exchange.
• (7) I killed the snake with a stick.
• (8) Tell the compradore what you want to buy and he can buy it for you.
• (9) I have lost my watch and am willing to give five dollars to the man who finds it and returns it to me.
• (10) My salary is not sufficient; I must ask you to increase it.
• (11) This coolie wipes and sweeps very clean.
• (12) I pointed out the river to him on the map.
• (13) I cannot go away until I have arranged this matter.
• (14) I could not study diligently to-day because I was too tired.
• (15) How many bottles of medicine have you taken? I have already finished three.

• (一) 有啥回信否? 有個, 請等一歇等我寫好之.
• (二) 冷風從北邊吹來儂應該多着點衣裳.
• (三) 先生問個, 學生子回頭勿出.
• (四) 我要搭儂商量要緊個事體.
• (五) 落之雨小囝勿好出去勃相.
• (六) 我有一把扇子儂有一把刀我要一把刀儂要一把扇子讓我伲調一調.
• (七) 我用之一根棒打殺之一條蛇.
• (八) 儂對買辦話儂要買啥伊可以對儂買個.
• (九) 我失脫之我個表情願撥拾着之佬還撥我個人五塊洋錢.
• (十) 我個薪水勿彀事我終要請儂加點.
• (十一) 第個出店揩佬掃蠻割瀝.
• (十二) 地圖上我點撥伊看一條河.
• (十三) 我勿曾辦好第莊事體我勿能彀出去.
• (十四) 今朝我勿能彀用心讀書因爲我忒弛瘏.
• (十五) 儂吃之幾瓶藥? 我已經吃完之三瓶.

LESSON XXIV
Some Remarks on Gender

As already remarked, words in Chinese do not change their form to indicate gender. Sometimes, however, words indicating gender are placed before them. Nen (男), “Male” and °Nyui (女), “female”, are used with human beings in this way. Thus we have Nen nyung (男人) for “man”, and °Nyui nyung (女人) for “woman”. Nen noen (男囝) means “a male child,” and °Nyui noen (女囝) “a female child.”

When speaking of the male and female of animals Yoong (雄) and Tsh (雌) are used. Thus we have Yoong kyi (雄鷄) for “cock,” and Tsh kyi (雌鷄) for “hen,” Yoong s-°ts (雄獅子) for “lion,” and Tsh s-°ts (雌獅子) for “lioness.”

VOCABULARY

• To crow, di 啼.
• To offend, tuh-°dzoe 得罪.
• To hide oneself, ben°-°loong 背攏.
• To hide a thing, khaung°-°loong 囥攏, or khaung° 囥.
• To gain or make a profit, dzan° 賺.
• Profits in business, dzan°-deu 賺頭.
• To lose in business, zeh 折, zeh-theh 折脫, zeh-°pung 折本.
• To congratulate a person, koong-°hyi 恭喜.
• To become rich, fah-dze 發財.
• To lock, °soo 鎖.
• To bar or bolt the door, sen 閂.
• The bar, or bolt of the door, sak 栅.
• To plant, tsoong° 種.
• To examine carefully, dzo 查, or dzo-°khau 查考.
• To examine a class, °khau-su 考書.
• To fall, tih 跌.
• To save, kyeu° 救.
• To stop, ding 停.
• Stop a minute, ding-ih-ding 停一停.
• Garden, hwo-yoen 花園.
• College, su-yoen° 書院.
• University, da°-‘auh 大學.
• A lock, ih °po °soo 一把鑕.
• A key, ih °po yak-dz 一把鑰匙.
• A creek or canal, ih diau pang 一條浜.
• A two story house, ih zoo° leu 一座樓, or leu-vaung 褸房.

Dzung (層) is the classifier for a story of a house or for anything like a ladder.

• A three-storied house, san dzung leu 三層樓.
• A ladder, ih dzung voo-thi 一層扶梯.

Dzaung° (幢) is the classifier denoting things piled one on top of the other.

• A pile of clothes, ih dzaung° i-zaung 一幢衣裳.

Da° (埭) is the classifier for rows of things.

• A row of trees, ih da° zu 一埭樹.
• Spring (the first of the seasons), tshung 春.
• Summer, ‘au° 夏.
• Autumn, tshieu 秋.
• Winter, toong 冬.
• A season, kyi° 季.
• The four seasons, s°-kyi° 四季.
• Politeness, khak-chi° 客氣.
• Happiness, fok-chi° 福氣.
• Slippery, wah 滑.
• Hard, ngang° 硬.
• Soft, °nyoen 軟.
• Smooth, kwaung 光.
• Rough, mau 毛.
• Good (moral), °zen 善.
• Wicked, auh 惡.
• Fierce, hyoong 凶.
• Precious, °pau-pe° 寶貝.
• Clear, tshing 清.
• Muddy, wung 渾.
• Level, bing 平.
• Light (opposite of dark), liang° 亮.
• Dark, en° 暗.
• At last (in the end), tau°-°ti 到底.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

