Lessons in the Shanghai Dialect

Notes.

(1) In the ninth sentence of the First Exercise, notice the expression °zoo-ding° (坐定), “to sit quiet.”
(2) In the eleventh sentence of the First Exercise Khe zen (開船) means “to start the boat.” Literally it is “to open the boat.” In the same sentence bing °s (平水) means “slack water.”
(3). In the eighteenth sentence of the First Exercise zau-yau-yien (造謠言) means “to start a rumor.”
(4) In the twenty-fifth sentence of the First Exercise dih-’veh-dzu° (敵勿住) means “unable to oppose.”
(5) In the fifth sentence of the Second Exercise, “to cut off the robber’s head,” is sah-theh °di-kuh °jang-dau° kuh deu (殺脫第個強盗個頭).
(6) In the ninth sentence of the Second Exercise “to travel” is ’ang (行).
(7) In the tenth sentence of the Second Exercise “to erect a fence,” is °tang-po (打笆).

LESSON XXVIII
Abstract Nouns formed from two Adjectives of opposite meaning

Very often two adjectives of opposite meaning are joined together to form an abstract noun of quality. Naturally the Chinese language is defective in abstract nouns, and their lack is partially supplied is this way. Thus Too-°sau (多少), “Much-little,” means “quantity.”

Dzang-°toen (長短), “Long-short,” means “length.” °Yoen-°jung (遠近), “Far-near,” means “distance.” Kau-ti° (高低), “High-low,” means “height.” °‘Eu-bok (厚薄), “Thick-thin,” means “thickness.” Kwheh-‘ah (關狹), “Broad-narrow,” means “breadth.” °Lang-nyih (冷熱), “Cold-hot,” means “temperature.” Sung-°tshien (深淺), “Deep-shallow,” means “depth.” Chung-°dzoong (輕重), “Light-heavy,” means “weight.” Tshoo-si° (粗細), “Coarse-fine,” means “texture” (of cloth).

Verbs are also used in much the same way. Thus we have Le-°waung (來往). “Come-go,” meaning “intercourse,” or Le-chi° (來去), “Come-go,” meaning, “going back and forth.” It generally occurs as Le-le-chi°-chi°. °Ma-ma° (買賣), “Buy-sell,” means “business.”

VOCABULARY

To kneel, °jui 跽.
To forgive, nyau-°so 饒赦, kwhen-°an 寬限, nyoen-liang° 原諒, or kwhen-yoong 寬容.
To comfort, oen-we° 安慰.
To sharpen, moo 磨.
To drive away, °koen 趕, °koen-theh 趕脫.
To criticize, phi-bing 批評, or phi-thah 批搨.
To roll, °kwung 滾, or °kwung ‘au° chi° 滾下去.
To plaster, °fung 粉. To plaster a partition, °fung pih 粉壁.
To string, (as cash), tshen 串.
To thread a needle, tshen °yung-sien° 穿引線.
To slander, wo°-°liau 話料, hwe°-°paung 毀謗, or wo°-wa° 話壞.
To accompany, or stay with a person, be 陪.
To nurse, su-°tsang 輸帳.
To crawl, ban 𨂝.
To climb, bo 爬.
To jump, to leap, thiau° 跳.
To reject, the 推, or the-theh 推脫.
To feel, to touch, mok 摸.
To hoist (as a sail or flag), tsha 扯.
To run, as water, lieu 流.
To turn over, fan 翻, or fan-°tsen-le 翻轉來.
To upset (as water), °tang-fan 打翻.
To turn round, zien 旋, or zien-°tsen-le 旋轉來.
To manage, kyung-°seu 經手.
To pray, jeu 求.
To offer prayer, °tau-kau° 禱告.
To repent, hwe°-°ke 悔改.
To regret, au-lau° 懊憦.
A crow, ih tsak °lau-au 一隻老鴉.
A hawk, ih tsak iung 一隻鷹, or °lau-iung 老鹰.
A butterfly, ih tsak ‘oo-dih 一隻蝴蝶.
A pair of scissors, ih °po °tsien-tau 一把剪刀.
So that, i-ts 以致.
A screen, ih sen° bing-foong 一扇屏風.
A sail, ih sen° boong 一扇篷.
Scales, thien-bing 天秤.
A gong, ih mien° kyung-loo 一面金鑼.
Flour, koen-mien° 乾麵.
Butter, °na-yeu 乳油.
Milk, nyeu-°na 牛乳.
Sugar, daung 糖.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) Di°-sen° bing-foong °kyi-hau° kwheh-‘ah?
(2) Di°-tsak siang-°ts iau° liang-liang-khoen° dzang-°toen, kau-ti °lau kwheh-‘ah.
(3) Iau° noong° chi° °ma ih tsang °ts-deu theh di° tsang ih yang° °‘eu-bok.
(4) Thien-bing °z iau°-°kyung kuh ka-sang, °khau-i tshung meh-z° kuh chung-°dzoong.
(5) °Ngoo °jui la° yi mien°-zien jeu yi nyau-°so.
(6) °Siau-noen sang bing° meh, nyang ’veh li-khe yi, °zoo la° zaung pien-deu su-°tsang yi.
(7) ’Veh phi-bing bih nyung, keh-meh ’veh °zeu bih nyung kuh phi-bing.
(8) We°-ts °khoong-pho° loo° ’veh zok, °soo-i °tshing bih nyung be °ngoo chi°.
(9) Di°-°po °tsien-tau ih ngan ’veh kwha°, iau° chi° moo-moo.
(10) Kyau° sau-van°-kuh nau °tien koen-mien°, dan°, nyeu-°na, °lau daung, tsoo° kyi-dan°-kau.
(11) Thah °tien °na-yeu la° men-deu laung°, keh-meh °hau chuh °tien.
(12) ‘Auh-sang-°ts la° khok we°-°ts bih nyung wo°-°liau yi, sien-sang kyau° yi ’veh iau° khok, °lau oen-we° yi.
(13) °Ngoo kyau°-°ts yi meh, yi zieu° zien-°tsen-deu le khoen°.
(14) Di°-kuh ih tsaung z°-°thi sa° nyung kyung-°seu kuh.
(15) Bo zu° meh ’veh da° °wung-taung°, °khoong-pho° iau° tih thoong° °lau tih saung.
(16) Iung-ke °koen-theh i-tsak °keu, °khoong-pho° iau° °ngau °siau-noen.
(17) Tsha boong meh, zen ‘ang le kwha°.
(18) Tsoong° dien-nyung ’veh hwen-°hyi °lau-au, we°-°ts yi-la° chuh-theh yi-la° san° la°-kuh °ts.
(19) Dzang-z °lau-iung dzoong thien laung° fi-‘au°-le chuh-theh-°ts °siau kyi.
(20) Tshen-°hau di°-kuh doong-dien, °lau soen°-soen° khoen° °yeu °kyi-hau°.
(21) Ping-ting tsheh-chi° °tang-tsang°, khau koo °lau kyung-loo.
(22) Di°-kuh zak-deu dzoong san °ting laung° °kwung ‘au°-le.

(一) 第扇屏風幾化闊狹.
(二) 第隻箱子要量量看長短高低佬闊狹.
(三) 要儂去買一張紙頭對第張一樣厚薄.
(四) 天秤是要緊個傢生可以稱物事個輕重.
(五) 我跽拉伊面前求伊饒赦.
(六) 小囝生病末娘勿離開伊坐拉床邊頭輸帳伊.
(七) 勿批評別人蓋末勿受別人個批評.
(八) 爲之恐怕路勿熟所以請別人陪我去.
(九) 第把剪刀一顔勿快要去磨磨.
(十) 叫燒飯個拿點乾麵蛋牛乳佬糖做鷄蛋糕.
(十一) 搨點乳油拉饅頭上蓋末好吃點.
(十二) 學生子拉哭爲之別人話料伊先生叫伊勿要哭佬安慰伊.
(十三) 我叫之伊末伊就旋轉頭來看.
(十四) 第個一樁事體啥人經手個.
(十五) 爬樹末勿大穩當恐怕要跌痛佬跌傷.
(十六) 應該趕脫伊隻狗恐怕要咬小囝.
(十七) 扯篷末船行來快.
(十八) 種田人勿歡喜老鴉爲之伊拉吃脫伊拉散拉個子.
(十九) 常時老鷹從天上飛下來吃脫之小雞.
(二十) 串好第個銅錢佬算算看有幾化.
(廿一) 兵丁出去打仗敲鼓佬金鑼.
(廿二) 第個石頭從山頂上滾下來.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) These two men constantly have intercourse with one another.
(2) The servant did not take care, and so upset a bucket of water.
(3) Butterflies are very pretty, and children like to catch them.
(4) Children before they learn to walk can first crawl on the ground.
(5) If a man wants to be forgiven he should first repent.
(6) What is the depth of this creek?
(7) If you wish to know the texture of the cloth, you must feel it with your hand.
(8) If you do not wear spectacles when you are old, you will be unable to thread your needle.
(9) I drove away that beggar, because he followed after me calling out.
(10) What is the distance between the sun and the earth? About ninety-two millions of miles.
(11) The cat climbed up the tree and the dog could not catch it.
(12) The little girl has no time to study, because her mother is sick, and she must stay at home and nurse her.
(13) The water flows down from the top of the hill.
(14) I regret that I told him, because he went and told everyone, and now every one knows it.
(15) When you pray you should kneel down.

(一) 第個兩個人常庄大家來往.
(二) 用人勿當心所以打翻之桶水.
(三) 蝴蝶是蠻好看所以小囝歡喜捉個.
(四) 小囝勿曾學會走先會得𨂝拉地上.
(五) 一個人要得着饒赦先應該悔改.
(六) 笫條浜有幾化深淺?
(七) 若然儂要曉得第塊布個粗細儂終要用手摸模看.
(八) 年紀老之佬勿戴眼鏡恐怕勿能彀穿引線眼.
(九) 我趕脫之伊個告化子因爲伊跟拉後頭佬喊.
(十) 地球離開日頭有幾化遠近? 約酌有九千二百萬英里.
(十一) 貓爬到樹上所以狗捉伊勿着.
(十二) 小囝無沒工夫讀書因爲伊個娘生病伊終要登拉屋裏輸帳伊.
(十三) 水從山頂上流下來.
(十四) 我懊憦我告訴伊因爲伊去對攏總人話以致攏總人全曉得個.
(十五) 儂禱告個時候應該跽下來.

Notes.

(1) In the seventh Sentence of the First Exercise notice how phi-bing is used both as a noun and as a verb.
(2) In the eighth sentence of the First Exercise Zok (熟), which means “ripe” of fruit, also means “well-known.” It also has the meaning of “thorough” as in the expression dok-zok (讀熟) meaning “to read thoroughly.”
(3) In the thirteenth sentence of the First Exercise notice the position of the deu (頭), “head” between the °Tsen (轉) and the le (來). This is usual in Chinese. Verbs are often broken up in this way.
(4) In the fifteenth sentence of the First Exercise °wung-taung° (穩當) means “safe.”

LESSON XXIX
Some Useful Phrases

As will be seen from the lessons already gone over Chinese is very largely composed of idiomatic phrases. The only way to become acquainted with these phrases is by the constant hearing of the spoken language. We shall introduce in this lesson a few useful phrases and show how they occur in sentences.

“All one’s life,” ih sang-ih-s° (一生一世). Lit. “One life, one world.” “To run about,” Bau-le-bau-chi° (跑來跑去). Lit. “Run come, run go.” “To decide,” Lih-ding-°tsu-i° (立定主意). Lit. “To stand still the will.”

Good-bye (French, au-revoir), An°-hyih-we° (宴歇會). Lit. “We will meet later,” or Tse°-we° (再會). Lit. “I will see you again.”

The ordinary way of saying “good-bye” when you have been to call on a person is to say Chi°-tse (去哉). Lit. “I am going.” Your host will say Man°-chi° (慢去), meaning “Go slowly.”

The expression. Kan-nyih-we° (間日會) would mean: “I will see you in a day or two.”

“Universal” °Phoo-thien-‘au° (普天下), or ‘Eh-thien-°ti-°‘au (合天底下). Lit. “Beneath the whole of heaven.”

“Useless, in vain,” Bak-bak-°li (白白裏). “Indispensable” is °Ba-’veh-tuk (罷勿得).

VOCABULARY

If it be so, kyi°-zen zeh-ke 既然實蓋.
By chance, °ngeu-zen 偶然.
Purposely, °yeu-i° 有意, or koo°-i° 故意.
At the point of, °kyi-oo 幾乎.
For the most part, generally, da°-liak 大略.
Suddenly, hweh-zen 忽然.
Instantaneous, lih-khuh 立刻.
Advantage, profit, iuh-tshu° 益處, or °hau-tshu° 好處.
Lord, °Tsu 主.
Master, °tsu-nyung 主人, or toong-ka 東家.
Heavenly Lord (a term used for God), Thien-°tsu 天主.
God, Zung 神 °Zang-ti° 上帝.
Omnipotent, voo-°soo-peh-nung 無所不能.
Omnipresent, voo-°soo-peh-°dze 無所不在.
Omniscient, voo-°soo-peh-ts 無所不知.
Life, sing°-ming° 性命.
A dragon, ih diau loong 一條龍.
An account book, ih °pung tsang°-°boo 一本帳簿.
A small blank book, ih °pung °boo-ts 一本簿子.
Carefully, °ts-si° 仔細.
To waste, fi°-theh 廢脫.
A carpet, ih diau mau-°than 一條毛毯.