• (1) Di°-laung° wah lau, taung-sing °tien °tseu.
• (2) S°-kyi° kyau° tshung ‘au° tshieu toong.
• (3) °Ngoo bang°-dzak-ts ih kuh nyung °lau iau° yi nyang° loo°, °soo-°i te° yi wo° tuh-°dzoe, tuh °dzoe. Yi wo° ’veh iau° khak-chi°.
• (4) Noong° tsoo° °di-kuh sang-i, ih nyien iau° dzan° °kyi-hau°? m-sa° dzan°-deu °tau zeh-°pung.
• (5) Nyien tshoo ih, bang°-dzak-ts nyung tsau° kwe-°kyui iung-ke te° yi wo° koong-°hyi, fah-dze.
• (6) Nyung tsoo° auh kuh z°-°thi, °z la° en°-°li tsoo° kuh.
• (7) We°-ts pho° bih nyung iau° dzo-dzak °lau, i-kuh nyung chi° ben°-°loong.
• (8) Ya°-°li tsoong-iau° °soo mung°, °khoong-pho° zuh tsing° le theu meh-z°.
• (9) Tsoong-kok mung° yoong° sak le sen kuh, nga°-kok mung° yoong° yak-dz le °soo kuh.
• (10) °Siau-noen la° beh-siang° kuh z-‘eu° tih la° pang °li, kwha°-°tien chi° kyeu° yi.
• (11) Yoong tiau we° kyau°, tsh tiau ’veh we° kyau°.
• (12) Tsh s-°ts °pi-ts yoong s-°ts kung°-ka hyoong.
• (13) Di°-kuh nyung °yeu san kuh nen-noen, °lau ih kuh °nyui-noen, zeh-dze °yeu fok-chi°.
• (14) Di°-kuh meh-z° °z °pau-pe° kuh, iau° khaung° °hau.
• (15) °‘Au-°li-pa°, su-yoen° °li iau° °khau-su.
• (16) Di°-kuh ih da° vaung-°ts kau-le-°si, °loong-°tsoong °z s° dzung leu.
• (17) Di°-diau loo° ’veh bing, van-nan °tseu kuh.
• (18) Tshing °s °hau chuh kuh, wung °s ’veh °hau chuh.
• (19) Zak-deu °z ngang° kuh, men-deu °z °nyoen kuh.
• (20) Tau°-°ti meh °zen nyung ih ding° iau° tuh-dzak fok-chi°.

• (一) 地上滑佬當心點走.
• (二) 四季叫春夏秋冬.
• (三) 我碰着之一個人佬要伊讓路, 所以對伊話得罪得罪, 伊話勿要客氣.
• (四) 儂做第個生意一年要賺幾化? 無啥賺頭倒折本.
• (五) 年初一碰着之人照規矩應該對伊話恭喜發財.
• (六) 人做惡個事體是拉暗裏做個.
• (七) 爲之怕別人要查着佬, 伊個人去背攏.
• (八) 夜裏終要鎖門, 恐怕賊進來偷物事.
• (九) 中國門用栅來閂個, 外國門用鑰匙來鎖個.
• (十) 小囝拉勃相個時候跌拉浜裏, 快點去救伊.
• (十一) 雄窵會叫, 雌窵勿會叫.
• (十二) 雌獅子比之雄獅子更加凶.
• (十三) 第個人有三個男囝佬一個女囝, 實在有福氣.
• (十四) 第個物事是寶貝個, 要囥好.
• (十五) 下禮拜, 書院裏要考書.
• (十六) 第個一埭房子高來死, 攏總是四層樓.
• (十七) 第條路勿平, 煩難走個.
• (十八) 淸水好吃個, 渾水勿好吃.
• (十九) 石頭是硬個, 饅頭是軟個.
• (二十) 到底末善人一定要得着福氣.

(Translate into Chinese)

• (1) In the garden the gardeners have planted three rows of apple trees.
• (2) After the cock crows in the morning I am unable to sleep any more.
• (3) This man is very polite, and so every one likes him.
• (4) In the winter we close all the doors and windows and light a fire, in the summer we open all the doors and windows.
• (5) The water in the creek is muddy and not fit to drink.
• (6) Some men become rich in business, and some lose money.
• (7) Lock the door and do not let the cat come in.
• (8) The child fell off the chair and therefore cries.
• (9) Yesterday I went to see a seven storied pagoda.
• (10) This account is not right; it is not reckoned clearly.
• (11) I cannot find out that this man has done anything wicked.
• (12) When I met the robber I cried out to others to come and save my life.
• (13) This man is very fierce; he is always fighting.
• (14) At the end of the year, all the scholars in the college must be examined.
• (15) I have lost my key and cannot open my box.
• (16) I think you have not lost it, but you have hidden it away somewhere, and have forgotten where you put it; let me go and look for it.

• (一) 拉花園裏種花園個種三埭蘋菓樹.
• (二) 早晨頭雞啼個以後我勿能再睏.
• (三) 第個人是蠻客氣所以攏總人歡喜伊.
• (四) 冬天個時候我伲關攏總個門佬窗佬生火夏天個時候我伲開攏總個門佬窗.
• (五) 浜裏水是渾佬勿好吃個.
• (六) 有人做生意是發財有人末折本.
• (七) 鎖門佬勿要讓貓進來.
• (八) 小囝從椅子上跌下來所以拉哭.
• (九) 昨日我去看七層樓個塔.
• (十) 第個帳勿對個算來勿淸爽.
• (十一) 我查勿出第個人做啥惡事.
• (十二) 我碰着之強盜我喊人來救命.
• (十三) 第個人凶來死所以常莊相打.
• (十四) 拉年底書院裏攏總個學生子要考書.
• (十五) 我失脫之我個鑰匙佬勿好開我個箱子.
• (十六) 我想儂勿曾失脫恐怕儂已經囥好佬忘記擺拉啥地方, 讓我去尋尋看.

LESSON XXV
Weights and Measures

The following three Tables are very commonly used in China, and the speaker of the language should be familiar with them.