°Boo (部) is the classifier for sets of books.

A set of books, ih °boo su 一部書.
A flag, ih mien° ji 一面旗.
Angry, doong-chi° 動氣.
Still, dzung-jeu° 仍舊.
Originally, °pung-le 本來.
Drowned, dzung-sah 沉殺.
Sign, symbol, ‘au° 號.
A mirror, ih mien° kyung°-°ts 一面鏡子.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) Noong° zeh-ke° tsoo° meh, °khoong-pho° ih-sang-ih-s° iau° au-lau° tse.
(2) °Ngoo bak-bak-°li te° yi wo°, yi dzung-jeu° ’veh thing.
(3) Sien-sang tsiang iau° chi° yi te° °ngoo wo°, chi°-tse°, °lau °ngoo te° yi wo°, man°-chi°.
(4) Noong° iung-ke lih-ding-°tsu-i° ’veh tsoo° zeh-ke° than-tshoong° kuh z°-°thi.
(5) Thien-°tsu °z voo-°soo-peh nung, voo-°soo-peh-°dze, °lau voo-°soo-peh-ts°.
(6) Nyung iau° khoen° z°-ka mien°-khoong meh, ih mien° kyung°-°ts °z °ba-’veh-tuk-kuh.
(7) Tuh-dzak° °phoo-thien-‘au° °lau se-theh-°ts z°-ka-kuh sing°-ming° meh °yeu sa° iuh-tshu° nyi?
(8) Di°-tsak °mo la° dien °li bau-le-bau-chi°, van-nan tsauh-dzak kuh.
(9) Di° °boo su °yeu °kyi °pung? °Yeu nyan° °pung.
(10) Kyi° zen zeh-ke°-nung, nan-meh °ngoo ’veh °hau wo° sa°.
(11) ‘Auh-sang-°ts °tang-se° poo-li °z °yeu-i° nyi wan-z °ngeu-zen kuh z°-°thi?
(12) I-kuh nyung tih la° pang °li, °kyi-‘oo dzung-sah, dan°-°z °yeu ih kuh nyung le thoo yi chi°-le.
(13) °‘Au-pen°-nyih hweh-zen fah-°chi doo° foong le.
(14) ‘Auh-daung-°li °loong-°tsoong °yeu °kyi-kuh ‘auh-sang-°ts? Da°-iak °yeu san pak kuh.
(15) °Ngoo kyau° yi lih-khuh °doong-sung.
(16) Tsoong-kok ji-‘au° °z ’man °hau khoen°.
(17) Di°-kuh nyung °pung-le °z auh nyung, yien°-°dze hwe°-°ke-tse.
(18) °Ngoo au-lau° °ma-°ts di°-diau mau-°than, we°-ts °than la° khak-daung °li thuh °siau.
(19) Noong° seu-tsing°-le °lau foo-°tsheh-chi°-kuh °loong-°tsoong iau° kyi° la° tsang°-°boo laung°.
(20) Di°-kuh ‘auh-sang-°ts iau° the°-theh, iung-we° su dok-’veh °zaung.

(一) 儂實蓋做末恐怕一生一世要懊憦哉.
(二) 我白白裏對伊話伊仍舊勿聽.
(三) 先生將要去伊對我話去哉我對伊話慢去.
(四) 儂應該立定主意勿做實蓋坍銃個事體.
(五) 天主是無所不能無所不在佬無所不知.
(六) 人要看自家面孔末一面鏡子是罷勿得個.
(七) 得着普天下佬失脫之自家個性命末有啥益處呢.
(八) 第隻馬拉田裏跑來跑去煩難捉着個.
(九) 笫部書有幾本? 有念本.
(十) 旣然實蓋能難末我勿好話啥.
(十一) 學生子打碎玻璃是有意呢還是偶然個事體.
(十二) 伊個人跌拉浜裏幾乎沉殺但是有一個人來拖伊起來.
(十三) 下半日忽然發起大風來.
(十四) 學堂裏攏總有幾個學生子? 大約有三百個.
(十五) 我叫伊立刻動身.
(十六) 中國旗號是蠻好看.
(十七) 第個人本來是惡人現在悔改哉.
(十八) 我懊憦買之第條毛毯爲之攤拉客堂裏忒小.
(十九) 儂收進來佬付出去個攏總要記拉帳簿上.
(二十) 第個學生子要退脫因爲書讀勿上.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) The man is very sick, even at the point of death.
(2) One should not only think how to get profit for oneself, but how to give advantage to others.
(3) In the evening the master gave the servants their wages.
(4) I think that he offended me purposely, and therefore I am angry.
(5) A student should not only learn while in school, but should be learning all his life.
(6) I saw a dragon come up suddenly out of the water.
(7) Truly all men under heaven are brethren, and ought to love one another.
(8) A business man can see from his account book how much he has gained in his business or how much he has lost.
(9) If you really ran very fast, how is it that you did not arrive sooner?
(10) I have looked over this book in a general way, but I have not read it carefully.
(11) If you wish to repent and become a good man, the first thing is to make up your own mind.
(12) I knew the boat was a Chinese one, because they hoisted the Chinese flag.
(13) A man’s life is most precious, so he ought to take care of his body.
(14) When I had finished the work I found he had already done the same thing, and so I had wasted my time to no purpose.
(15) The children like to run about and play in the garden.

(一) 第個人毛病蠻重幾乎要死.
(二) 人勿但要想到自家個益處也要想到別人個益處.
(三) 拉夜快主人發工錢拉伊個用人.
(四) 我想伊有意得罪我所以我動氣.
(五) 學生子勿但拉學堂裏要學, 一生一世應該學個.
(六) 我看見一條龍從水裏忽然上來.
(七) 普天下人實在是弟兄應該大家相愛.
(八) 生意人從帳簿上可以看伊賺之幾化或者失脫之幾化.
(九) 旣然儂跑來快爲啥佬勿早點到?
(十) 我大略看過第本書但是勿曾仔細看.
(十一) 若然儂要悔改成功好個人, 頭一要自家立定主意.
(十二) 我曉得第隻船是中國船因爲伊扯拉個是中國旗.
(十三) 人個性命是頂寶貝個所以應該當心自家個身髓.
(十四) 我做好之第個生活我看別人搭我一樣個所以我白白裏廢脫第個工夫.
(十五) 小囝拉花園裏歡喜跑來跑去勃相.

Notes.

(1) Thien-°tsu is the term used for God by the Romanists and by some Protestants. The other terms used for God are Zung (神), Lit. “a Spirit” and °Zang-ti° (上帝), Lit. “The Celestial Ruler.”
(2) In the fourteenth sentence of the Second Exercise for “to no purpose,” one can say Bak-bak-li-fi°-theh, or the bak (白) can be used with the verb. Thus we can say Bak fi°-theh (白廢脫). Bak is often need in this way with verbs. Thus Bak-tsoo° (白做), “to do in vain.” Bak °siang (白想), “to think in vain, to no purpose,” etc.
(3) In the eleventh sentence of the First Exercise Wan°-z may be translated “or.”

LESSON XXX
More Useful Words and Phrases

In the preceding lessons emphasis has been laid upon idiom and construction. Here a few useful words and phrases are given for the purpose of increasing the vocabulary of the student.

VOCABULARY

Sound of a character, z°-iung 字音.
To aspirate, tsheh-foong 出風.
Baggage, ‘ang-°li 行李.
Bank, nyung-‘aung 銀行.
Bedding, phoo°-ke° 鋪蓋.
Button, °nyeu-°ts 鈕子.
Charcoal, than° 炭.
Chimney, ien-tshoong 烟囱.
Post Office (Foreign) su-sing°-°kwen 書信館, or sing°-jok 信局, or yeu-tsung°-jok 郵政局.
Church, °li-pa°-daung 禮拜堂.
Cook, (head) da°-°s-voo° 大司務.
Cook, (ordinary) sau-van°-kuh 燒飯個.
Dust, boong-dzung 塳塵.
Coal, (hard) bak-me 白煤.
Coal, (soft) ien-me 烟煤.
Enough, °yeu-tse 有哉, or keu°-°z 彀是.
Farmer, tsoong°-dien nyung 種田人.
Fresh, (of meat or fish) sing-sien 新鮮.
Hospital, i-yoen° 醫院.
Jetty, °mo-deu 碼頭.
Kerosene, °hoo-yeu 火油.
Kettle, (copper) doong-‘oo 銅壺.
Market, °z-mien° 市面.
Marks or signs, kyi°-‘au° 記號.
Mistake, not correct, veh-te° 勿對, or tsho 差.
Relative, (family) tshing-kyoen° 親眷.
Salt, (noun) yien 鹽.
Salt, (adj.) ‘an 鹹.
Soup, thaung 湯.
Trousers, khoo°-°ts 褲子.
Washerman, da° i-zaung-kuh 汏衣裳個, or zing° i-zaung-kuh 淨衣裳個.
Postage stamp, nyung-deu 人頭, or yeu-phiau 郵票.
I supposed, °ngoo dau-nyung-ts 我道認之.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) Di°-kuh z°-iung iau° tsheh foong nyi ’veh iau tsheh-foong.
(2) °Ngoo-kuh ‘ang-°li iau° tsaung la° tsho-ts° laung°.
(3) Di°-kuh san pak kwhe° yang-dien iau° dzung la° nyung-‘aung °li.
(4) Da°-°s-voo° di°-kuh nyoeh °li sau-ts pen° tung° ien me.
(5) Kyung-ya°-deu kuh thaung thuh ‘an, ming-tsau sau faung°-°tien yien.
(6) °Zaung-°he °li-pa°-daung °lau i-yoen° ’veh °sau.
(7) Tsoong°-dien-nyung thiau too-hau° siau-tshe tau° °z-mien laung° chi° ma°-kuh.
(8) Di°-foong sing° iau° nau tau° yeu-tsung°-jok °li, iau° °ma nyung-deu thih la laung°.
(9) Di°-diau khoo°-°ts peh la da°-i-zaung kuh zing°.
(10) Too-hau° nyung tau° °mo-deu laung° soong° bang-°yeu tau° nga°-kok chi°.
(11) Di°-kuh tsang° ’veh-te °tse iau° khe ih tsang° tshing-°saung-°tien kuh.
(12) De-°ts laung° kuh boong-dzung iau° kha theh.
(13) °Hoo-yeu keu° meh? Keu°-tse.
(14) Di°-kuh ien-tshoong ’veh thoong.
(15) °Ngoo hyau-tuh di°-tsak doong-‘oo °z °ngoo-kuh iung-we° °ngoo tsoo° kyi°-au° la° laung°.

(一) 第個字音要出風呢勿要出風?
(二) 我個行李要裝拉車子上.
(三) 第個三百塊洋錢要存拉銀行裏.
(四) 大司務第個月裏燒之半噸烟煤.
(五) 今夜頭個湯忒鹹明朝少放點鹽.
(六) 上海禮拜堂佬醫院勿少.
(七) 種由人挑多化小菜到市面上去賣個.
(八) 第封信要拿到郵政局裏要買人頭貼拉上.
(九) 第條褲子撥拉汰衣裳個淨.
(十) 多化人到碼頭上送朋友到外國去.
(十一) 第個賬勿對再要一張淸爽點個.
(十二) 檯子上塳塵要揩脫.
(十三) 火油彀末? 彀哉.
(十四) 第個烟囱勿通.
(十五) 我曉得第隻銅壺是我個因爲我做記號拉上.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) My relative is sick in the hospital.
(2) Salt is good, but if it has lost its savour, wherewithal shall it be salted?
(3) I told the cook to buy some stamps at the Post Office.
(4) How much money have you in the bank?
(5) When you are going on a journey, you should take your bedding along with you.
(6) To-day is Sunday, and I went to church in the morning.
(7) I told him to buy some charcoal, some hard coal and some soft coal.
(8) There is much dust in the market place.
(9) In the summer time it is important to eat only these things which are fresh.
(10) If there is no oil in the lamp, how can you light it?
(11) Your pronunciation of this word is not correct. It is aspirated.
(12) I met a friend on the jetty, who had just come from America.
(13) Put the kettle on the stove.
(14) The farmers are busy in the spring of the year.
(15) If the wind blows down the chimney, the room will be full of smoke.

(一) 我個親眷生病拉醫院裏.
(二) 鹽是好個失脫之鹽個味道那能鹹呢?
(三) 我對大司務話書信館買點人頭.
(四) 銀行裏有幾化洋錢?
(五) 出門末終要帶鋪蓋.
(六) 今朝是禮拜日早晨已經到禮拜堂去過.
(七) 我對伊話叫伊買白煤烟煤佬炭.
(八) 市面上塳塵多來.
(九) 夏天末必定要吃新鮮個物事.
(十) 燈裏嘸沒油末那能可以點呢.
(十一) 儂個聲音勿對第個字音要出風.
(十二) 我拉碼頭上掽着一個朋友美國纔纔來.
(十三) 銅壺放拉火爐上.
(十四) 種田人春上訂忙.
(十五) 風吹到之烟囱末房間裏禿是烟哉.