MEASURE OF WEIGHT

• One ounce, ih °liang 一兩.
• One catty (16 ounces), ih kyung 一斤.
• One picul (100 catties), ih tan° 一担.

MEASURE OF DISTANCE

• 1⁄10th of an inch, ih fung 一分.
• One inch, ih tshung° 一寸.
• One foot (ten inches in Chinese measure), ih tshak 一尺.
• Tea feet, ih °dzang 一丈.

MEASURE OF AREA

• One square foot, ih faung tshak 一方尺.
• One hundred square feet, ih faung 一方.
• A mow, ih °m 一畝 (one sixth of an acre).

CURRENCY

Until recently, aside from copper cash, the Chinese had no regular system of currency. An ounce of silver was taken as a standard. The following Table is based upon that:—

• An ounce of silver, ih °liang nyung-°ts 一兩銀子.
• (1⁄10th of an ounce, ih dzien 一錢.
• (1⁄10th of a dzien, ih fung 一分.
• (1⁄10th of a fung, ih li 一釐.
• (1⁄10th of a li, ih ‘au 一毫.

VOCABULARY

• To expound, explain, °kaung 講.
• To preach, °kaung-su 講書.
• To exhort, choen° 勸, choen°-mien 勸勉, choen°-‘oo 勸和.
• To gather, as fruit or flowers, °tshe 採.
• To boil zah 煠, (used in regard to water), or °kwung 滾.
• To weigh, tshung 稱.
• To measure, liang 量, or °ien 演.
• To carry in arms like a child, °bau 抱.
• To carry a load (one man, with load suspended on two ends of a bamboo), thiau 挑.
• To carry a load (load suspended on a bamboo pole between two men), kaung 扛.
• To carry a load on the back, pe° 背.
• To carry a load on the shoulder, jien 掮.
• To carry a load in one hand, ling 拎.
• A tiger, ih tsak °lau-°hoo 一隻老虎.
• A dish, ih tsak dzang bung-°ts 一隻長盆子.
• A saucer, ih tsak dzo bung-°ts 一隻茶盆子.
• A wine glass, ih tsak °tsieu pe 一隻酒杯.
• A cooking stove, ih tsak thih-tsau° (foreign), 一隻鐵灶, tsau°-deu (Chinese), 灶頭.
• Gold, kyung-°ts 金子.
• Silver, nyung-°ts 銀子.
• Iron, thih 鐵.
• Tin, sih 錫.
• Brass, doong 銅.
• Lead, khan 鉛.
• A railroad carriage, ih boo °hoo-tsho 一部火車.
• A steam boat, ih tsak °hoo-lung-zen 一隻火輪船.
• A pair of spectacles, ih foo° °ngan-kyung° 一副眼鏡.
• A set of tools or instruments, ih foo° ka-sang 一副傢生.
• A cannon, ih tsung phau° 一尊炮.
• Cotton, hwo 花.
• Cotton stalks, hwo-ji 花萁.
• Cotton (already ginned), mien-hwo 棉花.
• A plant of wheat, ih khoo mak 一棵麥.
• A plant of rice, ih khoo dau° 一棵稻.
• Vegetables, tshe° 菜.
• Dishes of vegetables and meat placed on the table for meals, °siau-tshe° 小菜.
• A shoulder, ih tsak kyien ka 一隻肩胛.
• A bag, ih tsak de 一隻袋.
• Back, pe° 背.
• A field, ih khwe° dien 一塊田.
• Soil, mud, lan°-nyi 爛泥.
• Poor man, joong-nyung 窮人.
• Rich man, dze-°tsu-nyung 財主人.

°Kwhung (梱) is the classifier denoting bundles of things.

• A bundle of fuel, ih °kwhung za 一梱柴, ih °kwung dau-za 一梱稻柴.
• Still, yet, dzung-jeu° 仍舊.
• Among, taung-tsoong 當中.
• All (collective), zen 全.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

• (1) Noong° choen°-choen° yi ’veh iau° °doong-chi°.
• (2) Khoen°-kyien° °liang kuh nyung siang-°tang meh iung-ke choen°-‘oo yi-la.
• (3) Di°-tsak siang-°ts °ngoo °i-kyung liang-koo°-hyih-tse °z san tshak dzang °lau nyi° tshak s° tshung kwheh.
• (4) La° hwo-yoen °li °tshe hwo °z ’man °hau beh-siang°.
• (5) Di°-kuh °liang tsak siang-°ts ih kuh nyung thiau-’veh-°chi °z iung-ke kaung kuh.
• (6) Kyung, nyung, doong, thih, sih, Tsoong-kok nyung kyau° °ng kyung.
• (7) Tsoong°-dien-nyung la° toong °li tsoong° mak, la° tshung laung° tsoong° hwo.
• (8) La° °ng kyung taung-tsoong thih °z °ting °yeu yoong°-deu, doo° °lau °siau kuh meh-z° zen °khau-°i tsoo° kuh.
• (9) °Ngoo-kuh bang-yeu °z °jung-z°-°ngan °soo-°i iau° ta° °ngan-kyung°.
• (10) °S faung° la° thih-tsau° laung°, °kwung-ih-°kwung.
• (11) Dze-°tsu-nyung tsak dzeu°-doen° °lau joong-nyung tsak poo°.
• (12) Di°-kuh nyung °kaung-su °kaung le ’man °hau thing.
• (13) Dih la kuh °mi tshung-tshung khoen° kyung-°liang te° va°.
• (14) Di° kwhe° di°-be °yeu °kyi °m? iak-tsak °yeu lok °m.
• (15) La° °ya-seu° taung-tsoong Tsoong-kok nyung °ting pho° kuh °z °lau-°hoo.
• (16) We°-ts °siau-noen la° khok °lau, °nyui-nyung °bau la° seu °li.
• (17) Nyok °lau tshe° ih-dau° kyau° °siau-tshe°.
• (18) Lok-tsen °z lan°-nyi tsoo° la° kuh, °zau vaung-°ts °ting °yeu yoong°-deu.
• (19) Di°-kuh yang-dien ’veh °hau, ’veh °z nyung-ts, °z khan kuh.
• (20) °Ngoo wan iau° °ma dzang-bung-°ts, dzo-bung-°ts, °lau °tsieu-pe.
• (21) Tung-loong °khau-°i ling la° °seu °li, ih kung mok-deu °khau-°i jien la° kyien-ka laung°, de meh pe° la pe° laung°.
• (22) °Ng-seh nyien zien-deu, Tsoong-kok m-meh °hoo-tsho °lau °hoo-lung-zen, yien°-°dze zen °yeu-kuh.
• (23) Tsau-zung-deu °ngoo thing-tuh ping-ting faung° phau°.
• (24) Yien°-°dze m-meh za, ’veh °hau sang °hoo, iau° noong° chi° °ma °liang san °kwhung.
• (25) Nyeu °lau °mo la° dien °li chuh °tshau.

• (一) 儂勸勸伊勿要動氣.
• (二) 看見兩個人相打末應該勸和伊拉.
• (三) 第隻箱子我已經量過歇哉, 是三尺長佬二尺四寸闊.
• (四) 拉花園裏採花是蠻好勃相.
• (五) 第個兩隻箱子一個人挑勿起是應該扛個.
• (六) 金銀銅鐵錫中國人叫五金.
• (七) 種田人拉冬裏種麥拉春上種花.
• (八) 拉五金當中鐵是頂有用頭, 大佬小個物事全可以做個.
• (九) 我個朋友是近視眼所以要戴眼鏡.
• (十) 水放拉鐵灶上滾一滾.
• (十一) 財主人着綢緞佬窮人着布.
• (十二) 第個人講書講來蠻好聽.
• (十三) 糴拉個米稱稱看觔兩對否?
• (十四) 第塊地皮有幾畝? 約酌有六畝.
• (十五) 拉野獸當中, 中國人頂怕個是老虎.
• (十六) 爲之小囝拉哭佬, 女人抱拉手裏.
• (十七) 肉佬菜一淘叫小菜.
• (十八) 碌磚是爛泥做拉個, 造房子頂有用頭.
• (十九) 第個洋錢勿好, 勿是銀子是鉛個.
• (二十) 我還要買長盆子茶盆子佬酒杯.
• (廿一) 燈籠可以拎拉手裏, 一根木頭可以掮拉肩𩨹上, 袋末背拉背上.
• (廿二) 五十年前頭中國無沒火車佬火輪船, 現在全有個.
• (廿三) 早晨頭我聽得兵丁放炮.
• (廿四) 現在無沒柴勿好生火, 要儂去買兩三捆.
• (廿五) 牛佬馬拉田裏吃草.

(Translate into Chinese)

• (1) The Chinese make most of their clothing out of cotton.
• (2) Among the pupils this one is the brightest.
• (3) I will tell you a wonderful thing: two men were fighting, and a woman came and exhorted them to peace.
• (4) Among the metals, gold is the most precious.
• (5) The dollars used in China are made of silver.
• (6) How many men will it take to carry the stove?
• (7) I think four men can carry it.
• (8) How much ought I to give the ricksha coolie?
• (9) I think thirty cents is sufficient.
• (10) There are still many men in Shanghai who have never been in a railway carriage.
• (11) Most of the Chinese scholars wear spectacles.
• (12) I have been gathering apples and peaches in the garden.
• (13) The carpenter has not brought his tools, and so can do no work.
• (14) A Chinese foot has ten inches, a foreign foot has twelve.
• (15) In China, wood and rice and cotton stalks are used as fuel.

• (一) 中國人做衣裳用棉花布個是頂多.
• (二) 拉學生子當中第個是頂聰明個.
• (三) 我要告訴儂一樁希奇個事體, 兩個人拉相打, 一個女人來勸和.
• (四) 拉五金當中金子是頂寶貝個.
• (五) 中國個洋錢是銀子做拉個.
• (六) 第隻火爐幾個人好扛.
• (七) 我想四個人好扛個.
• (八) 拖東洋車個人我應該撥伊幾錢?
• (九) 我想三角有哉.
• (十) 拉上海還有多化人勿曾坐過歇火車個.
• (十一) 中國讀書人大一半末是戴眼鏡.
• (十二) 我拉花園裏拉採蘋果佬桃子.
• (十三) 木匠勿曾帶傢生來听以勿好做生活.
• (十四) 中國尺是十寸外國尺有十二寸.
• (十五) 中國人用木頭佬稻佬花萁倣柴.

LESSON XXVI
Family Relations

The relations in Chinese are exceedingly complex. Here only the simplest will be given. To be able to understand the complicated ramifications will take a long time, and can only be learnt by long experience.

It must be noted that different words are used when one speaks of his own relations from what are used when another person is referring to them. In the latter case more polite language is employed.

Thus the following words for “father” are used: If you yourself are speaking of your father, you might call him Ya (爺), or °Lau-nyang-ka (老娘家), or Kya-°voo (家父), or °Voo-tshing (父親), or Kya-nyien (家嚴). Other people would refer to your father if they were polite as Tsung-da°-zung (尊大人) Lit. “The honorable great man.” Kya (家) or Ling°-tsung (令尊). Children often call their father Tia-tia (爹爹), or Ya-ya (爺爺), or Pak-pak (伯伯).