Notes.

(1) In the third sentence of the First Exercise the verb dzung (存) means deposit.
(2) In the fourth Sentence of the First Exercise tung° (噸) means ton.
(3) In the tenth sentence of the First Exercise Soong° bung-°yeu (送朋友) means to send on his way, or as we put it “to see off.”

LESSON XXXI
Polite Language

In the Chinese language there are a great many polite phrases used in conversation. The ability to use these is a sign of education. Every student of the language should become acquainted with the most common ones, for he will have occasion to use them constantly. Some of these phrases have been introduced and explained in these lessons already, but here an attempt will be made to gather together all those that would be ordinarily used is conversation.

When you meet any one for the first time, according to Chinese etiquette you are at liberty to ask him what his honorable name may be. The expression for this is Tsung sing° (尊姓), or Kwe°-sing° (貴姓). In answer he will tell you his surname, but in doing so he will refer to it as his humble name. Thus he will say Bi°-sing° Tsang (敝姓張) (if his surname is Tsang).

Next you might proceed to inquire what his other name was, that is, his private name in distinction from his surname. This you would ask by saying °Tshing kyau° da° ‘au° (請叫大號), “Please teach me your great appellation” or The °foo (台甫). In answer he might say °Tshau-z° Kya-foo (草字嘉甫), meaning “the grass characters are Kya-foo,” or he might say °Siau-ming (小名). (Kya-foo is taken as an example of a name).

Then you might proceed to ask his age. This you would do by saying Too-sau kwe°-kang (多少貴庚). The answer would be °Ngoo hyui doo° san seh soe° (我虛度三十歲). Lit. “I have vainly passed thirty years.” If you ask an old gentleman his age, you would say °Kyi-hau° kau-zeu° (幾化高壽). Lit. “What is your high longevity?”

If you ask a person how he is, as has been already intimated, you would say °Hau-la°-va° (好拉否). The answer might be Khau° fok (靠福), meaning “I depend upon you for my happiness.”

If a person asked you how many years you had been in China, he would say Tau°-ts bi°-kok °kyi z-tse (到之敝國幾時哉). You would answer °Ngoo tau°-ts kwe°-kok nyan nyien (我到之貴國念年). “I arrived in your honorable country twenty years ago” (or any length of time you had been in the country).

When you are asking a guest to take a seat, if he is at all an honorable guest, you must request him to take an honorable seat. This you do by saying °Tshing °zaung-deu °zoo (請上頭坐), meaning “Please sit up higher.”

In asking how many children you have your guest would say °Kyi-we °sau-kyuin (幾位少君), “How many little princes have you.” Your answer is San kuh °siau-koen (三個小干), or °san kuh °siau-noen (三個小囝), or san kuh °siau-°choen (三個小犬).

At table, if you finish before others, you raise your chop-sticks and say to the others Man°-yoong° (慢用), “use slowly.” Then place the chop-sticks on top of the bowl. Your host could answer Yoong°-°pau (用飽), meaning, “Take plenty.”

When a guest is leaving, in addition to saying Chi°-tse, he may say Kyung-tshau 驚吵), meaning, “I have troubled you.” Your answer may be De-man de-man (待慢), meaning, “I have treated you without proper respect.” Or he may say, as he is walking away °Tshing lieu kyung-boo° (請留經步), meaning, “Please restrain your orderly footsteps”; or simply Lieu-boo°, meaning “Don’t trouble to come out.” If you have to excuse yourself after a short stay, you should say Sau-be (少陪).

VOCABULARY

England, Iung-kok 英國.
America, °Me-kok 美國, or Hwo-ji-kok 花旗國. Lit., Kingdom of the Flowery Flag.
France, Fah-kok 法國.
Germany, Tuh-kok 德國.
Russia, Ngoo-kok 俄國.
Antiquity, anciently, °koo-z-kan 古時間.
Neighbor, ling-°so 鄰舍.
A godown, °dzan-vaung 棧房.
Inconceivable, °siang-’veh-tau 想勿到.
Lazy, °lan-phok 懶朴, or °lan-doo° 懶惰.
Tricky, diau°-bi 掉皮.
Communication, intercourse, le-°waung 來往.
Matches, z°-le-°hoo 自來火.
Next (juxtaposition), kah-pih 隔壁.
Promise, iung°-°hyui 應許.
Recently, °jung-le 近來.
To meet with misfortune, chuh °khoo 吃苦. Literally, “Eat bitterness.”
Comfortable, suh-i° 適意.
The earlier the better, yoeh-°tsau yoeh-°hau 越早越好.
To relax the mind, san° sing 散心.
Soap, bi-zau° 肥皂.
To strike a match, wak 劃.

EXERCISES

(Translate into English)

(1) Di°-foong sing° iau° noong° tan tau° yeu-tsung°-jok °li chi°.
(2) °Koo-z-kan Tsoong-kok tah-ts bih-kuh kok-doo° ih ngan ’veh le-°waung.
(3) °Jung-le Ngoo-kok tah-ts Toong-yang da°-ka °tang-tsang°.
(4) Dzu° la kah-pih kuh nyung °z kyau° ling-°so.
(5) Di°-kuh nyung ’veh ba° °z °lan-phok, ‘a-z diau°-bi.
(6) Sang-i°-nyung la° °dzan-vaung °li tsaung-ts too-hau° hoo°-suh.
(7) °Tshing °zoo la° bih-kuh iui°-°ts laung°, °i-tsak ’veh da° suh-i°.
(8) °Ngoo iung°-°hyui °ngoo kuh si-tse, zak-zen tsoo° le °hau meh iau° ka yi-kuh koong-dien.
(9) I-kuh nyung we°-ts chuh °tsieu, °too doong-dien, °lau ’veh °lau-zeh °i-kyung chuh-ts too-hau° khoo.
(10) Tsoong-kok tah °Me-kok tsho-’veh-too ih yang° doo°-°siau.
(11) °Pung-le °Me-kok nyung °z dzoong Iung-kok le kuh.
(12) Di°-foong sing° °kyi-z iau° °ngoo °sia kuh? Yoeh-°tsau yoeh-°hau.
(13) I-kuh nyung zeh-ke° diau°-bi zeh-°dze °siang-’veh-tau°-kuh.
(14) °Seu °lau mien°-khoong iau° kha le koen-zing meh °tsoong iau° yoong° bi-zau°.
(15) Iau° wak z°-le-°hoo tsoong iau° wak la° ‘ah-°ts laung°, ’veh zen meh ’veh we° yaung.

(一) 第封信要儂担到郵政局裏去.
(二) 古時間中國搭之別個國度一顔勿來往.
(三) 近來俄國搭之東洋大家打仗.
(四) 住拉隔壁個人是叫鄰舍.
(五) 第個人勿罷是懶朴也是掉皮.
(六) 生意人拉棧房裏裝之多化貨色.
(七) 請坐拉別個椅子上伊隻勿大適意.
(八) 我應許我個西崽若然做來好末要加伊個工錢.
(九) 伊個人爲之吃酒賭銅錢佬勿老實已經吃之多化苦.
(十) 中國搭美國差勿多一樣大小.
(十一) 本來美國人是從英國來個.
(十二) 第封信幾時要我寫個? 越早越好.
(十三) 伊個人實蓋掉皮實在想勿到個.
(十四) 手佬面孔要揩來乾淨末終要用肥皂.
(十五) 要劃自來火終要劃拉匣子上勿然末勿會旺.

(Translate into Chinese)

(1) You should love your neighbor as yourself.
(2) All over China now there are post offices, and you can send a letter to any part of China for three cents.
(3) America is called the Kingdom of the Flowery Flag, because its flag is very beautiful.
(4) A lazy man likes to get up late in the day, and during the day he likes to go to sleep.
(5) Germany and France are next to one another on the map.
(6) The fox is one of the most tricky of all the animals.
(7) How long have you been in my humble country? I arrived in your honorable country only about one year ago.
(8) Since I have promised it, I will certainly do as I said.
(9) In ancient times most men were unable to read and write; now a large portion of the people can do so.
(10) Children should not play with matches because they might set the house on fire.
(11) Men can not always be using their minds; they must at times relax their minds.
(12) Yesterday I felt very wretched, and was in bed all day; to-day I am more comfortable.

(一) 儂應該愛鄰舍像愛自家.
(二) 垃拉中國各處地方有郵政局三分洋錢可以送一封信到隨便那裏頭.
(三) 美國是叫花旗國因爲伊個旗是蠻好看.
(四) 懶朴個人是歡喜晚碌起來日裏也要睏.
(五) 德國搭之法國垃拉地理圖上是隔壁.
(六) 拉中牲當中狐狸蠻掉皮個.
(七) 到之敝國幾時哉? 到之貴國不過年把.
(八) 我旣然應許個一定要照我話個佬做.
(九) 拉古時間攏總人勿會讀書佬寫字現在大一半人可以個.
(十) 小囝勿應該拿自來火來弄勃相恐怕要弄開火來.
(十一) 人勿可以常莊用心有常時末終要散心.
(十二) 昨日我一顔勿好一日睏拉床上今朝稍爲適意點.

Notes.

(1) In the third sentence of the First Exercise da-ka (大家) means “together.”
(2) In the fifteenth sentence notice the ’Veh zen meh (勿然末), meaning, “If not so.”
(3) In the tenth sentence of the Second Exercise “to set the house on fire,” may be translated Loong khe °hoo le 弄開火來.
(4) In the eleventh sentence of the Second Exercise Yoong°-sing (用心) and San°-sing (散心) are just the opposite of one another.

LESSON XXXII
Proverbs

As is well known, the Chinese are very fond of proverbs. Their language is exceedingly rich with sententious sayings. They also make use of many felicitous expressions on New Year’s Day, at marriages, etc. Here is a short list of those in common use. Most of them are in literary style, but are used in ordinary speech.

一念之差終身之悔.
ih nyan° ts tsho tsoong sung ts hwe°.
The evil done in a moment’s thought may entail the repentance of a life time.

一言已出駟馬難追.
Ih yien i tsheh, s° °mo nan tsoe.
When a word has gone forth, four horses cannot overtake it.

一心舉念.
Ih sing °kyui nyan°.
A heart holding one thought; a mind set on one purpose.

一榻糊塗.
Ih thah oo-doo.
Everything in confusion.

吃人碗半, 由人使換喚.
Chuh zung °wen pen°, yeu *zung s° hwen°.
If you eat half a bowl of rice of another man, you thereby are placed under obligations.

*Note that the character for man is pronounced Nyung in the vernacular and Zung in the literary language.

皇天不負苦人心.
Waung Thien peh veu° °khoo zung sing.
Great Heaven never forgets the desire of a person in misery.

敗子回頭金不換.
Ba°-°ts we deu kyung peh wen°.
The repentance of a prodigal is more precious than gold.

推車撞之壁.
The tsho dzaung ts pih.
To wheel the cart against the wall,—equivalent to knock your head against a stone wall.

捨近而求遠.
So° °jung r jeu °yoen.
To forfeit what is near and seek what is far. It implies the folly of giving up the bird in the hand for the bird in the bush.

忘恩負義.
Vaung° ung veu° nyi°.
To forget benefits received.

順風扯旗.
Zung° foong °tsha ji.
To float the flag in the wind. This implies “to follow the crowd,” and applies to a person of weak character.

人心皆同.
Zung sing kya doong.
Human nature is one.

惡有惡報, 善有善報, 若使勿報, 時刻未到.
Auh °yeu auh pau°, °zen yeu °zen pau°, zak-s ’veh pau°, z khuk vi tau°.
Evil has an evil recompense—virtue has a good recompense. If the recompense does not appear, it is because the time has not yet arrived.

冤有頭, 債有生.
Ioen °yeu deu, tsa° °yeu tsu.
Enmity has a source, just as debt has a creditor.

欺人自欺自.
Chi zung z° chi z°.
To cheat others is to cheat oneself.

樹高千丈, 葉落歸根.
Zu° kau tshien °dzang, yih lauh kwe kung.
*Although the tree may be ten thousand feet high, its leaves fall down to the roots.

*This means that all, sooner or later, return to their original homes.

人面獸心.
Zung mien° sen° sing.
He has the face of a man and the heart of an animal.

看死捻鼻頭.
Khoen° °si nyah pih-deu.
To catch hold of the note of a man who is dying. Equivalent to the expression “To hit a man when he is down.”

落水搇.
Lauh °s chung.
To press a drowning man down in the water. This has much the same meaning as the preceding.

近朱者赤, 近墨者黑.
°Jung tsu tse tshuh, °jung muh tse huh.
Contact with red ink makes you red. Contact with black ink makes you black.

損人利己眞小人.
Sung zung li° kyi tsung °siau zung.
To injure another to benefit yourself, is the part of a mean fellow.