So in regard to mother. If you speak of her you say Nyang (娘), or Kya-°moo (家母), or °Moo-tshing (母親), or Kya-dz (家慈). If you speak of the mother of another person you may say Ling°-daung (令堂).

Brother is different as to whether you refer to an older or a younger one. An older brother is Ak-koo (阿哥). A younger brother is Hyoong-°di (兄弟). Brothers (plural) is Di°-hyoong or hyoong-°di (弟兄). A familiar term for a younger brother is °Di-°di (弟弟). An older sister is Ah-°tsi (阿姊). A younger sister is Me°-me° (妹妹). °Tsi-me° (姊妹) means sister or sisters.

In referring to a son a father would call him Nyi-°ts (兒子) or °Siau-noen (小囝); others would refer to your son by saying Ling°-laung (令郞) or (公郞) Koong-laung. In speaking of one’s own daughter you would say °Siau-°nyui (小女); others would refer to her as Tshien-kyung (千金) Lit. “A thousand catties of gold,” or Ling°- e° (令嬡).

VOCABULARY

• To love, e° 愛.
• To love reciprocally, siang-e° 相愛.
• To injure, ‘e° 害.
• To be injured, °zeu-‘e° 受害.
• To begin, °chi 起.
• A beginning, °chi-deu 起頭, or khe-dzang 開塲.
• To repair, sieu 修, or seu-tsauh 收作.
• Repairs, sieu-°li 修理.
• To take hold of, to grasp, nyah 揑.
• To receive or accept, °zeu 受.
• To suffer, °zeu-°khoo 受苦, or °zeu-nan° 受難.
• To hand, to deliver in person, dzeu° 授.
• To save, be economical, °sang 省, or tsoo° nyung-ka 做人家.
• To save time, °sang koong-foo 省功夫.
• To waste, to be extravagant, saung 傷.
• To seal officially, or to seal an envelope; to deify; to exalt to a high station, foong 封.
• To rely upon, to entrust, khau° 靠, khau°-thauh 靠托, or thauh 托.
• A battery or a fort, ih kuh phau°-de 一個礮台.
• A deer, ih tsak lok 一隻鹿.
• To hunt, °tang-lih 打獵.
• A hare, ih tsak thoo°-°ts 一隻兔子.
• A fox, ih tsak ‘oo-li 一隻狐狸.
• A wolf, ih tsak za-laung 一隻豺狼.
• A squirrel, ih tsak soong-°su 一隻松鼠.
• A weasel, ih tsak waung-laung 一隻黄狼.
• A pheasant, ih tsak °ya-kyi 一隻野鷄.
• A goose, ih tsak ngoo 一隻鵝.
• A set of dice, ih foo° deu°-°ts 一副骰子.
• To gamble with cash, °too doong-dien 賭銅錢.
• To gamble with dice, zak deu°-°ts 擲骰子.
• A set of dominoes, ih foo° ba 一副牌.
• To gamble with dominoes, teu° ba 鬭牌.
• Again, tse° 再.
• Medicine, yak 藥.
• Tobacco, ien 烟.
• A gun, ih °kwen yang-tshiang 一桿洋槍.
• Powder, °hoo-yak 火藥. Lit Fiery medicine.
• Tide flowing out, lauh-°s 落水.
• Tide coming in, tsang°-°s 漲水.
• Firmly, lau 牢.
• As, ziang 像.
• All (collective), thok 秃.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

• (1) Zauh-nyih °ngoo tan-°ts yang-tshiang tau° san laung° chi° °tang-lih, °tang-dzak-ts san tsak lok lau s° tsak thoo°-°ts °lau ih tsak soong-°su.
• (2) °Ngoo °bang-dzak-°ts ih kuh nyung la° °tang °tiau, yi °i-kyung °tang-dzak-°ts s° tsak °ya-kyi °lau ih tsak °ya-ngoo.
• (3) Teu° ba °lau zak deu-°ts thok °z ’veh °hau.
• (4) Di°-kuh phau°-de °yeu °ng tsung phau° °lau too-°hau °hoo-yak.
• (5) Zauh-ya°-deu °yeu waung-laung theu kyi, ’veh hyau°-tuh °z waung-laung nyi wan-°z ‘oo-li, kyung-ya°-deu °ting °hau °tung yi le °lau yoong° yang-tshiang °tang-sah yi.
• (6) °Ngoo la° yi han-deu °zeu-°ts too-hau° meh-z°, iau° soong°-°tien sa° la° yi.
• (7) Di°-foong sing° iau° foong-°hau dzeu° peh la° i-sung.
• (8) Seu-tsauh vaung-°ts zieu° iau° °chi-deu, iung-we° °yeu too-hau° di°-faung iau° sieu-°li, zak-zen °tse an° meh °khoong-pho° le-’veh ji°.
• (9) Too chuh °tsieu °lau too chuh ien° °z saung sung-°thi.
• (10) Di°-kuh bing° °dzoong-tuh-juh, chuh yak °‘a m-yoong°-deu.
• (11) Tsoo° nyung-ka meh, °khau-°i nyih-nyih °sang doong-dien.
• (12) Di°-kuh si-°tse hwen-°hyi °too doong-dien °lau chuh °tsieu, zeh-dze khau°-’veh-dzu° kuh.
• (13) °Ngoo thauh noong° tsoo° ih tsaung z°-thi, noong° we°-sa° ’veh zung tsoo°?
• (14) Zeh-°ke tsoo°-deu saung koong-foo, iau° tsau° °ngoo wo° meh °hau.
• (15) Di°-hyoong iung-ke da-ka siang-e°, ’veh iau° siang-mo° °lau siang-°tang.
• (16) Tsung-da°-zung °hau-la°-va? Zia°-zia°, °lau-nyang-ka °hau-la°.
• (17) Ya-nyang °i-kyung tsheh mung, pih-koo° ak-koo la° ok-°li.
• (18)°Ngoo °yeu ih kuh ah-°tsi °lau °liang-kuk me°-me°.
• (19) °Kyi-z iau° khe zen? Lauh-°s zieu° khe.
• (20) Za-laung °z ’man hyoong-kuh °ya-seu°, hwen-°hyi chuh yang.
• (21) Di°-kuh ih pe yak iau° peh la° bing° nyung chuh.
• (22) Noong° °yeu °kyi-we° °ling-laung? °Yeu °liang-kuh °siau-noen.