欺衆不欺一.
Chi °tsoong peh chi ih.
In dealing harshly with all, you do not deal harshly with any one in particular.

狗看滿天星.
°Keu khoen° °men thien sing.
The dog looks at the sky full of stars. This describes a stupid person who does not understand what he sees.

始終如一.
°S tsoong xu ih.
To continue the same from the beginning to the end.

半途而廢.
Pen° doo r fi.
To give up half-way.

謀事在人, 成事在天.
Meu z° dze zung, dzung z° dze thien.
Man contrives, God accomplishes. Equivalent to “Man proposeth, God disposeth.”

步步升高.
Boo°-boo° sang kau.
May you rise step by step.

壽比南山, 福如東海.
Zeu° °pi nen san, fok zu toong °he.
May your longevity be like the Southern Mountain, and your happiness like the Eastern Sea.

琴瑟調和.
Jung seh diau ‘oo.
May the harp and guitar harmonize. Note. This is a wedding wish, the harp and guitar signifying the bride and groom.

百年偕老.
Pak nyien kya °lau.
May you have happiness for a hundred year. A wedding wish.

成雙到老.
Dzung saung tau° °lau.
May the couple remain united until old age. A wedding wish.

稱心如意.
Tshung sing zu-i°.
May everything be according to your own wishes.

壽年千歲.
Zeu° nyien tshien soe°.
May you have a long life of a thousand years.

一路順風.
Ih loo° zung° foong.
May you have favorable winds journey.

恭喜發財.
Koong-°hyi fah ze.
*May wealth and happiness both be yours.

*This wish is often used at New Year’s time.

四季平安.
S° kyi° bing-oen.
May you have peace through the four seasons.

CHINESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY

A
Ah, 押, to mortgage.
Ah, 鴨, a duck.
Ah-koo, 阿哥, an older brother.
Ah-theh, 押脫, to mortgage.
Ah-°tsi, 阿姐, an older sister.
An°, 晏, late.
‘Ang-°li, 行李, baggage.
An°-hyih-we°, 晏歇會, good-by.
Au°-°lau, 懊佬, to regret.
Auh, 惡, wicked.
Auh-tshauh, 齷齪, dirty.
‘A-°ts, 鞋子, shoes.
°‘A, 亦 or 也, also.
°‘A-°li, 那裏, which.
°‘A-°z, 亦是, also.
‘Ah, 狹, narrow.
‘Ah-°ts, 盒子, a small box.
‘An, 鹹, salt (adj.).
‘Au, 毫, 1⁄10 of a li (in currency).
‘Au-sau°, 豪燥, quickly.
°‘Au, 下, down.
°‘Au-deu, 下頭, below.
°‘Au-kuh-nyoeh, 下個月, next month.
°‘Au-le, 下來, to come down.
°‘Au-nyoeh, 下月, next month.
°‘Au-pen°-nyien, 下半年, last half of year.
°‘Au-pen°-nyih, 下半日, afternoon.
°‘Au-pen°-nyoeh, 下半月, last half month.
°‘An-pen°-ya°, 下半夜, last half night.
°Au-°ti, 下底, below.
°Au-°ti-deu, 下底頭, below.
°‘Au-zen, 下船, to go on board a ship.
‘Au°, 夏, summer.
‘Auh, 學, to learn.
‘Auh-daung, 下堂, school.
‘Auh-sang-°ts, 學生子, a scholar, a pupil.
‘Aung-dzing, 行情, price.
B
Ba, 排, to arrange in order.
°Ba-tse, 罷哉, (after verb), gives force of completed action.
°Ba-’veh-tuh, 罷弗得, indispensable.
Bak, 白, white.
Bak-bak-°li, 白白裏, useless, in vain.
Bak-me, 白煤, hard coal.
Bak-wo°, 白話, to converse.
Ban, 爿, a classifier for shops.
Ban°, 𨂝, to crawl.
Ban°, 辦, to direct, to attend to a matter.
Bang-°yeu, 朋友, a friend.
Bang°, 碰, to strike against.
Bang°-dzak, 捧着, to meet.
Bau, 跑, to run.
Bau-le-bau-chi°, 跑來跑去, to run about.
°Bau, 抱, to carry in the arms.
Bau°, 刨, a plane.
Baung-pien, 旁邊, by the side of.
°Baung, 棒, a cane, a stick.
Be, 陪, to accompany, to stay with a person.
Beh-siang°, 孛相, to play, to take recreation.
Ben°, 伴, to hide.
Ben°-°loong, 伴攏, to hide oneself.
Bi-zau°, 皮皂, soap.
°Bi-deu, 被頭, a quilt, a blanket.
°Bien-°ts, 辮子, a queue.
Bien°-taung°, 便當, convenient.
Bih, 別, other.
Bih-deu, 鼻頭, the nose.
Bing, 瓶, a bottle.
Bing, 平, level.
Bing-foong, 屏風, a screen.
Bing-°koo, 蘋果, an apple.
Bo, 爬, climb.
Bok, 薄, thin.
Boo°, 步, classifier of carriages.
Boo°, 部, classifier for sets of books.
Boo-sah, 菩薩, a Buddhist idol.
°Boo-°ts, 簿子, a small blank book.
Boong, 篷, a sail.
Boong-dzung, 塳塵, dust.
Bung-°ts, 盆子, a plate.
C
Cheu, 恘, bad.
°Chi, 起, to begin.
°Chi, 豈, an interrogative particle.
°Chi-deu, 起頭, the beginning.
°Chi-le, 起來, to arise; expresses action going on.
°Chi-lih, 起立, to stand up, standing.
Chi°, 去, to go.
Chi°-lih, 氣力, strength.
Chi°-tse, 去哉, good-by, gone.
Choen°, 勸, to exhort.
Choen°-°mien, 勸勉, to exhort.
Choen°-‘oo, 勸和, to exhort.
Chung, 輕, light (in weight).
Chung-chung-nung, 輕輕能, gently.
Chung-°dzoong, 輕重, weight.
Chuh, 吃, to eat.
Chuh-°khoo, 吃苦, to meet with misfortune.
Chuh-van°, 吃飯, eat a meal.
Chuh-van°-de-°ts, 吃飯檯子, a dining table.
Chuh-van°-kan, 吃飯間, a dining room.
D
Da°, 埭, classifier of rows of things.
Da°-i-zaung-kuh, 汏衣裳個, a washerman.
Da°-ka, 大家, together.
Da°-ke°, 大概, all in general, most.
Da°-liak, 大略, for the most part, generally.
Da°-°s-voo°, 大司務, the chief cook.
Da°-tshing-kok, 大清國, (Former name of) China.
Dan°, 蛋, an egg.
Dan°-°z, 但是, but.
Dau-nyung-ts, 道認之, to suppose; to think.
Dau-°ts, 桃子, a peach.
°Dau-za, 稻柴, a bundle of fuel.
°Dau, 稻, a plant of rice.
Dau°-°z, 道士, Taoist priest.
Daung, 糖, sugar.
De-°ts, 檯子, a table.
De°, 兌, to exchange a dollar into cash.
°De, 待, to deport oneself, to treat others.
°De-man°, 待慢, to treat rudely.
De°-thi°, 代替, instead of.
Deu, 頭, head, the chief, the first.
Deu-fah, 頭髮, hair on the head.
Deu-°ts, 骰子, dice.
Di, 啼, to crow.
°Di, 第, this, the, a series.
°Di-deu, 第頭, here.
°Di-°di, 弟弟, young brethern.
°Di-hyoong, 弟兄, brothers.
°Di-ih, 第一, the first.
°Di-kuh, 第個, this, these.
°Di-mien, 第面, the side, here.
°Di-yang, 第樣, this sort.
Di°, 地, the earth.
Di°-faung, 地方, place.
Di°-jeu, 地球, the earth.
Di°-°li-doo, 地理圖, a map, a chart.
Diau, 條, classifier for long, winding, or limber objects.
Diau°, 調, to exchange, to barter.
Diau°-bi, 調皮, tricky.
Dien, 甜, sweet.
Dih, 笛, a flute.
Dih-’veh-dzu°, 敵勿住, to unable to oppose.
Ding, 停, to stop.
Ding-ih-ding, 停一停, stop a minute.
Doen°-°ts, 緞子, a piece of satin.
Dok, 讀, to read.
Dok-su, 讀書, to study.
Dok-su-nyung, 讀書人, a scholar.
Dok-°z, 獨是, but, only.
Doo, 圖, a map, a chart.
Doo°, 大, large.
Doo°-°siau, 大小, size.
°Doong, 桶, classifier for tubes and buckets, a bucket.
Doong-‘oo, 銅壺, a copper kettle.
Doong, 銅, brass.
Doong, 同, with.
Doong-dien, 銅錢, a cash.
°Doong, 動, lift, to move, to excite.
°Doong, 動, to move a thing.
°Doong-°‘a-’veh-°doong, 動也勿動, immovable.
°Doong-°lau-°doong, 動佬動, loose, unstable.
°Doong-°seu, 動手, to commence work.
°Doong-sung, 動身, to start (on a journey).
Dung°, 鈍, dull.
Dzan-vaung, 棧房, a godown.
Dzan°, 賺, to gain or make a profit.
Dzan°-deu, 賺頭, profit in business.
Dzang, 長, long.
Dzang-bung-°ts, 長盆子, a dish.
Dzang-dzang, 常常, always.
Dzang-°toen, 長短, length.
Dzang-tsaung, 常莊, always.
Dzang-°yoen, 長遠, a long time.
Dzang-°yoen-tse, 長遠哉, a long time.
Dzang-°z, 常是, sometimes.
°Dzang, 丈, ten feet.
Dzau, 潮, tide.
Dzau-°s, 潮水, tide.
Dzaung°, 幢, classifier denoting things piled one on top of the other.
Dze-nga°, 在外, besides, in addition.
Dzeu, 綢, silk.
Dzeu°, 授, to hand, to deliver in person.
Dzien, 錢, 1⁄10 Of an ounce of silver.
Dzo, 茶, tea.
Dzo, 查, examine carefully.
Dzo-bung-°ts, 茶盆子, saucer.
Dzo-°khau, 查考, to examine carefully.
Dzo-kwen°, 茶館, a tea shop.
Dzo-‘oo, 茶壺, a teapot.
Dzo-yih, 茶葉, tea leaves.
Dzoe-bien°, 隨便, whichever.
Dzoe-bien°-°kyi-z, 隨便幾時, whatever time you please.
Dzoe-bien°-sa°, 隨便啥, whatever, no matter what.
Dzoong, 從, from.
°Dzoong, 重, heavy.
Dzu, 除, to take off (a hat).
Dzu-vaung, 厨房, a kitchen.
Dzu°, 住, to live.
Dzu°-la°, 住拉, to live.
Dzuh-tau°, 直到, until.
Dzung, 層, classifier for stories of a house or ladder.
Dzung, 城, a city.
Dzung-jeu°, 仍舊, still, yet.
Dzung-koong, 成功, to complete.
E
E°, 愛, to love.
En°, 暗, dark.
En°-en°-°li, 暗暗裏, secretly.
‘E°, 害, to injure.
‘Eh-thien-‘au°, 合天下, universal.
‘Eu-°ts, 兒子, a son.
‘Eu°, 候, after.
°‘Eu, 厚, thick.
°‘Eu-bok, 厚薄, thickness.
°‘Eu-deu, 後頭, behind.
°‘Eu-le, 後來, afterwards.
°‘Eu-nyih, 後日, day after to-morrow.
°‘Eu-°seu, 後首, afterwards.
°‘En-°ti, 後底, behind.
°‘Eu-°ti-deu, 後底頭, behind.
F
Fah-dze, 發財, to become rich.
Fah-kok, 法國, France.
Fan, 翻, to turn over.
Fan-°tsen-le, 翻轉來, to turn over.
Faung, 方, square.
Faung, 方, one hundred square feet.
Faung-tshak, 方尺, a square foot.
Faung°, 放, to place, let go.
Faung°-‘auh, 放學, to dismiss school.
Fi, 飛, to fly.
Fi-theh, 廢脫, to waste.
Fok, 幅, classifier for paintings or engravings.
Fok-chi°, 福氣, happiness.
Foo-tshi, 夫妻, husband and wife.
°Foo-deu, 斧頭, an ax.
Foo°, 付, to pay.
Foong, 封, classifier of letters and sealed parcels.
Foong, 風, wind.
Foong, 封, to seal officially, to seal, to exalt to a high position.
Fung, 分, a cent.
Fung, 分, to separate.
Fung, 分, 1⁄10 of an inch, 1⁄10 of a dzien.
Fung-khe, 分開, to separate.
Fung-bih, 分別, a difference; to distinguish.
°Fung, 粉, to plaster.
°Fung-pih, 粉壁, to plaster a wall.
H
Han-deu, 壗頭, place.
Han°, 喊, to call.
°Hau, 好, good, very, superlative.
°Hau-siau°, 好笑, laughable.
°Hau-tse, 好哉, completed action.
°Hau-tshu°, 好處, advantage, profit.
°Hau-°ziang, 好像, as if, like.
°Hoo, 火, fire.
°Hoo-dzak-tse, 火着哉, on fire.
°Hoo-khaung°, 火炕, a grate.
°Hoo-loo, 火爐, a stove.
°Hoo-lung-tsho, 火輪車, a railway engine.
°Hoo-lung-zen, 火輪船, a steam boat.
°Hoo-yak, 火藥, gunpowder.
Hoo°-suh, 貨色, merchandize.
°Hoo-yeu, 火油, kerosene.
Hoong, 烘, to bake.
Huh, 黑, black.
°Hwaung-°tshia, 况且, moreover.
Hwe°-ke, 悔改, to repent.
°Hwe-paung°, 毀謗, to slander.
Hweh-zen, 忽然, suddenly.
Hwen-°hyi, 歡喜, to like, to enjoy.
Hwo, 花, a flowering plant.
Hwo, 花, cotton, flower.
Hwo-ji, 花萁, cotton stalks.
Hwo-ji-kok, 花旗國, America.
Hwo-‘oong, 花紅, a crab apple.
Hwo-°ts, 花子, cotton seed.
Hwo-°tshau-zu°-mok, 花草樹木, vegetation in general.
Hwo-yoen, 花園, a garden.
°Hyau-tuh, 曉得, to know.
Hyi-ji, 希奇, to wonder, to be surprised.
Hyi°-siau°, 戲笑, to ridicule.
Hyih, 歇, to rest.
Hyih-ih-hyih, 歇一歇, to wait a little.
Hyih-khe-le, 揭開來, to open a box.
Hyoong, 凶, fierce.
Hyoong-°di, 兄弟, a young brother, brothers.
°Hyui, 許, to permit.
Hyuin, 燻, to roast (meat).
I
I-deu, 伊頭, there.
I-°hau, 醫好, to heal.
I-kuh, 伊個, that, those.
I-khwe°, 伊塊, there.
°I-kyung, 已經, already.
I-nyih-°ts, 伊日子, at that time.
I°-s°, 意思, thought, meaning.
I-sung, 醫生, a doctor.
°I-°‘eu, 以後, afterwards, hereafter.
°I-ts°, 以致, so that.
°I-tuh-koo°, 以得過, permissible and proper, leading to no embarrassment.
I°-’veh-koo°, 意勿過, unpermission, because very embarrassing.
I-yoen, 醫院, hospital.
I-zaung, 衣裳, a garment.
Iak-kwe, 約親, about.
Iak-tsak, 約着, about.
Iau°, 要, to want, to wish, will.
Iau°-°kyung-kuh, 要緊個, it is important.
Ien, 烟, tobacco.
Ien-me, 烟煤, soft coal.
Ien-tshoong, 烟囱, a chimney.
°Ien-seu, 演手, to make motions.
Ien°-°ts, 燕子, a swallow.
Ih, 一, a, one.
Ih-dau, 一淘, together, with.
Ih-ding°-iau°, 一定要, must.
Ih-fung, 一分, one cent.
Ih-kauh, 一角, ten cents.
Ih-ngan-’veh, 一顏勿, not at all.
Ih-pak, 一百, one hundred.
Ih-sang-ih-s°, 一生一世, all one’s life.
Ih-thaung, 一 [C3], one time.
Ih-we, 一回, one time.
Iuh-tshu°, 益處, advantage, profit.
Iui°-°ts, 椅子, a chair.
Iung, 鷹, a hawk.
Iung-°hyui, 應許, a promise.
Iung-ke, 應該, ought.
Inng-kok, 英國, England.
Iung-we°, 因爲, because.
J
Jang, 強, cheap.
Jang-dau°, 強盜, a robber.
Jau, 橋, a bridge.
Jau°-foo, 轎夫, a sedan chair coolie.
Jau°-don, 轎班, a sedan chair coolie.
Jau°-°ts, 轎子, a sedan chair.
Jeu, 求, to pray.
Jeu°, 舊, old.
Jeu°-nyien, 舊年, the last year.
Ji, 旗, a flag.
Jien, 掮, carry on the shoulder.
Jien°, 件, classifier of garments, baggage and affairs, an affair.
Juh, 極, forms superlative degree.
°Jui, 跽, to kneel.
°Jung, 近, near.
°Jung, 近, recently.
°Jung-z°-°ngan, 近視眼, near-sighted.
K
Ka, 街, a street.
Ka, 加, to add.
Ka-°hoo, 傢伙, furniture.
Ka-sang, 傢生, tools, implements.
Ka-°thien, 加添, to add.
°Ka, 假, false.
°Ka-seh, 解說, to explain.
Ka°, 鋸, to saw.
Ka°-dien, 價錢, price.
Kah-pih, 隔壁, next (juxtaposition).
Kan, 間, a room.
Kan-nyih-we°, 間日會, will see you in a day or two.
Kau, 高, high.
Kau-°ti, 高底, height.
Kau°, 教, to teach.
Kau°-hwo-°ts, 教花子, a beggar.
Kau°-soo°, 告訴, to tell, to narrate.
Kau°-z°, 告示, a proclamation.
Kauh, 角, a ten cent piece.
Kauh, 各, every.
Kauh-tau°-lauh-°tshu, 各到落處, everywhere.
Kauh-°tshu, 各處, everywhere.
Kaung, 扛, to carry (two men with bamboo pole).
°Kaung, 講, to expound, to explain.
°Kaung-ding°, 講定, to settle the price.
°Kaung-su, 講書, to preach.
Ke°-ts, 鋸子, a saw.
Keh-°lau, 蓋老, therefore.
Keh-ts, 鴿子, a pigeon.
°Keu, 狗, a dog.
Keu°-°z, 彀是, sufficient, enough.
Keu-°z-tse, 彀是哉, sufficient.
Kha, 揩, to wipe.
Kha-mien°-de-°ts, 揩面檯子, a washstand.
°Kha-weh, 快活, happy.
Kha-chi°, 客氣, politeness.
Khak-daung-kan, 客堂間, a guest room.
Khak-nyung, 客人, a guest, a visitor.
Khan, 鉛, lead.
Khan khan, 纔纔, just now, a little while ago.
Khan-pih, 鉛筆, a lead pencil.
Khau, 敲, to knock, strike.
°Khau-°i, 可以, can, may.
°Khau-su, 考書, to examine a class.
Khau°, 靠, to rely upon, to trust.
Khau°-thauh, 靠託, to rely upon, to trust.
Khaung°, 囥, to hide a thing.
Khaung°-°loong, 囥攏, to hide a thing.
Khe, 開, to open, open, opens.
Khe-‘auh, 開學, to open school.
Khe-dzang, 開塲, a beginning.
Khe-koong, 開工, to commence work.
Khe-le, 開來, to open wide.
Khe nyien, 開年, next year.
Khe-°s, 開水, boiling water.
Kheh-deu, 磕頭, to kowtow.
°Kheu, 口, classifier of furniture.
°Kheu, 口, a mouth.
Khoen°, 看, to see.
Khoen°-°hau, 看好, to heal.
Khoen°-kyien°, 看見, seen.
Khok, 哭, to cry.
Khoo, 棵, classifier of plants, trees, and flowers.
°Khoo, 苦, bitter.
°Khoo-°nau, 苦腦, misery.
Khoo°-°ts, 褲子, trousers.
Khoong-pho°, 恐怕, perhaps.
°Khung, 肯, to be willing.
Koeh, 割, to cut (with a sharp knife).
Koeh-°doen, 割斷, to cut in two.
Koen, 乾, dry.
Koen-mien°, 乾麵, flour.
Koen-po-nyung, 干巴人, a man or two.
Koen-zing°, 乾淨, clean.
°Koen, 趕, to drive away.
°Koen-theh, 趕脫, to drive away.
Koo, 鼓, a drum.
°Koo-z-kan, 古時間, antiquity, anciently.
Koo°, 過, to pass over.
Koo°-i, 故意, purposely.
Koo°-nyien, 過年, to pass from the old to the new year.
Koo°-nyih-°ts, 過日子, some past time.
Koo°-s°, 過世, to die.
Koo°-tse, 過哉, forms past tense.
Koong-dien, 工錢, wages.
Koong-foo, 功夫, time, work.
Koong-°hyi, 恭喜, to congratulate.
Koong-laung, 公郎, a son.
Koong-°tang, 攻打, to attack an enemy.
Koong-°tsoong, 共總, all.
Kuh, 个, or 個, of; sign of the genitive; a general classifier; a final particle.
Kung, 跟, to follow.
Kung, 根, a classifier denoting objects long and generally stiff.
Kung°-ka, 更加, still more.
Kwan, 關, to shut, shut.
Kwaung, 光, smooth, bright.
Kwe-°kyui, 規矩, custom, propriety.
°Kwen, 管, a classifier of tubular things.
Kwen, 官, a mandarin, a magistrate.
Kwen-°foo, 官府, a mandarin, a magistrate.
Kwen-wo°, 官話, mandarin dialect.
Kwen-ze, 棺材, a coffin.
Khwa°, 快, fast, sharp.
Khwa°-khwa°, 快快, quickly.
Khwa°-tse, 快哉, about to do a thing.
Khwan, 筷, chop-sticks.
Khwe°, 塊, a piece, a slice.
Khweh, 闊, broad.
Khweh-‘ah, 闊狹, breadth.
Khwen-°‘eu, 寬厚, to forgive.
Khwen-yoong, 寬容, to forgive.
°Khwung, 梱, a classifier denoting bundles of things.
Khwung°, 睏, to sleep.
°Kwung, 滾, to boil.
°Kwung, 滾, to roll.
°Kwung-‘au°-chi°, 滾下去, to roll.
Kya-dz, 家慈, a mother.
Kya-°moo, 家母, mother.
Kya-nyien, 家嚴, father.
Kya-°voo, 家父, father.
Kyak, 脚, a foot.
Kyak-tsih-deu, 脚指頭, a toe.
Kyau-kwan, 交關, a great many.
Kyau°, 叫, to call.
°Kyeu, 九, nine.
°Kyeu-seh, 九十, ninety.
Kyeu°, 救, to save.
Kyi, 鷄, a fowl.
Kyi-dan°-kau, 鷄蛋糕, a sponge cake.
°Kyi, 幾, how many?
°Kyi-hau°, 幾化, how many
°Kyi -‘oo, 幾乎, on the point of.
°Kyi-z, 幾時, when?
Kyi°, 記, remember.
Kyi°, 寄, to send a letter.
Kyi°, 季, season.
Kyi°-‘au°, 記號, signs or marks.
Kyi°-tuh, 記得, to remember.
Kyi°-zen-zeh-ke, 既然實該, if that be so.
Kyoeh-°ts, 橘子an orange.
Kyui°, 貴, dear (in price).
Kyui° seh-wo°, 句說話, a sentence.
Kyung, 斤, a catty.
Kyung-loo, 金鑼, a gong.
Kyung-nyien, 今年, this year.
Kyung-°seu, 經手, to manage.
Kyung-°ts, 金子, gold.
Kyung-tsau, 今朝, to-day.
Kyung°-°ts, 鏡子, a mirror.
L
La°, 拉, at, in, on, to, sign of past tense.
Lah-tsok, 蠟燭, a candle.
Lan, 籃, a basket.
Lan, 藍, blue.
°Lan-°doo, 懶惰, a lazy.
°Lan-phok, 懶怕, lazy.
°Lang, 冷, cold.
°Lang-nyih, 冷熱, temperature.
°Lang-siau°, 冷笑, to ridicule.
Lau, 牢, firm.
°Lau-zeh, 老實, honest.
°Lau, 佬, and.
°Lau, 老, old, venerable.
°Lau-au, 老鴉, a crow.
°Lau-dzoong, 老蟲, a rat.
°Lau-°hoo, 老虎, a tiger.
°Lau-iung, 老鷹, a hawk.
°Lau-nyung-ka, 老人家, a father.
°Lau-°ts, 老鼠, a rat.
Lauh, 落, to fall.
Lauh-°s, 落水, tide going out.
Lauh-°yui, 落雨, to rain.
Laung-deu, 榔頭, a hammer.
Laung-tsoong, 郞中, doctor.
Laung°, 上, above, upon (used after a noun).
Le, 來, to come.
Le-chi°, 來去, going back and forth.
Le-nyien, 來年, next year.
Le-°si, 來死, used in forming the superlative.
Le-tuh-ji°, 來得及, there is time.
Le-’veh-ji°, 來勿及, there is not time.
Le-°’waung, 來往, intercourse.
Leh-la°, 垃拉, there, in, on, sign of past tense.
Leh-°li, 垃裏, here, sign of present tense.
Leu, 樓, a two-storied house.
Leu-vaung, 樓房, a two-storied house.
Leu, 漏, to leak.
Li, 釐, a li (in currency).
Li-khe, 離開, to forsake, desert, depart from.
°Li, 里, a Chinese mile.
°Li, 裏, in (used after noun).
°Li-hyang°, 裏向, in (used after noun).
°Li-loo°, 里路, a Chinese mile.
°Li-pa°, 禮拜, a week.
°Li-pa°-daung, 禮拜堂, a church.
°Li-pa°-ih, 禮拜一, Monday.
°Li-pa°-lok, 禮拜六, Saturday.
°Li-pa°-°ng, 禮拜五, Friday.
°Li-pa°-nyi°, 禮拜二, Tuesday.
°Li-pa°-nyih, 禮拜日, Sunday.
°Li-pa°-s°, 禮拜四, Thursday.
°Li-pa°-san, 禮拜三, Wednesday.
Liang, 量, to measure.
°Liang, 兩, two.
°Liang, 兩, an ounce.
°Liang-kauh, 兩角, twenty cents.
°Liang-thaung, 兩 [C3], two times, twice.
°Liang-we, 兩回, two times, twice.
Liang°, 亮, light (opposite of dark).
lih, 立, to stand up.
Lih-ding°, 立定, to stand still.
Lih-ding°-°tsu-i°, 立定主意, to decide.
Lih-khuh, 立刻, instantaneous.
Ling, 拎, to carry a load in one hand.
Ling, 紉, to sew, to stitch.
Ling-ih-tsung, 紉一針, to take a stitch.
Ling-sak, 淋濕, to get wet.
Ling-°so, 鄰舍, a neighbor.
°Ling, 領, to lead.
Ling°-daung, 令堂, a mother.
Ling°-e°, 令嬡, a daughter.
Ling°-laung, 令郞, a son.
Ling-nga°, 另外, besides, in addition.
Ling°-tsung, 令尊, a father.
Lok, 六, six.
Lok, 䟿, to get up.
Lok, 綠, green.
Lok, 鹿, a deer.
Lok-seh, 六十, sixty.
Lok-tsen, 䃙磚, a brick.
Loo°, 路, a road.
Loong, 龍, a dragon.
°Loong-°tsoong, 攏總, all.
Loong°, 弄, to attend to a thing, to make it right.
Loong°-°hau, 弄好, to attend to a thing, to make it right.
Loong°-khe-°hoo-lo, 弄開火來, to set a house on fire.
M
M-meh, 無沒, not any.
M-sa°, 無啥, not any.
M-sa°-nyung, 無啥人, no one.
°M, 畝, a mow.
°Ma, 買, to buy.
°Ma-ban°, 買辦, a compradore.
°Ma-ma°, 買賣, business.
Ma°, 賣, to sell.
°’Ma-theh, 賣脫, to sell.
Mah, 襪, socks, stockings.
Mak, 麥, a plant of wheat.
Man°, 慢, slow.
Man°, 萬, ten thousand.
Man°-chi°, 慢去, good-by.
Man°-man°-nung, 慢慢能, slowly, gently.
Man°-man°-ts-°tseu, 慢慢之走, walk slowly.
’Man, 蠻, very.
Mau, 毛, nearly.
Mau, 毛, rough.
Mau, 貓, a cat.
Mau-bing°, 毛病, illness.
Mau-san-°li-loo°, 毛三里路, nearly three miles.
Mau-tsen, 毛氈, a carpet.
Mau°-°ts, 帽子, a hat, cap.
Maung°, 望, to desire, to expect.
Maung°, 望, to visit, to pay respects to.
Maung°-deu, 望頭, hope.
Maung°-kyi°, 忘記, to forget.
Me, 煤, coal.
°’Me, 每, each.
°Me-kok, 美國, America.
°’Me-nyien, 每年, every year.
°’Me-nyoeh, 每月, every month.
Me°-me°, 妹妹, a younger sister.
Meh, 末, at last, end, interrogative particle, a negative, a conditional particle.
Meh-z°, 物事, an affair (concrete), a thing.
Men-deu, 饅頭, bread.
°Mi, 米, rice (bought in shop).
Miau°, 廟, a temple.
Mien-hwo, 棉花, cotton.
Mien°, 面, classifier of flat objects.
Mien° bung, 面盆, a washbowl.
Mien°-°khoong, 面孔, a face.
Ming-bak, 明白, to understand.
Ming-nyien, 明年, next year.
Ming-tsau, 明朝, to-morrow.
Ming-vung°, 名分, duty.
Mo-tshiak, 麻雀, a sparrow.
Mo-tsiang, 麻 [C2] a sparrow.
°Mo, 馬, a horse.
°Mo-deu, 碼頭, a jetty.
°Mo-foo, 馬夫, a coachman.
°Mo-tsho, 馬車, a carriage.
Mok, 摸, to feel, to touch.
Mok-deu, 木頭, wood, lumber.
Mok-ziang, 木匠, a carpenter.
Moo, 磨, to sharpen.
°Moo-tshing, 母親, a mother.
Muh, 墨, ink.
Muh-°s, 墨水, foreign ink.
Mung, 門, a door.
Mung-°kheu, 門口, doorway.
Mung-°kheu-deau, 門口頭, a doorway.
Mung-°ts, 蚊子, a mosquito.
Mung°, 問, to ask.
N
°Na-nung, 那能, how.
°Na-yeu, 奶油, butter.
Na°, 㑚, you, ye.
Na°-kuh, 㑚個, your, yours.
Nan, 難, difficult.
Nan-meh, 難末, then.
Nan-we-dzing, 難爲情, to regret, to be placed in an embarrassing position.
Nau, 拿, to take.
Nau-ehi°, 拿去, to take away.
Nau-le, 拿來, to bring here.
Nau-theh, 拿脫, to take off.
Nen, 南, south.
Nen, 男, male.
°Ng, 五, five.
°Ng-ngan-lok-suh, 五顔六色, variegated colours.
°Ng-seh, 五十, fifty.
Nga°, 外, out.
Nga°-deu, 外頭, out, outside.
Nga°-kok, 外國, foreign.
Nga°-kok-nyung, 外國人, a foreigner.
Ngan-suh, 顏色, colour.
°Ngan-kyung°, 眼鏡, spectacles.
°Ngan-tsing, 眼晴, an eye.
Ngang°, 硬, hard.
°Ngau, 咬, to bite, to bark.
Nge°-sa°-va°, 碍啥否, is it important?
Ngeh-°ts, 杌子, a stool.
°Ngeu-zen, 偶然, by chance.
Ngoo, 鵝, a goose.
Ngoo-kok, 俄國, Russia.
Ngoo-kok-nyung, 俄國人, Russians.
°Ngoo, 我, I, me.
°Ngoo-han-deu, 我壗頭, my place.
°Ngoo-kuh, 我個, mine, my.
°Ngoo-nyi°, 我伲, we, us.
°Ngoo-nyi°-kuh, 我伲個, ours, our.
°Noen, 暖, warm.
Noen°, 囡, daughter.
Noong°, 儂, thou, thee, you.
Noong°-kuh, 儂個, they, thine, yours.
Nung-keu°, 能彀, can, may.
Nung-koen°, 能幹, ability, power.
Nyah, 捻, to take bold of, to grasp.
Nyan°, 念 or 廿, twenty.
Nyan°-kyung, 念經, perform funeral ceremonies.
Nyang, 娘, mother.
Nyang°, 讓, to allow.
Nyau-so°, 饒赦, to forgive.
Nyeu, 牛, a cow.
Nyeu-°na, 牛奶, milk.
°Nyeu-°ts, 鈕子, a button.
Nyi, 呢, interrogative particle.
°Nyi-kwaung, 耳光, face (cheek).
Nyi-koo, 尼姑, nun.
Nyi-°s-ziang°, 泥水匠, a mason.
Nyi-°ts, 兒子, a son.
°Nyi-°too, 耳朵, the ear.
Nyi°, 伲, we, us.
Nyi°, 二, two.
Nyi°-kuh, 伲個, ours, our.
Nyi° seh, 二十, twenty.
Nyien, 年, a year.
Nyien-deu-laung°, 年頭上, the beginning of the year.
Nyien-nyien, 年年, every year.
Nyien-°ti, 年底, the end of the year.
Nyien-tshoo-ih, 年初一, New Year’s day.
Nyien-ya°, 年夜, the end of the year.
Nyien°-de, 硯台, a Chinese ink tablet.
Nyien°-°ts, 硯子, a Chinese ink tablet.
Nyih, 日, a day, the sun.
Nyih, 熱, hot.
Nyih-dzok, 日昨, daily.