• (一) 昨日我担之洋槍到山上去打獵, 打着之三隻鹿佬四隻兔子佬一雙松鼠.
• (二) 我掽着之一個人拉打窵, 伊已經打着之四隻野雞佬一隻野鵝.
• (三) 鬥牌佬擲骰子禿是勿好.
• (四) 第個砲台有五尊炮佬多化火藥.
• (五) 昨夜頭有黃狼偷雞, 勿曉得是黃狼呢還是狐狸, 今夜頭頂好等伊來佬用洋槍打殺伊.
• (六) 我拉伊壗頭受之多化物事, 要送點啥拉伊.
• (七) 第封信要封好授撥拉醫生.
• (八) 收作房子就要起頭, 因爲有多化地方要修理, 若然再晚末恐怕來勿及.
• (九) 多吃酒佬多吃烟是傷身體.
• (十) 第個病重得極吃藥也無用頭.
• (十一) 做人家末可以日日省銅錢.
• (十二) 第個西崽歡喜賭銅錢佬吃酒實在靠勿住個.
• (十三) 我托儂做一樁事體爲啥勿曾做.
• (十四) 實蓋做頭傷工夫要照我話末好.
• (十五) 弟兄應該大家相愛勿要相駡佬相打.
• (十六) 尊大人好拉否? 謝謝, 老娘家好拉.
• (十七) 爺娘已經出門必過阿哥拉屋裏.
• (十八) 我有一個阿姊佬兩個妹妹.
• (十九) 幾時要開船? 落水就開.
• (二十) 豺狼是蠻凶個野獸歡喜吃羊.
• (廿一) 第個一杯藥要撥拉病人吃.
• (廿二) 儂有幾位令郞? 有兩個小囝.

(Translate into Chinese)

• (1) You should do to others as you would they should do to you.
• (2) If we do not call the carpenter and mason to repair this house, we shall not be able to live in it.
• (3) When I began I considered the study of Chinese very difficult; now I consider it easier.
• (4) The younger brother should listen to the older brother’s words.
• (5) You should love others as yourself.
• (6) On the other side of the river there are many forts.
• (7) This man wastes his money in drinking wine.
• (8) Where did you get the money to buy these clothes? I saved it from my wages.
• (9) The deer can run faster than the dog, but gets tired sooner.
• (10) The father is head of the house.
• (11) Hand this bowl of tea to the guest.
• (12) I trust to you to help me do the work.
• (13) The fox comes at night to steal chickens.
• (14) Pheasants are fine birds to look at and are very good to eat.
• (15), Geese and ducks like to remain in the water.
• (16) The older sister takes care of her little sister.
• (17) Take hold of it firmly in your hand and do not let it fall on the ground.
• (18) According to what Chinese say, to become a good man you must repair your heart.

• (一) 儂要人那能待儂儂也應該那能待別人.
• (二) 若然伲勿叫木匠佬泥水匠來修房子, 我伲勿好住拉化.
• (三) 我起頭讀個晨光我算中國書是煩難讀個, 現在算是容易點.
• (四) 弟兄應該聽阿哥個說話.
• (五) 儂應該愛別人像愛自家.
• (六) 垃拉河過邊有多化砲台.
• (七) 第個人吃酒佬傷脫伊個銅錢.
• (八) 買第個衣裳儂那裏頭來個銅錢? 我工錢上省下來個.
• (九) 鹿比之狗可以跑來快點, 但是鹿先要弛瘏.
• (十) 爺末是一家個主.
• (十一) 笫個一碗茶授撥拉客人.
• (十二) 我托儂相幫我做第樁事體.
• (十三) 狐狸是夜頭來偷雞.
• (十四) 野雞是蠻好看個窵也是蠻好吃個.
• (十五) 鵝佬鴨歡喜垃拉水裏向.
• (十六) 阿姊是當心伊個小妹.
• (十七) 揑牢拉手裏勿要放伊落拉地上.
• (十八) 照中國人話成功好個人終要修儂個心.

LESSON XXVII
Compound Verbs

By compound verbs we mean those made up of more than one verb. As we have already seen, Chinese words having a distinct meaning when used by themselves also form part of larger compound words. This is true especially of verbs. A good example is the verb °Tang (打) to strike. It enters into combination with many other words to form compound verbs.