Nyih-nyih, 日日, daily.
Nyih-tsoong°, 日中, noon, in the middle of the day.
Nyoeh, 月, a month, a moon.
Nyoeh-deu, 月頭, first part of a month.
Nyoeh-deu-laung°, 月頭上, first part of a month.
Nyoeh-liang°, 月亮, the moon.
Nyoeh-nyoeh, 月月, every month.
Nyoeh-pen°, 月半, the middle of the month.
Nyoeh-°ti, 月底, the end of a month.
°Nyoen, 軟, soft.
Nyoen-liang°, 原諒, to forgive.
Nyok, 肉, meat.
°Nyui-nyung, 女人, a woman.
Nyung, 人, man.
Nyung-’aung, 銀行, a bank.
Nyung-deu, 人頭, a postage stamp.
Nyung°-tsih, 迎接, to welcome.
Nyung-°ts, 銀子, silver.
Nyung°-tuh, 認得, to know a person.
O
Oen-we°, 安慰, to comfort.
Ok-°li, 屋裏, home.
‘Ok-tse, 或着, either, or.
‘Ok-°z, 或是, either, or.
‘Oh-hwaung, 何况, how much more?
‘Oo-zaung°, 和尙, a Buddhist priest.
‘Oo, 壺, a kettle.
‘Oo, 河, river.
‘Oo-dih, 蝴蝶, a butterfly.
‘Oo-li, 狐狸, a fox.
‘Oong, 紅, red.
P
Pa, 擺, to place.
Pa°, 拜, to worship.
Pa°-khak, 拜客, to pay a ceremonial visit.
Pa°-maung°, 拜望, to visit, to pay respects to.
Pah, 八, eight.
Pah-seh, 八十, eighty.
Pak, 百, a hundred.
Pak-pak, 伯伯, father.
Pak-po, 百巴, about a hundred.
Pan, 班, a class (in school).
°Pan, 板, a board.
Pang, 浜, a canal, a creek.
Pau, 包, a bale, classifier of bales of things.
°Pau-pe°, 寶貝, precious.
°Paung, 綁, to tie up, to bind with a cord.
Pe-°ts, 杯子, a cup.
Pe°, 背, to carry on the back.
Pe°, 背, to back a book, to recite a lesson.
Peh, 撥, to give.
Peh, 撥, used to form passive.
Pen, 搬, to remove (a residence).
Pen-dzang, 搬塲, to remove (a residence).
Pen°, 半, half.
Pan°-kwhe°-yang-dien, 半塊洋錢, a half of a dollar.
Pen°-nyien, 半年, half a year.
Pen°-ya°-po, 半夜巴, about midnight.
Phau°, 炮, a cannon.
Phau°-de, 炮台, a fort, a battery.
Phi-bing, 批評, to criticize, criticism.
Phi-thah, 批搨, to criticize, criticism.
Phih, 劈, to split.
Phih, 疋, a classifier of whole pieces of dry goods.
Phih, 匹, classifier of horses.
Pho°, 怕, ugly.
Phoo°-ke, 鋪蓋, bedding.
°Phoo-thien-‘au°, 普天下, universal.
°Pi, 比, to compare.
°Pi-faung, 比方, for instance, an illustration.
°Pi-ts, 比之 it to compare.
°Piau, 錶, a watch.
Pien-deu, 邊頭, by the side of.
Pih, 筆, a pen.
Pih, 必, certain.
Pih-ding-iau°, 必定要, must.
Pih-koo°, 不過, only.
Ping-ting, 兵丁, a soldier.
°Ping-°tshia, 幷且, moreover.
Po-maung°, 把望, to desire, to expect, to hope.
Po, 巴, about.
°Po, 把, classifier of tools and articles grasped in the hand.
Pok, 北, north.
Pok-pien, 北邊, north.
Poo-li, 玻璃, glass.
Poo-li-pe-°ts, 玻璃杯子, a tumbler, a glass.
Poo°, 布, cloth.
°Pung, 本, classifier of books.
°Pung-di°, 本地, native.
°Pung-di°-nyung, 本地人, a native.
°Pung-le, 本來, originally.
R
R-°tshia, 而且, moreover.
S
°S, 水, water.
°S-nyeu, 水牛, a water buffalo.
S°, 使, to cause.
S°, 四, four.
S°-kyi°, 四季, the four seasons.
S°-seh, 四十, forty.
Sa-doo, 弛瘏, tired.
Sa, 啥, who? what? any? interrogative particle.
Sa°-‘aung-dzing, 啥行情, how much is it? what is the price?
Sa°-di°-faung, 啥地方, where?
Sa°-dzang-hau°, 啥場化, where?
Sa°-ka°-dien, 啥價錢, how much is it?
Sa°-nyung, 啥人, who?
°Sa-°‘oo-daung, 啥戶蕩, where?
Sah, 殺, to kill.
Sah-theh, 殺脫, to kill.
Sak, 閂, the bolt or bar of a door.
Sak, 濕, wet.
San, 三, three.
San, 山, a mountain, a hill.
San-dzung-leu, 三層樓, a three-storied house.
San-seh, 三十, thirty.
San-yang, 山羊, a goat.
San°, 傘, an umbrella.
San°-khe, 散開, to scatter wide cast.
San°-sing, 散心, to relax the mind.
Sang, 生, to light (a fire), to beget.
Sang, 生, unripe, raw.
Sang-bing°, 生病, to become ill.
Sang-i°, 生意, business.
Sang-li, 生梨, a pear.
Sang°-yang, 生養, to beget, to nourish.
°Sang, 省, to save, to be economical.
°Sang-koong-foo, 省工夫, to save time.
°Sang-ts, 省之, lest.
Sau, 燒, to burn, to cook.
Sau-van°-kan, 燒飯間, a kitchen.
Sau-van°-kuh, 燒飯個, a cook.
°Sau, 少, few.
°Sau-°tseu, 掃箒, a broom.
Saung, 雙, classifier for pairs of things.
Saung, 傷, to waste, to be exhausted.
Saung-liang, 商量, to consult.
Se°, 碎, to smash.
Seh, 失, to lose, to forfeit.
Seh, 刷, to brush.
Seh-theh, 失脫, to lose, to forfeit.
Seh-wo°, 說話, words.
Sen, 閂, to bar or bolt a door.
Sen°, 扇, classifier for broad objects.
Sen°-°ts, 扇子, a fan.
Seu, 收, to collect.
Seu-diau, 收條, a receipt.
Seu-kan, 收監, to be imprisoned.
Seu-phiau°, 收票, a receipt.
Seu-tsang°, 收帳, to collect accounts.
Sen-tsoo, 收租, to receive payment for a lease.
°Seu, 守, to keep, to observe.
°Seu, 手, a hand.
°Seu-kyung, 手巾, a towel.
Seu°, 瘦, thin, lean.
Si, 西, west.
Si-nen, 西南, southwest.
Si-pien, 西邊, west.
Si-pok, 西北, northwest.
°Si, 死, to die.
Si-theh, 死脫, to die.
Si°-tse°, 西崽, a table boy.
°Sia, 寫, to write.
°Sia-z°-de, 寫字檯, an office desk.
°Sia-z°-de-°ts, 寫字檯子, an office desk.
°Sia-z°-kan, 寫字間, an office.
Siang, 箱, classifier for boxes of things.
Siang-e°, 相愛, to love reciprocally.
Siang-lien, 相連, to be connected together.
Siang-mo°, 想駡, to quarrel.
Siang-paung, 相幫, to help one another.
Siang-sing°, 相信, to believe.
Siang-°tang, 相打, to fight one another.
Siang-°ts, 箱子, a trunk, a large box.
°Siang, 想, to think.
°Siang-’veh-tau°, 想勿到, inconceivable.
°Siau, 小, small.
°Siau-kauh-°ts, 小角子, small money.
°Siau-noen, 小囝, a child.
°Siau-sing, 小心, to take care.
°Siau-tsho, 小車, wheelbarrow.
°Siau-tshe°, 小菜, vegetables, dishes of food on table.
°Siau-tsia, 小姐, an unmarried woman.
°Siau-yang-dien, 小洋錢, small money.
Siau°, 笑, to laugh.
Siau°-sah-tse, 笑殺哉, very laughable.
Sien, 先, first.
Sien-sang, 先生, a teacher.
Sieu, 修, to repair.
Sieu-°li, 修理, repairs.
Sieu-tsauh, 修作, to repair.
Sih, 錫, tin.
Sing, 新, new.
Sing, 心, the heart.
Sing, 星, a star.
Sing-foong°, 薪俸, salary.
Sing-nyien, 新年, the new year.
Sing-sien, 新鮮, fresh.
Sing-°soe, 薪水, salary.
Sing-vung-°ts, 新聞紙, a newspaper.
Sing°, 信, a letter.
Sing°-°foong, 信封, an envelope.
Sing°-jok, 信局 post office (foreign).
Sing°-khauh, 信殼, an envelope.
Sing°-ming°, 性命, a life.
Sing°-sih, 信息, news.
°So-°ng, 十五, fifteen.
Soe-°z, 雖是, although.
Soe-zen, 雖然, although.
Soen°, 算, to reckon.
Sok-sieu, 束修, salary.
Soo-tseu, 蘇州, Soochow.
°Soo, 鑕, a lock.
°Soo, 所, relative pronoun—who, which, what.
°Soo, 鎖, to lock.
°Soo, 數, to count.
°Soo-°i, 所以, therefore.
Soong-°su, 松鼠, a squirrel.
Soong°, 送, to present, send, to escort a person on the way.
Su, 書, a book.
Su-dzu, 書厨, a bookcase.
Su-sing°-°kwen, 書信管, post office (foreign).
Su-°tsang, 輸張, to nurse.
Su-vaung, 書房, a study.
Su-yoen°, 書院, a college.
Suh, 識, to know a Chinese character.
Suh-i°, 適意, comfortable.
Sung, 深, deep.
Sung-°thi, 身體, the body.
Sung-°tshien, 深淺, depth.
T
Ta-z-tse, 多時哉, a long time.
Ta°, 戴, to wear (a hat).
Ta°-chi°, 帶去, to take away with you.
Ta°-le, 帶來, to bring with you.
Tah, 搭, with.
Tah-ts, 搭之, and.
Tan, 擔, to take.
Tan-°bi, 單被, a sheet.
Tan-chi°, 擔去, to take away.
Tan-le, 擔來, to bring here.
Tan-theh, 擔脫, to take away.
Tan°, 擔, a picul.
°Tang, 打, to strike.
°Tang-ba°, 打敗, to suffer a defeat.
°Tang-ba°-tsang°, 打敗仗, to suffer a defeat.
°Tang-°bang, 打棚, to fool with another.
°Tang-fan, 打翻, to upset (water).
°Tang-kwen-s, 打官司, to prosecute at law.
°Tang-lah, 打𦡳, to hunt.
°Tang-lih, 打獵, to hunt.
°Tang-pan°, 打扮, to dress in a showy manner.
°Tang-sah, 打殺, to kill by a blow.
°Tang-saung, 打傷, to wound.
°Tang-se°, 打碎, to smash, to break.
°Tang-soen°, 打算, to consider.
°Tang-su, 打輸, to suffer a defeat.
°Tang-sung°-tsang°, 打勝仗, to gain a victory.
°Tang-thing, 打聽, to make inquiries.
°Tang-tsang°, 打仗, to fight a battle.
°Tang-wa°, 打壞, to injure by striking.
°Tang-yung, 打臝, to gain a victory.
Tau, 刀, knife.
°Tau, 倒, on the contrary, on the other hand.
Tau°, 到, to, to arrive.
°Tau-kau°, 禱告, to offer prayer.
Taung-tsoong, 當中, among.
Taung-sing, 當心, to take care.
Taung°, 當, to pawn.
Taung°-theh, 當脫, to pawn.
Te, 堆, classifier for piles of things.
Te°, 對, classifier of a brace, a pair.
Te°, 對, to.
Teu°-ba, 鬭牌, to gamble (with dominoes).
Thah, 塔, a pagoda.
Thah-°ping, 𩝣餅, a biscuit.
Than-khe-le, 攤開來, to unroll.
Than-°tshoong, 坍寵, shameful.
Than°, 炭, charcoal.
°Thau, 討, to beg.
°Thau-nyang-°ts, 討娘子, to marry a wife.
°Thau-vah°-kun, 討飯個, a beggar.
Thauh, 託, to rely upon, to entrust.
Thaung, 湯, soup.
°Thaung-s°, 倘使, if.
°Thaung-zen, 倘然, if.
Thaung°, 燙, to iron, to burn, to scald.
The°, 退, to reject.
The°-theh, 退脫, to reject.
Theh, 脫, after verb a sign of completed action.
Theu, 偷, to steal.
Theu-ben°-ts, 偷伴之, secretly.
Thi°, 替, instead of.
Thiau, 挑, to carry (a load suspended from ends of a pole).
Thiau°, 跳, to jump, to leap.
Thien, 天, heaven, a day.
Thien-bing, 天平, scales.
Thien-liang°-khwa°, 天亮快, just before daybreak.
Thien-°tsu, 天主, The Heavenly Lord.
Thih, 鐵, iron.
Thih-tsau°, 鐵竈, a cooking stove (foreign).
Thih-°tsung, 貼准, on the point of (doing a thing).
Thing, 聼, to hear.
Thing-kyien°, 聽見, heard.
Thoeh, 脫, to take off.
Thoeh-theh, 脫脫, to take off.
Thok, 秃, all.
Thoo°-°ts, 兔子, a hare.
Thoong°, 痛, pain.
Thuh, 忒, for (for a person).
Thuh, 忒, too (excess).
°Ti, 底, low.
°Ti-°‘au, 底下, under, beneath.
Tia-tia, 爹爹, father.
°Tiau, 窵, a bird.
°Tien, 點, to point with the hand.
°Tien, 點, a small quantity of (after verb).
°Tien, 點, to light (a candle).
°Tien, 點, sign of comparative degree.
°Tien-tsoong, 點鐘, an hour.
Tien°, 店, a shop.
Tih, 跌, to fall.
Ting, 叮, to sting.
°Ting, 頂, sign of superlative degree.
°Toen, 短, short
Too, 多, many, much.
Too-hau°, 多化, many, much.
Too-°sau, 多少, quantity.
Too-°taung-sing, 多當心, take much care.
°Too, 賭, to gamble.
Toong, 東, east.
Toong, 冬, winter.
Toong-ka, 東家, master.
Toong-nen, 東南, southeast.
Toong-pien, 東邊, east.
Toong-pok, 東北, northeast.
Toong-yang-nyung, 東洋人, Japanese.
Toong-yang-tsho, 東洋車, a ricksha.
°Toong, 懂, to understand.
Ts-loo, 猪獹, a pig, a hog.
Ts-°na, 支那, China.
°Ts, 紙, a sheet of paper.
°Ts-deu, 紙頭, a sheet of paper.
°Ts-si°, 仔細, carefully.
°Ts-°tien, 指點, to point (with the hand).
Tsah, 扎, to tie (as a small bundle).
Tsak, 着, to wear.
Tsak, 隻, classifier of animals, birds, bugs, boats, furniture on legs, etc.
Tsan, 斬, to cut (with sword, ax, or heavy knife).
Tsang, 張, classifier for sheets of things.
Tsang, 賬, an account.
Tsang°, 漲, to rise (as the tide).
Tsang°-°boo, 賬簿, an account book.
Tsang°-°s, 漲水, a rising tide.
Tsang°-°vaung-kan, 賬房間, shroff’s room.
°Tsau, 早, early.
°Tsau-deu, 找頭, change.
°Tsau-zung-deu, 早晨頭, early in the morning.
Tsau°, 照, according to.
Tsau°-deu, 灶頭, a Chinese cooking stove.
Tsau°-kan, 灶間, a kitchen.
Tsau°-°ngoo, 照我, follow my example.
Tsau°-°ngoo-khoen°, 照我看, as it seems to me.
Tsauh, 捉, to catch, to seize; to arrest.
Tsaung, 樁, piles (as driven in ground).
Tsaung°, 壯, fat (person).
Tse, 哉, final article denoting completed action.
Tse°, 再, again.
Tse°-we°, 再會, good-by, an revoir.
°Tsen-chi°, 轉去, to return to a place.
°Tsen-le, 轉來, to return from a place.
°Tseu, 走, to walk.
Tsh, 吹 to blow.
Tsh-°iung, 吹隱, to blow out, to extinguish.
Tsh-yaung°, 吹旺, to blow into a blaze.
°Tsh-di°, 此地, here.
Tsha, 差, to send (person), to cause.
°Tsha, 扯, to hoist (as a sail).
Tshak°, 尺, a foot (10 inches).
Tshau, 匙, a spoon.
°Tshau, 草, grass.
Tshaung, 窗, a window.
°Tshe, 採, to gather (as fruit).
Tshe°, 菜, vegetable.
Tsheh-chi°, 出去, to go out.
Tsheh-ka°, 出嫁, to marry (a husband).
Tsheh-kau°-z°, 出告示, to put forth a proclamation.
Tsheh-le, 出來, to come out.
Tsheh-tien°, 出店, a coolie.
Tshen, 穿, to string (as cash).
Tshen-°yung-sien°, 穿引線, to thread a needle.
Tsheu-deu, 抽頭, a chest of drawers.
Tsheu-thi°, 抽屜, a drawer (of a table).
Tshi°, 砌, to build a wall.
Tshi°-ziang, 砌牆, to build a wall.
Tshi°-pih, 砌壁, to build a partition.
Tshi°-ka, 砌街, to mend a path.
°Tshiang, 搶, to take by force.
°Tshiang-doeh, 搶奪, to take by force.
Tshien, 千, a thousand.
Tshien-kyung, 千金, a daughter.
Tshien, 淺, shallow.
Tshieu, 秋, autumn.
Tshih, 七, seven.
Tshih-khe, 切開, to cut open.
Tshih-khe-le, 切開來, to cut open.
Tshih-seh, 七十, seventy.
Tshih-ziang°, 漆匠, a painter.
Tshing, 清, clear.
Tshing-kyoen°, 親眷, a relative (family).
Tshing-°saung, 清爽, clear, distinct.
°Tshing, 請, to invite, please.
Tsho, 叉, fork.
Tsho, 錯, mistake, not correct.
Tsho-foo, 車夫, ricksha coolie.
Tsho-°ts, 車子, a wheelbarrow.
Tsho-’veh-too, 差勿多, about same, not much difference.
Tshoo-ih, 初一, the first day of the month.
Tshoo-si°, 粗細, texture.
Tshoo°-tau, 銼刀, a file.
Tshoong-ming, 聰明, clever, wise.
Tshui°, 趣, pretty.
Tshung, 春, spring.
Tshung, 稱, to weigh.
Tshung°, 寸, an inch.
°Tsi-me, 姐妹, a younger sister.
Tsi°, 左, left.
Tsi°-°seu, 左手, left hand.
Tsia°, 借, to borrow, to lend.
Tsiang-iau°, 將要, about to do a thing.
Tsien, 煎, to grill, to broil.
°Tsien-tau, 剪刀, scissors.
°Tsieu, 酒, wine.
°Tsieu-pe, 酒杯, a wine glass.
°Tsieu-tien°, 酒店, a wine shop.
Tsih-deu, 指頭, a finger.
°Tsing, 井, a well.
Tsing°, 進, to enter, come in.
Tsoe°-°hau, 最好, form of the superlative degree.
Tsok-deu, 竹頭, a bamboo stick.
°Tsoo, 阻, to hinder, to oppose.
°Tsoo-taung°, 阻檔, to hinder, to oppose.
°Tsoo, 左, left.
Tsoo°, 做, to do, to make, to perform.
Tsoo°-koong-tuh, 做功德, to perform funeral ceremonies.
Tsoo°-nyung-ka, 做人家, to be economical.
Tsoong, 鐘, a bell.
Tsoong°-dien-nyung, 種田人, a farmer.
°Tsoong-iau°, 總要, must.
Tsoong-kok, 中國, China.
Tsoong-wo, 中華, China.
Tsoong-°z, 總是, it must be.
°Tsoong-°z-zeh-ke°, 總是實蓋, it must be so.
°Tsu, 主, a lord, master.
°Tsu-nyung, 主人, a master.
Tsuh-tuh, 只得, only.
Tsung, 尊, classifier for idols and cannons.
Tsung, 針, needle.
Tsung, 眞, true.
Tsung-da°-zung, 尊大人, a father (in addressing their father politely).
Tsung-tsak, 斟酌, to consult.
Tuh, 得, to get.
Tuh-°chi, 得起, after verb expresses ability.
Tuh-°doong, 得動, after verb expresses possibility.
Tuh-°dzoe, 得罪, to offend.
Tuh-dzu°, 得住, worthy, ability.
Tuh-ji°, 得及, time to do a thing.
Tuh-kok, 德國, Germany.
Tuk-koo°, 得過, ability.
Tuh-kuh, 得個, (after verb) it is possible.
Tuh-kyien°, 得見, possible of seeing.
Tuh-lauh, 得落, ability.
Tuh-le, 得來, able.
Tuh-tsheh, 得出, ability to hear.
Tung, 燈, a lamp.
°Tung, 等, to wait.
°Tung-ih-hyih, 等一歇, wait a little.
°Tung-ih-°tung, 等一等, wait a little.
°Tung-tau°, 等到, wait until.
V
Va°, 否, interrogative particle.
Van-°i, 凡係, whosoever.
Van-nan, 煩難, difficult.
Van°, 飯 rice (boiled).
Vaung-kan, 房間, a bedroom.
Vaung-°ts, 房子, a house.
’Veh, 勿, not, no.
Veh, 佛, a Buddhist idol.
’Veh-°ba, 勿罷, not only.
’Veh-°ba, 勿罷, more than.
’Veh-°chi, 勿起, after verb expresses inability.
’Veh-da°, 勿大, not very.
’Veh-dan°, 勿但, not only.
’Veh-dan°-°z, 勿但是, not only.
’Veh-°doong, 勿動, after verb expresses impossibility.
’Veh-hau°, 勿好, bad.
’Veh-iau°-°kyung, 勿要緊, not important.
’Veh-jih, 勿及, not equal to.
’Veh-kau-hyung°, 勿高興, not inclined to do a thing.
’Veh-koo°, 勿過, inability.
’Veh-kyien°, 勿見, (after verb) impossible.
’Veh-kyui-sa°, 勿拘啥, no matter what, whatsoever.
’Veh-lauh, 勿落, inability.
’Veh-le, 勿來, (after verb) impossible.
’Veh-lung°-sa°, 勿論啥, no matter what, whatsoever.
’Veh-lung°-sa°-nyung, 勿論啥人, no matter who.
’Veh-°men, 勿滿, less than.
’Veh-nge°-sa°, 勿碍啥, not important.
’Veh-pih, 勿必, it is not necessary.
’Veh-siau, 勿消, less than.
’Veh-te°, 勿對, mistake, not correct.
’Veh-too-°kyi-z°, 勿多幾時, just now, a little while ago.
’Veh-tsheh, 勿出, (after verb) impossible.
’Veh-tuh, 勿得, (after verb) impossible.
’Veh-zen-meh, 勿然末, if not so.
’Veh-zu, 勿如, not equal to.
’Veh-zung, 勿曾, not yet.
Vok, 縛, to tie.
Vok-lau, 縛牢, to tie firmly.
Vok-lau-dzu°, 縛牢住, to tie firmly.
Voo-°soo-peh-°dze, 無所不在, omnipresence.
Voo-°soo-peh-nung, 無所不能, omnipotent.
Voo-°soo-peh-ts°, 無所不如, omniscient.
Voo-thi, 扶梯, a ladder.
°Voo-tshing, 父親, father.
Vung-san, 墳山, a grave mound.
W
Wa°, 壞, to spoil.
Wa°-theh, 壞脫, to spoil.
Wah, 滑, slippery.
Wak, 劃, to strike (a match).
Wan, 還, besides, in addition.
Wan, 還, still, (addition).
Wan, 還, to return (a debt).
Wan-iau°, 還要, still.
Wan-’veh-zung, 還勿曾, still not yet.
Waung, 黃, yellow.
Waung-hwung-deu, 黃昏頭, in the evening.
Waung-hwung-doong, 黃昏同, in the evening.
Waung-laung, 黄狼, a weasel.
We-deu, 回頭, to answer.
We-tah, 回答, to answer.
We°, 會, may, can.
We°-sa°, 為啥, why?
We°-sa°-°lau, 為啥佬, why?
We°-ts, 為之, because.
Weh, 活, to live.
°’Wen, 碗, a Chinese eating bowl.
Wen, 完, to finish.
Wen-tse, 完哉, expresses completed action.
Wen°, 換, to exchange, to barter.
Wo°, 話, to speak.
Wo°, 畫, a painting.
Wo°-deu, 話頭, words.
Wo°-°liau, 話𣩢, to slander.
Wo°-wa°, 話壞, to slander.
°Wung, 混, muddy.
°’Wung-taung°, 穩當, secure, safe.
Y
Ya, 爺, father.
Ya-ya, 爺爺, father.
°Ya-kyi, 野雞, a pheasant.
Ya°, 夜, night.
Ya°-deu, 夜頭, at night.
Ya°-khwa°, 夜快, in the evening.
Ya°-°li, 夜裏, at night.
Yak, 藥, medicine.
Yak-dz, 鑰匙, a key.
Yang, 羊, a sheep.
Yang-dien, 洋錢, a dollar.
Yang-poo°, 洋布, shirting.
Yang-tshiang, 洋槍, a gun.
°Yang, 養, to beget, to nourish.
Yang°-yang°, 樣樣, things of every sort.
Yau-yien, 謠言, rumour.
Yeu-phiau, 郵票, postage stamp.
Yeu-tsung°-jok, 郵政局, post office.
°Yeu, 有, to have, there is.
°Yeu-i°, 有意, purposely.
°Yeu-kuh, 有個, some.
°Yeu-nyung, 有人, some men.
Yeu-tse, 有哉, sufficient, enough.
°Yeu-tuh, 有得, is there to be had?
Yeu°, 右, right (direction).
Yeu°-pan-pan, 右班班, right side.
Yeu°-pien, 右邊, right side.
Yeu°-°seu, 右手, right hand.
Yi, 伊, he, she, it.
Yien, 鹽, salt (noun).
Yi-kuh, 伊個, his, hers, its.
Yi-la°, 伊拉, they.
Yi-la°-kuh, 伊拉個, their, theirs.
Yien°-°dze, 現在, now.
Yoeh-ka, 越加, still more.
Yoeh-°tsau-yoeh-°hau, 越早越好, the earlier the better.
Yoen, 圓, round.
°Yoen-°jung, 遠近, distance.
Yoong-yi°, 容易, easy.
Yoong°, 用, to use.
Yoong°-nyung, 用人, a servant.
Yoong°-sing, 用心, to pay attention, to be diligent.
Yui°-be°, 預備, to prepare, to provide.
°Yui, 雨, rain.
Z
Z-‘eu°, 時候, time.
°Z, 是, to be.
°Z-mien°, 市面, a market.
Z°, 字, a Chinese character.
Z°-iung, 字音, sound of a character.
Z°-ka, 自家, self.
Z°-le-°hoo, 自來火, a match.
Z°-ming-tsoong, 自鳴鐘, a clock.
Z°-°thi, 事體, an affair.
Z°-zen, 自然, of course.
Za, 柴, fuel.
Za-laung, 豺狼, a wolf.
Zah, 煠, boil.
Zak, 若, if.
Zak-deu, 石頭, a stone.
Zak-deu-°ts, 擲骰子, to gamble (with dice).
Zak-s°, 若是, if.
Zak-zen, 若然, if.
Zak-ziang°, 石匠, a stone mason.
°Zau, 造, to build.
Zauh-nyih, 昨日, yesterday.
Zaung, 牀, a bed.
°Zaung, 上, up.
°Zaung-chi°, 上去, to go up.
°Zaung-deu, 上頭, above.
°Zaung-°he, 上海, Shanghai.
°Zaung-°he-°thoo-bak, 上海土白, Shanghai dialect.
°Zaung-le, 上來, to come up.
°Zaung-pen°-nyien, 上半年, first half of the year.
°Zaung-pen-nyih, 上半日, before noon.
°Zaung-pen°-nyoeh, 上半月, first half of the month.
°Zaung-pen°-ya°, 上半夜, first half of night.
°Zaung-san, 上山, to go up a hill.
°Zaung-su, 上書, to take an advanced lesson.
Ze-voong, 裁縫, tailor.
Zeh, 十, ten.
Zeh, 折, to lose (in business).
Zeh-°dze, 實在, truly.
Zeh-ke°, 實蓋, thus.
Zeh-ke°-nung, 實蓋能, thus.
Zeh-pah-°sang, 十八省, China.
Zeh-°pung, 折本, to lose (in business).
Zeh-°pung-nyung, 日本人, Japanese.
Zeh-theh, 折脫, to lose (in business).
Zen, 全, all (collective).
Zen, 船, a boat.
Zen-r, 然而, moreover, yet.
°Zen, 善, good (moral).
°Zeu, 受, to receive, accept.
°Zeu-‘e°, 受害, to be injured.
°Zeu-°khoo, 受苦, to suffer.
°Zeu-nan°, 受難, to suffer.
°Zeu-saung, 受傷, to be wounded.
Zia°, 謝, to thank.
Zien, 前, before.
Zien-deu, 前頭, before.
Zien-kuh-nyoeh, 前個月, last month.
Zien-nyih-°ts, 前日子, day before yesterday.
Zien-nyoeh, 前月, last month.
Zien-°tsen-le, 旋轉來, to turn around.
Zieu°, 就, immediately.
Zih, 截, to saw.
Zing, 尋, to look for.
Zing°, 浄, to wash.
Zing°-i-zaung-kuh, 浄衣裳個, a washerman.
Zing°-yok, 浄浴, to bathe.
Zo, 蛇, a snake.
Zok, 熟, ripe, thoroughly cooked, well known, thorough.
°Zoo, 坐, to sit.
Zoo°, 座, classifier for hills and buildings.
Zu°, 樹, a tree.
Zuh, 賊, a thief.
Zung, 神, God.
Zung, 繩, a rope.
Zung-dau°, 神道, a Taoist god or idol.
Zung-kwaung, 晨光, time.

Lessons in the Shanghai Dialect

About This Book

LESSON XXVIII Abstract Nouns formed from two Adjectives of opposite meaning

VOCABULARY

EXERCISES

LESSON XXIX Some Useful Phrases

VOCABULARY

EXERCISES

LESSON XXX More Useful Words and Phrases

VOCABULARY

EXERCISES

LESSON XXXI Polite Language

VOCABULARY

EXERCISES

LESSON XXXII Proverbs

CHINESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY

LESSON XXVIII
Abstract Nouns formed from two Adjectives of opposite meaning

LESSON XXIX
Some Useful Phrases

LESSON XXX
More Useful Words and Phrases

LESSON XXXI
Polite Language

LESSON XXXII
Proverbs