Thus:

• To fight a battle, °tang-tsang° 打仗.
• To attack an enemy, koong-°tang 攻打.
• To gain a victory, °tang-yung 打臝, or °tang-sung°-tsang° 打勝仗.
• To suffer a defeat, °tang-su 打輸, tang°-ba° 打敗, or °tang-ba°-tsang° 打敗仗.
• To wound, °tang-saung 打傷.
• To make inquiries, °tang-thing 打聽.
• To fool with one another, °tang-bang° 打棚.
• To injure by striking, °tang-wa° 打壞.
• To consider, °tang-soen° 打算.
• To dress in a showy manner, °tang-pan° 打扮.

VOCABULARY

• To collect, to receive payment, seu 收.
• To collect accounts, seu-tsang° 收帳.
• To receive payment for a lease, seu-tsoo 收租.
• To be imprisoned, seu-kan 收監.
• To build a wall, tshi° (砌), or tshi° ziang 砌牆.
• To build a partition, tshi° pih 砌壁.
• To mend a path, tshi° ka 砌街.
• To be wounded, °zeu-saung 受傷.
• To prosecute at law, °tang-kwen-s 打官司.
• To cut with a sharp knife, koeh 割.
• To cut in two, koeh-°doen 割斷.
• To cut with sword, or heavy knife or axe, tsan 斬.
• To split, phih 劈.
• To saw, zih 截 or ka° 解.
• To boil, zah 煠.
• To grill, to broil, tsien 煎.
• To smoke (meat), hyuin 燻.
• To bake, hoong 烘.
• To sew, to stitch, ling 紉.
• To take a stitch, ling-ih tsung 紉一針, (tsung means needle).
• To iron, to burn, to scald, thaung° 燙.
• To brush, seh 刷.
• To rise (as the tide), tsang° 漲.
• To fall, lauh 落.
• Duty, ming-vung° 名分.
• Rumours, yau-yien 謠言.
• Receipt, seu-phiau° 收票, or seu-diau 收條.
• A bell, tsoong 鐘.
• Piles (such as are driven into the ground), tsaung 樁.
• Tide, dzau 潮, or dzau-°s 潮水.
• A cake, ih kuh kyi dan°-kau 一個個雞蛋糕.
• Japanese. Toong-yang-nyung 東洋人, or Zeh-°pung-nyung 日本人.
• Pain, thoong° 痛.
• Wheat, mak 麥.
• Dirty, auh-tshauh 齷齪.
• Miserable, khoo-°nau 苦腦.
• Russians, Ngoo-kok nyung 俄國人.
• A biscuit, ih kuh thah-°ping 一個𩝣餅.
• A grate, ih kuh °hoo-khaung 一個火匟.
• A sparrow, ih tsak mo-tshiak 一隻麻雀, or mo-tsiang 䳸 [C2].
• A swallow, ih tsak ien°-°ts 一隻燕子.
• A pigeon, ih tsak keh-°ts 一隻鴿子.
• An ax, ih °po °foo-deu 一把斧頭.
• A saw, ih °po ke°-°ts 一把鋸子.
• A file, ih °po tshoo°-tau 一把銼刀.
• A plane, ih tsak bau° 一隻刨.
• A quilt or blanket, ih diau °bi-deu 一條被頭.
• A sheet, ih diau tan-°bi 一條單被.
• Unripe or raw, sang 生.
• Ripe, zok 熟. Also used in the sense of being thoroughly cooked.
• Shameful, than-tshoong° 坍銃.
• Face (cheek), °nyi-kwaung 耳光.
• Spread out, than 攤, than-khe 攤開.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

• (1) Kyau° tsoong°-hwo-yoen-kuh la° hwo-yoen °li tsan-theh i-kuh °liang khoo zu°.
• (2) Di°-diau ka ih ngan ’veh bing, iau° tse° tshi°.
• (3) Sing-vung-°ts laung° °ngoo khoen° °tang-tsang° kuh zung-kwaung, Toong-yang-nyung dzang-tsaung °tang sung°-tsang°, °lau Ngoo-kok-nyung dzang-tsaung °tang-ba°.
• (4) Di°-°po tau kwha°-°le-°si, °khoong-pho° °siau-noen iau° koeh thoong° °seu.
• (5) °Nyui-nyung kuh ming-vung° la° ok-°li sau van°, tsoo° i-zaung, taung-sing °siau-noen; nen-nyung kuh ming-vung° la° nga°-deu tsoo° sang-i°.
• (6) I-zaung koen-°ts meh nan-meh iau° thaung°-ih-thaung°.
• (7) La° ka laung° yi-la tsauh-°ts ih kuh zuk, yien°-°dze soong° tau° kwen han-deu seu-kan.
• (8) Di°-saung ‘a-°ts noong° seh le ’veh °hau, ih ngan ’veh liang°.
• (9) Khau-°ts tsoong °loong-°tsoong kuh ‘auh-sang-°ts zieu° iau° tsing° chi° dok su, ‘auh-daung-°li iau° °zoo-ding°, °tung sien-sang le, ’veh iau° da-ka °tang-bang°.
• (10) Iau° tshi° ziang meh sien iau° °tang tsaung.
• (11) Dzau tsang° meh zieu° iau° khe zen ‘ang tau° bing °s °lau ding.
• (12) Di°-kuh mok-za iau° yoong° °foo-deu le phih-khe-le.
• (13) Noong° foo°-°ts yang-dien meh, °ngoo peh seu-diau noong°.
• (14) Di°-kuh dan° zah le thuh sang, iau° zok-°tien.
• (15) Kyung-tsau °yeu khak-nyung le, iau° noong° tsoo° kyi-dan°-kau °lau thah-°ping.
• (16) Peh bih nyung °tang °nyi-kwaung meh soen° °ting than-tshoong° kuh z°-°thi.
• (17) Dien-°li kuh mak seu °hau meh? Wan ’veh zung we°-ts dzang-tsaung lauh °yui °lau.
• (18) Iau° noong° chi° °tang-thing °tang-thing sa° nyung °zau di°-kuh yau-yien.
• (19) Di°-kuh men-deu tan tau° °hoo-khaung° pien-deu chi° hoong-hoong.
• (20) Kyau° mok-ziang° le yoong° ke°-°ts °ka-khe di°-kuh mok-deu.
• (21) Tau° mok-ziang° han-deu chi° tsia° ih °po tshoo°-tau °lau ih tsak bau°.
• (22) Mo-tshiak °lau ien°-°ts °z °siau kuh °tiau, ’veh °hau chuh, keh-°ts meh °hau chuh kuh.
• (23) Tan-°bi °lau °bi-deu than °hau la° zaung laung°.
• (24) Ng hyuin °hau meh tan le peh °ngoo chuh chuh khoen.
• (25) I-kuh nyung koong-°tang le, °ngoo dih-’veh-dzu° yi, peh yi °tang-saung.
• (26). Tsheh-chi° pa° khak kuh z-‘eu° sien iau° °tang-pan°.

• (一) 叫種花園個人拉花園裏斬脫伊個兩棵樹.
• (二) 第條街一顔勿平要再砌.
• (三) 新聞紙上我看打仗個辰光東洋人常莊打勝仗佬俄國人常莊打敗.
• (四) 第把刀快來死恐怕小囝要割痛手.
• (五) 女人個名分拉屋裏燒飯做衣裳當心小囝, 男人個名分拉外頭做生意.
• (六) 衣裳乾之末難末要燙一燙.
• (七) 拉街上伊拉捉之一個賊, 現在送到官壗頭收監.
• (八) 第雙鞋子儂刷來勿好一顔勿亮.
• (九) 敲之鐘攏總學生子就要進去讀書學堂裏要坐定等先生來勿要大家打棚.
• (十) 要砌牆末先要打樁.
• (十一) 潮漲末就要開船行到平水佬停.
• (十二) 第個木柴要用斧頭來劈開來.
• (十三) 儂付之洋錢末我撥收條儂.
• (十四) 第個蛋煠來忒生要熟點.
• (十五) 今朝有客人來要儂做鷄蛋糕佬𩝣餅.
• (十六) 撥別人打耳光末算頂坍銃個事體.
• (十七) 田裏個麥收好末? 還勿曾爲之常莊落雨佬.
• (十八) 要儂去打聽打聽啥人造第個謠言.
• (十九) 第個饅頭担到火匟邊頭去烘烘.
• (二十) 叫木匠來用鋸子解開第個木頭.
• (廿一) 到木匠壗頭去借一把銼刀佬一隻刨.
• (廿二) 麻雀佬燕子是小個窵勿好吃, 鴿子末好吃個.
• (廿三) 單被佬被頭攤好拉床上.
• (廿四) 魚燻好末担來撥我吃吃看.
• (廿五) 伊個人攻打來, 我敵勿住伊, 撥伊打傷.
• (廿六) 出去拜客個時候先要打扮.

(Translate into Chinese)

• (1) In cold countries the swallows fly away in the winter and return in the spring.
• (2) To have a lawsuit is a miserable affair, for you must use as much money.
• (3) My clothes were very dirty, so I told my servant to brush them well.
• (4) In the summer when it is warm you do not need a quilt, but in the winter you do.
• (5) The mandarin gave orders to cut off the robber’s head.
• (6) Some wicked people do not fear shame.
• (7) Has the school bell rung? If so I am late.
• (8) What is the matter with your foot? It was scalded by hot water.
• (9) When the tide rises the boat can travel very fast.
• (10) In front of my house I want to erect a fence.
• (11) Put some coal in the grate; probably to-night I will want to light a fire.
• (12) When you have split the fuel, tie it up in a bundle.
• (13) At the beginning the boys were only fooling, but afterwards they began to fight, and one of them was hurt.
• (14) A hammer, a saw, a plane, and a file are useful implements.
• (15) These pears and apples are unripe; if you eat them you will become ill.
• (16) At the end of the month the man goes out to collect his accounts.
• (17) Every one should do his duty.

• (一) 拉冷個地方到之冬天燕子飛出去到之春上末轉來.
• (二) 打官司是苦腦個事體因爲儂總要用多化銅錢.
• (三) 我個衣裳齷齪來死所以我叫我個用人刷刷好.
• (四) 夏天熱個辰光儂勿要用被頭到之冬天末要個.
• (五) 官府分付殺脫第個強盗個頭.
• (六) 有個惡人勿怕坍銃.
• (七) 鐘敲好末? 若然已經敲好之末我晚哉.
• (八) 儂個脚那能? 是撥滾水燙之佬.
• (九) 潮漲末船可以行來快來死.
• (十) 拉我個房子個門前我要打笆.
• (十一) 火匟裏要擺煤, 今夜頭恐怕我要生火.
• (十二) 柴劈好之末要紮之一梱一梱.
• (十三) 起頭個辰光小囝必過拉打棚但是後來末就相打一個末受傷.
• (十四) 一個榔頭一把鋸子一隻刨一把銼刀是有用頭個傢生.
• (十五) 第個生梨佬蘋果是生個, 吃之要生病.
• (十六) 拉月底一個人要去收帳.
• (十七) 各人應該盡伊個名分.